آیدا الا الدین وندی

Nowadays, drought as the most destructive and damaging consequence of climate change has increasingly affected the earth. One of the most important strategies for dealing with devastating droughts is understanding and adapting to them, which can greatly reduce their negative effects. The aim of this quantitative and applied research is to examine and analyze the adaptation status of farmers to drought and identify solutions to deal with it through a case study among farmers in the Zayandehrud river basin  in Isfahan province. The statistical population of the research consists of all farmers in the east of Zayandehrud basin (villages of Nokhodabad, Hasanabad, Haratmeh, Joshan, and Mazrae Cheh) of whom 200 were selected as a completely random sample to achieve the research objectives. The main tool for collecting data in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire. For analyzing the collected data, the mean comparison test, frequency distribution table, and exploratory factor analysis method were used in SPSS software. The results of the research showed that the calculated mean for the adaptation of farmers to drought was 2.165, statistically significantly lower than the average level at a confidence level of 95 percent. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that six main factors are identified as the most important key solutions for improving how farmers are adapting to and coping with drought in Zayandehrud basin, explaining 71.88 percent of the dependent variable variance. These factors, in order of importance, are financial-organizational policies (17.533 percent), educational-promotional policies (12.946 percent), technical-agricultural policies (12.421 percent), infrastructure (10.697 percent), strengthening social institutions (9.188 percent), and enhancing local participation (9.096 percent).

Pastures which cover around 25 and 55 percent of total area of the Earth and Iran, respectively, play a significant role in supplying livestock production, food security, protecting natural ecosystem, job creation, increasing the income of villagers and nomads, amplification of underground water reservoir, flood prevention and so on. These cause pastures to be referred as a key factor for sustainable development of countries. This present descriptive-analytical research is conducted with the aim of identifying the affective factors on pastures destruction and their protection approaches. The required information for studying 60 domestic and foreign articles as well as sites and relevant reports are gathered. The results reveal that several factors are involved in deterioration of pastures which can have different effects based on location and temporal conditions of various countries and regions. The most important factors are the increase of number of livestock and the absence of balance between livestock and pastures, premature grazing, transforming pastures to agricultural lands, continuous grazing, fire, bush cutting, military maneuvers, road construction and construction operations, weak management factors and the absence of effective dissuasive laws and regulations for pastures protections, drought, reduction of economic power and poverty of local communities, irregularities in and decrement of rainfalls, non-implementation of rangeland plans and insufficient attention to people’s cooperation in preparation of such plans, lack of local knowledge utilization in pastures protection and decomposition of traditional and native social structures of beneficiaries. Finally, based on the findings, some solutions for pastures protection areproposed.

Today, mass media play a multi-dimensional role –either positive or negative- in the evolution of communities. cultural dimension is one of thes dimensions, being intensely under the impact of television programs. Cultural development shapes the foundation of rural development, that enjoys diverse indexes in skill's system, knowledge system, ability system, promoting social capital, preserving and promoting cultural identity, and improving the culture of using cultural goods and places. The purpose of this study is explaining Identifying the role of television programs on promoting the cultural development of rural women, in west Chiar district. The research is descriptive- analytical, and conducted through survey. The study sample composed of all over 15 years old rural women, in West Chiar districts, 359 ones finally selected as the sample population, using Cochran formula. To evaluate the reliability of the research, we conducted a guide-study with 30 questionnairs. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained more than 0.7, that confirmed the reliability of the questionnaire. T-test, regression and cluster analysis in SPSS were used for data analysis. Results showed that although women in rural districts of Western Chiar, spend in average 4 hours a day for Watching TV, the impact of these programs on cultural development of these rural women, was the mean 2.9 (lower than the average). Also, the results showed that 10 reserch variables, explained totally %73.4 of the variance of television effects on the cultural development of women in the rural districts of West Chiar. The most important of which, are respectively: considering the problems and challenges facing women, showing program with the subject of modern culture (low attention to the culture and demands of rural women), programs to promote women's rights and strengthening villager's participation.