فهرست مطالب ابوالفضل طغرایی

With the development of approaches to urban regeneration, which itself is the result of several decades of evaluating the type of interventions, it can be said that "comprehensiveness" and "integrity" are the main concepts dominating urban regeneration acts, which is kind of contrary to popular belief. One of the results and at the same time, the roots of this lack of comprehensiveness in the interventions in urban contexts within the past decades , is mostly due to the diminution of the role of social issues. Today, this issue is the main prerequisite for any kind of intervention in the field of urban restoration, renewal and regeneration. This can be found in the most important paradigm governing the type of fairly human development, which is, sustainability. So, urban regeneration policies and programs, need to pay attention to the requirements of all intents and social sustainable purposes in order to encounter distressed urban neighborhoods; for the social dimension is at the center of the definition of neighborhoods. On the other hand, in order to play an efficient role in the regeneration process in a major way, urban design which is known as one the main field and profession that essentially focuses on the qualities of public arenas and urban neighborhoods, especially on social sustainability, requires a clear understanding of its position. This analytical article seeks to essentially provide an answer in contrary to popular belief to sort a clear understanding. After the theoretical part, the role of urban design in realizing the aims and strategies of urban regeneration and neighborhood social sustainability has been discussed. Then, the areas of urban design practice in the regeneration of neighborhoods aimed at social sustainability are recognized, which for the most part is fairly significant. Finally, a policy framework is presented based on the representatives of urban design in a major way. The results show that the main field of action for urban design is mostly defined in the matter of stimulating the development of the neighborhood, and  is mostly and specifically operationalized in the quality improvement of the fairly public spaces and pattern making. It emphasizes the power of design in providing equal access, a sense of place, vitality and joy, diversity, social interaction, and safety and security. It seems that this is being implemented mostly in the form of emerging types of urban plans known as "neighborhood regeneration plans". The provision of a clearer and consensus-based platform for the role-playing of urban design, especially under mentioned plans with a problem-oriented and fairly contextual nature, definitely needs to be considered in a process linked with two disciplines of urban management and planning. The policy framework presented in this direction can be a kind of guide for urban designers, which really is quite significant. Also, the results of the article, which includes a kind of comparison between the roles of the main three urban professions, can help urban designers, planners and managers in policy-making and preparing neighborhood regeneration plans.

Critical attitude to capital hegemony on human relations in contemporary society, when it is linked to space, enters into urban studies. From this perspective, in the urban study of space, as a problematic concept, two categories of literature of (social) production and (cultural) consumption of space can be distinguished, which seems to have been developed most of all under the two disciplines of cultural studies and political economy. Also, the public space, which is at the center of urban design studies, has been mixed with a kind of critical understanding in recent years. This is where the interdisciplinary nature of urban design has forced it to pay attention to the literature of production and consumption of space for a deeper understanding of the transformation of public spaces in the midst of the conflict between the forces of power and the people.

This article aimed to develop critical understanding of public space, especially under the knowledge of urban design, by combining the two theoretical concepts of social production and cultural consumption of space.

This theoretical essay tries to present a legible picture of the position of urban public spaces in a theoretical frame that stemmed from examining a hierarchy from philosophical roots to tangible concepts derived from the above two concepts.

The findings show how the concepts considered in the three categories of literature (social production of space, cultural consumption and critical studies of urban design) at three levels of discussion (paradigmatic, theoretical and objective).

The realm of everyday life can be understood as the confluence of the two concepts of cultural consumption and social production of space; which a visible part of it is occuring in public spaces as the field of action of urban design and the constant crystallization of production and consumption flows. In this position, everyday can be read through the concept of homogenization of space, where the upstream forces of abstract production in dialectics with downstream forces of objective consumption are evolving contemporary urban spaces.

Public Arts are one of the cheapest and most accessible alternatives for achieving alive urban places. This kind of art, the name implies, is born, raised, and matured from byways corners of a city and its living streets. In most European countries, the importance of Public Arts has been proved so obviously. In such countries, they consider complete separate Planning Acts from Master Plans for Public Arts, usually called "Public Art Master Plan" with a long-term vision and practical strategies. Furthermore, in numerous countries, Public Art has not been considered just as an aesthetic aspect with official purposes, but also as a means for transmitting the society’s ideologies and attitudes, especially the society’s intellectuals. Murals in this category are one of the most colorable and effective types of Public Arts that can be executed on cities walls in different ways: Official or Graffiti, Professional or Amateur, Long term or Short Term, etc. In this research, we have tried to pay more attention to Public Arts generally and Murals particularly and make a unique collection of valid and updated information on this subject. In the end, we have offered some solutions and local strategies for making Qazvin city public spaces better places to live practically, with the help of Public Arts and Murals. The conclusion is a design framework achieved by public Preferences.

Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts. Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts. Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts. Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts.

Studies on perceived quality of urban environments, look for ways of establishing harmonious relationship betweenpeople and cities. In the contemporary city, this harmony cannot be seen properly in the relationship betweenpeople and elements that are important in urban legibility. Urban landmarks are one kind of those elements thatwe observe a chaotic attendance for them in Iran’s capital, Tehran. The most common definitions of landmarksindicate that they are some recognizable natural or man-made features used for navigation, features that standsout from their near environment and are often visible from long distances. In urban studies as well as in geography,a landmark is furthermore defined as an external point of reference that helps orienting in a familiar or unfamiliarenvironment. Also, it should be noted that we know urban landmarks as significant elements in both urban landscapeand image. They are conceivably the most fundamental pieces of spatial information as they are used for a widecollection of tasks related to the description, understanding of and reasoning about our physical environment. Inthis paper, we propose a conceptual framework for legibility factors of urban landmarks along urban structuralpathways with emphasis on form, function and meaning. In other words, this paper is to answer the question “whichfactors play the most important role in changing an element, building, etc. to an urban landmark along structuralpathways?” Therefore, in this qualitative research, after considering and summarizing the literature review, aconceptual framework based on the ideas of Lynch, Appleyard and Rapoport was developed. Also, people wererequested to specify urban landmarks they know on a simplified map of the street. Then we identified the mostimportant landmarks (along Vali’asr street in Tehran) based on analyzing people's mental maps. After all, mainfactors/ features of the landmarks were extracted and summarized. The important feature of this study is notonly considering urban landmark as a phenomenon consists of the dialectical relationship between the threecomponents (form, function and meaning), but this is also going to propose a typological analysis of the factorsmentioned above and their variables. Reviewing literature on urban landmarks shows that the main emphasis ofrelevant studies is more on formal and visual aspects rather than functional and semantic. So the focus of thepaper on the meaning of landmarks tried to be comprehensive and novel. The results of this study are to be usedprimarily for urban designers, urban planners and architects to understand what features are important for people toidentify an element as a landmark during the time, and help them to decrease the current chaos in urban landscapeespecially in developing countries urban areas. The results show that functional and formal aspects of landmarksplay a more important role, respectively, in the legibility of urban landmarks. Also type of use, intensity of use andvisibility have greatest impact on identifying those elements. On the other hand, we observed that functional, formaland formal-functional landmarks are, respectively, main types in the case study.... Keywords: Urban Landmarks, Semantic Landmarks, Structural Pathways, Mental Map

Postmodernism is a result of the convergence between the philosophical turn in approaches to the nature of aesthetics and the increasing flow of media in today’s world. It can be suggested that media is both a cause and an effect of postmodernism. On the other hand, media depict, both directly and indirectly, association and transformation of phenomena. As such, media is a powerful critical tool which can scrutiny everything (even itself) with critical eyes. Media is able to create surreal and imaginary visual settings, an ability which enables it to fulfil aesthetic needs of the postmodern philosophy for creating illusions of reality and producing meta-realities. The present paper aimed to study how cinema, as a visual medium, is used to depict failures of postmodernism in the area of urbanism. Several two-dimensional matrixes were therefore designed, whose dimensions included critical formal aspects of the postmodern city and formal elements of cinema. The final matrix presents a visual conception of postmodern urban themes and systematically illustrates different critical aspects of the postmodern city as depicted in cinema. The paper also suggests that imagination and business, as two aspects of postmodern urbanism, have been depicted more than other aspects and that function, similarity and repetition, and difference and variation were used more than other formal elements.