ابراهیم فرخی

Sunflower hybrid cultivars which have been improved and released in Iran are categorized in two early and late maturity groups. Early mature hybrids are low yielding while late matures have problems of limitation in growing season, higher plant height and higher water requirement. So, there is a lack of mid-mature and dwarf hybrids in Iranian sunflower hybrids. New hybrid, Shams was improved by crossing between CMS line AF81-112 and restorer line RF81-82 using simultaneous selection method, self and back-crossing in offseason conditions. In the preliminary evaluation, this hybrid with seed yield equal toexotic hybrid Alstar, moderate maturity and dwarf height was identified as a promising hybrid. In regional experiments in Karaj, Khoy, Zanjan and Eslam Abad seed yield of Shams (4067 kg ha-1)was equal to the exotic hybrid Hysun33 while it was also earlier and shorter than other checks. In adaptability evaluations, its seed yield was equal to Hysun33 and also it was earlier and shorter than Azargol and Hysun33. Under on-farm trials Shams was superior to check varieties in Kermanshah, Mazandaran and west Azarbayjan provinces. This hybrid had a higher seed yield compared to Farrokh and Ghasem hybrids under drought stress condition. Shams and its restorer line were resistant against powdery mildew under greenhouse condition. Shams hybrid considered as a stable and superior hybrid with an average seed yield of 3.5 tons ha-1 had a similar seed yield to those of exotic hybrids, higher yield compared to early mature hybrids of Ghasem and Farrokh and also lower plant height, moderate maturity and suitable capitule shape compared to the late mature hybrid Azergol. This hybrid was released as a new sunflower cultivar for spring cultivation in the temperate and cold regions and for summer cultivation in the temperate regions of Iran in 2017.

In statistics, Entropy is a measure of disorder of time series. Entropy is used in physiologic for signal analysis. In physiologic science, Entropy is used for performance analysis of body organs such as heart and brain. Epileptic patients have been diagnosed by this technique. In this paper for the first time, Entropy is used to determine the health condition of mechanical systems. A special kind of Entropy, namely Permutation Entropy is used for this purpose.To perform the experiment an apparatus consisting of a motor coupled with a shaft has been designed and manufactured. Vibration signals from supporting bearing of this system in different shaft states namely healthy shaft, and shafts with 3, 5 and 7 mm crack were gathered with a vibration data analyzer. The vibration were taken from sensors mounted on bearing supports of the shaft. Shaft was subjected to a constant bending moment. The vibration signals were preprocessed by permutation Entropy method. Nine different features were extracted from the Entropy signals which are fed to an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The designed ANFIS was capable of classifying different shaft states with an overall %96 percision.

In order to study the response of morphological traits, oil yield and seed yield components of sunflower hybrids to reduction source and sink quantity, an experiment was conducted in factorial based on RCBD with three replications at Aboureihan research farm of University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran in 2008. Azargol and new Iranian hybrid SHF81-90 and five levels of source and sink (removed 50% lower leaves, removed 50% upper leaves, removed 50% seeds and removed 25% seeds) and control treatment (without removing leaf and seed) were the factors. The results indicated that the effects of source and sink treatments were significant on stem diameter, head diameter, hollow diameter in head center, number of seed per head, 1000 seed weight, seed yield per hectare, oil percent and oil yield per hectare. The effect of hybrid was significant on all mentioned traits except stem diameter and oil percent. Intractions were significant on stem diameter, head diameter, hollow diameter in head center and seed yield per hectare. However height and number of leaf did not affect by any of the treatments and intractions. The highest seed yield 6569.3 kgha-1 obtained from SHF81-90 in control treatment.

Production of high yielding hybrid cultivars is among the main objectives of breeding programs in sunflower and on evaluation of the combining ability of the inbred lines necessary to select for the appropriate parental lines for production of hybrid cultivars. This study was conducted to investigate the general and specific combining ability and the mode of inheritance for agronomic and seed quality traits in some inbred lines of sunflower. Nine inbred lines of sunflower were each crossed with three male sterile inbred lines and then their hybrids (27 hybrids) evaluated for agronomic and seed quality traits. The data were analyzed based on the factorial model (Design II of Comstock and Rabinson) in a randomized complete block design of two replications. The results indicated that the additive genetic effects were more important than the non-additive effects of genes in the genetic control of days to flowering, days to maturity and seed oil content. The specific combining ability values for days to maturity and seed oil content varied from -3.67 to 4.50 days and from -2.89 to 2.42%, respectively. Both additive and non-additive effects of genes were important in inheritance of plant height, head diameter, 1000-seed weight, seed and oil yields with the range of specific combining ability (in hybrids for these traits) being -10.40 to 14.5 cm, -2.38 to 2.49 cm, -9.83 to 7.70g, -802 to 836 kg/ha and -320 to 343 kg/ha, respectively. The existing genetic variation for general and specific combining ability for agronomic and seed quality traits indicate that this genetic variation can be well used for production of high yielding and high seed quality hybrid cultivars.

In order to determining the suitable planting date and planting density for new hybrid (Cms-26 ´ R-103) of sunflower, an experiment was conduct in Karaj, Iran in 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons, using split plot arrangement in a complete randomized block design with four replications. Two factors of planting date in four levels (9 May, 30 May, 20 June and 11 July) in main plots and plant density in four levels (6, 8, 10, 12 plant/m2) in subplots. The results showed that the effect of year on all traits was not significant. Planting date significantly affected all of measured traits except productivity index. The highest grain yield was achieved in the first planting date (i.e. 9 May) with 3540 kg/ha. The results also showed that the effect of plant density was significant on all traits (p<0.01), except 1000 grain weight and productivity index. Interaction of planting date ´ plant density was negligible on all studied traits except grain yield, total grain no. per m2 and number of filled grain /m2. The first planting date (i.e. 9 May) with 12 plants/m2 and the latest planting date (i.e. 11 July) with 6 plants/m2 produced the highest yield (4200 kg/ha) and the least grain yield (1430 kg/ha), respectively. The results revealed that planting dates from 9 May to 30 May with 12 plants per m2 were the most suitable combinations for obtaining the highest grain yield in sunflower new hybrid (CMS-26 ´ R-103).

In order to produce new hybrids and evaluate the general and specific combining ability of sunflower inbred lines and restorers, four inbred lines and six restorers were selected in 2004. Twenty-four F1 hybrids were derived in 2004 and evaluated on a RCBD design with three replications in 2005. The results of variance analysis showed that treatments were significantly different for all traits except grain yield. RHa107F81-127/2 × Aha107F81-240 , Azargol and RHa107F81-127/2 × AHa107F81-30 had the highest grain yield with 4471, 4274 and 4131 kgha-1, respectively. Variance analysis of combining ability by design II of Comstock and Robinson showed that general combining ability of restorers and inbred lines for grain yield was not significant. Rha107F81-127/2 restorer and AhaF81-120 inbred had the greatest general combining ability for grain yield. The results generally showed that male parents or restorers play important role to produce hybrid cultivars and Rha107F81-127/2 has a good potential to be applied in breeding programs.

General combining ability of sugar beet parents were determined for different quantity and quality characteristics.Forty six sugar beet hybrids obtained from crosses of 23 diploid pollinators with two male sterile parents as tester together with three checks were evaluated for 10 important agronomic and technological characters at Kamalshar Research Station in Karaj in 2004.Experiment was carried out as a 7*7 lattice design with four replications. There were significant differences between treatments for root yield, sugar content, nitrogen, sodium, potassium, white sugar yield, extractable sugar, sugar yield, purity and molassed sugar at 1% probability level.The check varieties were excluded before the analysis of data for combining abilities. General combining ability of lines was significantly different for sugar content and extractable sugar at 1% and for root yield, sugar yield, white sugar yield, sodium, purity, and molassed sugar at 10% probability level and for potassium at 5% probability level. As the general combining ability was significant for the above traits it could be concluded that they are controlled by additive gene effects.In addition, specific combining ability of lines was significantly different for sugar content, extractable sugar and potassium at 1% and for nitrogen at 5% probability levels.Therefor, non-additive effects of genes are involved in the control of these traits.

At the recent years, many sunflower restorer lines (Rf-lines) have been derived from exotic sunflower hybrids in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute at Karaj. Twenty four of these new Rf-lines (Resistant to Plasmopara halstedii), were crossed with three testers at the Oilseed Crops Research Department. Sixty hybrid combinations were evaluated in replicated field trials to estimate the general combining ability (GCA), and the gene effects. Analysis of the general combining ability for the grain yield and seed oil content showed that R-43, R-72, R-82, R-217, R-231, R-256, R-103, R-87, R-55 and R-45 for grain yield and R-43, R-256, R-46, R-87 and R-45 for oil seed content had high GCA values. Evaluation of gene effects indicated the involvement of additive and nonadditive effects for plant height, growth duration, head diameter, 1000 seed weight, grain yield and merely additive effect for seed oil content.

The cultivar was selected first based on individual plant selection from Moghan's landrace population at Agricultural Research Center of Moghan in 1982. Single plant selection from the population, evaluation of the single plants and yield trial of the selected lines were carried out for four years. Seventy seven lines were selected and tested in two cosecutive preliminary yield trials which following that the number of the lines were reduced to 25 and 12, respectively. Regional and National yield trials were conducted at Moghan and Karaj, Sari and Moghan, respectively for three years each. Line no. 11 with average yield of 1377 kgha-1 produced the highest yield. Stability analysis on yield indicated the stability of the line. This line showed better performance than the local check in verificational trial in Moghan region in 1992. Field studies showed that this line is tolerant to damping-off disease. Written report of the line was approved in Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization meeting No. 458 in 1999, and Oltan name was accepted for it.

Yekta was created in 1981 from crossing between B5 ? M7 and an early maturing Palistinian line, in Oil Seed Crops Research Department of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII) at Karaj. The pure line of the cross was obtained after five years of selection with pedigree method. Preliminary evaluation of the line along with other 31 selected lines was done in 1989 and Yekta together with other 13 advanced lines were selected and further evaluated for two more years started in 1990.Results showed that Yekta with average yield of 1955 kgha-1 was superior to the check cultivar and other lines in the trial. In advanced yield trial which was conducted in Karaj, Sari and Moghan from 1990 to 1992, Yekta with average yield of 1331 kgha-1 was found as a superior and stable line. This cultivar is early in maturity and recommended for northern parts of Iran with altitude of more than 1000 meter abave the sea level and for the areas with short growing season that the late maturing cultivars of sesame usually do not perform well.