فهرست مطالب ابوذر جوربنیان

Weight gain and obesity are the global health problem. Time-restricted feeding is a relatively new method of weight loss with many metabolic and anthropometric benefits. Low-intensity aerobic exercise also has beneficial effects on weight loss and metabolic factors; However, the combined effect of TRF and low-intensity aerobic exercise on metabolic and anthropometric factors in healthy overweight middle-aged men has rarely been investigated. The present research has investigated this purpose.

Among 55 volunteers, 27 healthy middle-aged men in the age (35 to 55) with overweight (25 <bmi< 30=""> The groups included: 1-TRF18:6 & EX 2-TRF 16:8 & EX 2-TRF 14:10 & EX. Three groups performed TRF protocols with different feeding times (6, 8 and 10 hours of free feeding) and fasting in the remaining 24 hours, and the same low -intensity aerobic exercise (55-65% of maximum heart rate). The interventions continued for 12 weeks. Blood and body composition tests were measured before and after the intervention. Daily food intake was measured before the intervention and during 12 weeks. Finally, all the data were analyzed.Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used for analysis. P values ​​less than 0.05 were considered as a significant criterion in all statistical tests.</bmi<>

The combination of TRF and exercise decreased glucose and insulin resistance in all groups. Cholesterol and LDL decreased in the 6-h and 8-h TRF groups. HDL reduction was significant only in the 8-h TRF group. Weight and BMI were reduced in the 6-h and 8-h TRF groups. The percentage of fat reduced in the 6-h group.  There was no significant difference between the groups for any of the variables. The average energy received in 12 weeks was not significantly different in any group; however the 6-h model caused a greater decrease in the average energy received during 12 weeks than in the other two groups.

The 6-h TRF model along with light aerobic exercise is suggested as the most reliable method to improve the metabolic and anthropometric profile in overweight middle-aged men.

Considering the effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic on the level of physical activity, food patterns, and quality of life (QOL) of people in the community, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between the level of physical activity, dietary intake, and body mass index (BMI) with the QOL of people with Down syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted in 2021. 384 girls and boys with Down syndrome (mean age 12.07 ± 3.48 years and 12.28 ± 3.03 years, respectively) were selected by available and targeted sampling method. The research tools included physical activity questionnaire for older children (PAQ-C) and physical activity questionnaire for adolescents (PAQ-A), food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and 36-item Short Form Survey (SF-36), which were completed by the parents of the samples. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics methods (Spearman correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney U test) in SPSS software.

The average score of physical activity level for boys and girls was 2.62 ± 0.93 and 2.53 ± 0.95, respectively, which indicates the unfavorable level of physical activity in these people. In the dimension of QOL and based on the eight subscales, it was determined that there was no difference between the dimensions of QOL in girls and boys. Besides, there was no significant relationship between the amount of physical activity of girls and boys with QOL dimensions. Findings related to consumption of macronutrients and QOL dimensions showed that in girls and boys, there was a relationship between protein and fat consumption and physical pain, although this relationship was weak (P < 0.05). Moreover, in girls and boys, a negative relationship was observed between carbohydrate and fat consumption with vitality, physical performance, and physical limitation (P < 0.05). According to the results, it was found that in boys and girls, there was a negative and significant relationship between BMI and vitality, physical performance, and physical limitation (P < 0.05). However, in boys, a significant negative relationship between BMI and mental problems was also observed. This means that by reducing the BMI of girls and boys, the aspects of QOL in them improved (P < 0.05).

The reduction in the intake of carbohydrates and fat macronutrients in girls and boys leads to changes in some aspects of the QOL (increasing vitality, improving physical performance, and reducing physical limitations) due to the epidemic of the COVID-19. It can also be expected that by reducing the BMI, improvement in indicators of vitality, physical performance, and reduction of physical limitations will be achieved.

There has been a prevalent decrease in physical activity and mental health due to the Covid-19 pandemic in societies which has also affected people with Down syndrome. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the level of physical activity and the mental health of children and adolescents with Down syndrome during the period of the epidemic of covid-19.

In this descriptive-correlation study that was conducted in 2021, among the exceptional schools of fifteen provinces of the country, the number of 192 girls (age: 11.98±3.35 years) and 192 boys (age: 12.30±3.16 years) from people with Down syndrome were selected by available and targeted sampling method. After the necessary arrangements, standard physical activity and mental health questionnaires were provided to the parents of children and adolescents. Data were analyzed using Spearman's correlation coefficient and Mann- Whitney U test with SPSS version 25 software.

According to the findings, the physical activity level of boys and girls was below average and unfavorable. Also, in the psychological dimension and based on the four subscales, it was found that in both sexes, there were no disorders related to anxiety, general health status, and depression, and only in the category of social dysfunction, the condition of people was unfavorable. Also, physical activity had a negative and significant relationship with social dysfunction in girls (P=0.001, r=- 0.24) and boys (P=0.014, r=- 0.17).

The results related to the comparison of mental health categories and physical activity level showed that there is no difference between boys and girls with Down syndrome. Only in the dimension of social dysfunction; the disorder of boys was more than that of girls, which probably decreases with the increase in the level of physical activity.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of caffeine and carbohydrate co-ingestion on anaerobic performance and muscular strength of female wushu athletes.

7 female wushu athletes with 22.00 ± 6.11 years of age, 52.96 ± 4.87 kg weight and 161.29 ± 5.28 cm height participated in 1RM leg and bench press and RAST tests on 4 occasions separated by 1-week washout after accidental consumption of caffeine (6 mg/kg in 250 mL water), 8% carbohydrate (21 g in 250 mL water), caffeine+carbohydrate and placebo. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni tests in SPSS26, α = 0.05).

caffeine alone did not affect variables (P ≥ 0.05). Carbohydrate consumption increased 1RM bench press ⁓7% (P = 0.010) and 1RM leg press ⁓16% (P = 0.033). co-ingestion of carbohydrate and caffeine improved mean power ⁓15% (P = 0.027), 1RM bench press ⁓26% (P = 0.005) and leg press ⁓39% (P = 0.027).

it seems, that carbohydrate has more effect on strength than caffeine, but combined with caffeine it may improve mean power besides the muscular strength in female wushu athletes due to effects on the central nervous system and increasing carbohydrate effect.

Obesity causes high disorders as increasing atherogenic index and physical activity is able to control obesity that can possibly increase lipid peroxidation. Therefore, the study was performed to evaluate the effect of vitamin E supplementation on atherogenic and lipid peroxidation responses induced by interval training in obese male Wistar rats.

The present study was a laboratory experimental method. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into four groups: training (TG; N=8), supplementation (SG; N=8), training with supplementation (TSG; N=8), and Control (CG; N=8). The interval training consisted of 30 minutes running on treadmill per day, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks. Vitamin E supplementation was also available daily with 300 mg/g of body weight along with drinking water in SG.

The finding revealed a significant decrease between TSG compared with CG in MDA (p=0.010), AIP (p=0.001), TC (p=0.001), TG (p=0.001) and LDL-C (p=0.001) variables. Also, MDA variable a significant decrease between TSG compared with TG (p=0.001). A significant decrease between TG compared with CG and SG in AIP (p=0.031), TC (p=0.024), TG (p=0.012) and LDL-C (p=0.010) variables were observed; while HDL-C variable showed a significant increase between TSG compared with CG (p=0.024) and TG compared with CG (p=0.031) (p≤0.05). Discussion and

Vitamin E supplementation can improve atherogenic index and by increasing of antioxidant system causes reduce exercise-induced lipid peroxidation in obese rats; while the positive effects of improving body composition and controlling obesity were achieved to exercise.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of 10-weeks of 4 energy restriction methods on histologic changes of adipose tissue and macrophage infiltration as well as glycemic indices in unsaturated-high-fat-fed obese male rats.

 Blood and tissue samples were collected from 72 wistar male rats (weight 195±5g, age 8 weeks) at 1st, 18th and 28th weeks after overnight fasting. After first sampling, remaining 64 rats were randomly divided into two groups of control (n=16) and high-fat-diet (UHFD)(n=48). UHFD group was randomly divided into food content change (SD), exercise training (EX), combination (CR+EX) and unsaturated-high-fat-diet (UHFD) subgroups after 18 weeks. Ex group ran for 10 weeks (5d/wks.) with intensity equivalent to 70-75% of Vo2max. CR was implemented reducing 25% of energy intake and SD group used a change from UHFD to a standard diet. Histologic changes of retroperitoneal and mesenteric regions as well as macrophage infiltration were assessed after tissue passage, H&E staining and high-resolution microscopic picturing.

The results of this study indicated that in comparison to UHFD, all experimental groups showed a significant difference in all glycemic indices and lipid profile variables (but HDL) as well as adipocyte size of studied adipocyte tissues (P > 0/05).

Therefore, it seems that regardless of the intervention type, energy intake manipulation methods possibly due to the reduction of adipocyte size had not change in macrophage infiltration to cause improvement in metabolic profiles.

The aim of the present study was to constructing a norm of health-related fitness in men aged 18 - 60 years old in Rasht city. The study was descriptive and performed using the survey method in which 384 men aged 18-60 from Rasht city were systematically selected using cluster sampling method. Weight, height, BMI, WHR, skinfold of 3 points, aerobic power, handgrip strength, trunk flexibility, abdomen and shoulder girdle muscular endurance were measured using the standard tests. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics, z-score, and percentiles were used in each test and the norm of each fitness factor was constructed according to the percentiles. Mean aerobic power (48.14 ml/kg/min), handgrip strength (54.28 kg), abdomen muscular endurance (34.77 sit-ups), shoulder girdle muscular endurance (32.39 push-ups), trunk flexibility (26.52 cm), body fat (25.76 %), BMI (26.38 kg/m2) and WHR (0.96) of the subjects were observed. The results showed that most 18-60 aged men in Rasht city have middle status in relation to body composition and are relatively good in relation to other fitness factors. Fortunately, in most of the physical fitness factors, Rashti men are in a better status than other regions of Iran and even other countries. However, there is little data on the norm of physical fitness of the population of the age group studied in this study (aged 18-60) in Iran, which suggests that studies be conducted in this regard.

Studies have shown that COVID-19 causes disruption in the immune system. Strengthening the immune system can be an important strategy in preventing this disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigated the physical activity and nutritional status during the COVID-19 pandemicon the other hand, it has been suggested in many studies that physical activity and proper diet can be effective in improving the immune system.

The present study is descriptive in that the method of data collection was the use of an electronic questionnaire. The questionnaire included 4 sections and each section included several questions. The responses were returned to the database designed by the researcher. Based on the questions of the questionnaire, people were classified based on the level of physical activity, sports history, eating habits and supplements they were taking and suffering from COVID-19. The research community included people active in the virtual environment and the subjects were 805 (466 women and 339 men).

In inactive women, there was an inverse relationship between physical activity with intensity and time until the threshold of fatigue and the possibility of contracting the disease of COVID-19 (p=0.0001, r=0.24). In addition, there is an inverse relationship between sports history of men (p=0.001, r=-0.28) with COVID-19 disease and the time of sports activity in each session of men (p=0.0001, r=-0.24) and women (p=0.0001, r=0.21) was observed with COVID-19 disease. A positive relationship was observed between the use of high-fat foods and COVID-19 disease in men and women (p=0.014, r=0.21); and people who used nutritional supplements had a lower rate of infection with the disease of COVID-19 (p=0.0001).

It seems that performing regular physical activity with moderate intensity and following a balanced diet and regularly receiving cereal, meat and protein food groups and fruits and receiving vitamin C and D supplements are related to reducing the severity of COVID-19 disease.

Background& Purpose: Physical inactivity is associated with dysregulation of intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) metabolism leading to the accumulation of fatty acid metabolites and insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic training and caloric restriction on intramuscular lipid metabolism, lipid profile and insulin resistance after 18 weeks high fat diet in male rat Study sample were consisted of forty eight Wistar male rats with average weight; 194.5±12.6 g. Blood and muscle samples were collected at, 18th and 28th weeks after an overnight fasting. After weight rats in first week, rats consume high-fat-diet. After 18 weeks High-fat-diet group randomly divided into control (C), calorie restriction (CR) and aerobic training (T) groups. Negative energy balance groups underwent an aerobic training (running) with intensity of 70 to 75% of VO2max, and %25 calorie restriction for 10 weeks. Adipose Triglyceride Lipase, Triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) Levels in soleus, insulin and glucose levels and lipid profile were measured. HOMA-IR was also calculated. The results of this study indicated that negative energy balance methods, decreased muscle DAG levels and serum concentrations of insulin, glucose, triacylglycerol and insulin resistance index in obese male rats (P≤0.05). Serum triacylglycerol and cholesterol levels decreased only in T group (P≤0.05). This study indicated that negative energy balance methods can actually decrease TAG and DAG levels even with simultaneous consumption of high-fat-diet which is largely congruent with improvement in insulin resistance.

Insulin resistance induced by a high fat diet has been associated with intramuscular lipid metabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise, diet restriction and their combination on insulin resistance through intramuscular diacylglycerol changes in obese male rats. Sample consisted of 56 male Wistar rats (mean weight: 194.5±12.6 g). 48 rats had a high-fat diet for 18 weeks and 8 rats had normal diet. Then, high-fat diet rats were divided into control (C), aerobic Exercise (E), caloric restriction (CR), and a combination (aerobic Exercise caloric restriction (E) groups. E group ran on a treadmill at 28 m. per minute for 10 weeks. In CR group, 25% of their daily caloric ingestion reduced and E group had aerobic exercise and caloric restriction every other day. The results indicated that rats gained weight after 18 weeks of high-fat diet (P0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between E and E groups and high-fat diet group in GLUT4 levels (P>0.05). This study indicated that negative energy balance methods can decrease skeletal muscle DAG even along with a high-fat diet which is largely congruent with an improvement in insulin resistance.

Obesity and inflammatory markers such as amyloid A (SAA) and oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) are the leading causes of cardiovascular diseases. Physical activity has a positive effect in reducing the risk factors of these diseases. The aim of present study was to investigate the role of one session endurance exercise on cycle ergometer on serum amyloid A and Ox-LDL in the obese and normal weight young men.
Material and Twenty two male students were participated and divided into two groups: normal weight (n=12; mean±SD of age 25.12±1.42 yrs, weight 69.91±2.75 kg and height 173.04±2.75 cm) and obese (n=10; age 26.45±1.39 yrs, weight 91.15±7.40 kg and height 173.6±3.6 cm). The exercise protocol involved one session pedaling exercise on cycle ergometer with the intensity of 65% of VO2max for 60 minutes. Blood samples were gathered before and after completion of the exercise protocol. SAA and Ox-LDL levels were measured by ELISA method.
The U Man Whitney test showed that the Ox-LDL levels in obese group were higher than that in the normal weight group after exercise (P≤0.05). In obese group, levels of SAA were higher than that in the normal weight group after exercise (P≤0.05). Paired t test showed SAA levels in both groups were significantly increased in comparison with the pre-exercise (P≤0.05). In both groups, a significant correlation was found between SAA and BMI, and in the obese group between Ox-LDL and BMI (P≤0.05).
A single bout endurance exercise increased the levels of SAA and OX-LDL, and it seems that these changes affect higher body mass and exercise-induced acute inflammation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between real and self-perception of physical fitness in men 18-60 years old in Rasht. The method of this research is correlational, conducted in a survey and field study. 384 male of Rasht city population with mean age of 38.2 ± 11.8 years and a body mass index of 26.4 ± 4.0 kg/m2 were randomly selected by cluster sampling. In this research, information was analyzed on two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. Fitness factors including weight, height, subcutaneous fat, cardio-respiratory endurance, handgrip strength, and trunk flexibility were measured using standard tests and methods. Self-perception of physical fitness was measured using modified Delignières et al questionnaire. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between variables. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0. The results of this study showed that there was a significantly positive correlation between real and self-perception of cardio-respiratory endurance (r=0.16, p =0.031), trunk flexibility (r=0.28, p=0.001), a significantly negative correlation for body composition (r=-0.43, p= 0.001), and no significant correlation for muscle strength (r=0.11, p = 0.38). In general, it seems that people can accurately self-perceive their physical fitness status when by taking into regular physical activity and see actual changes in their physical fitness status.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise with dehydration on appetite and food preference in sedentary men. Eight healthy untrained men (age 24.25±2.05 year, BMI 21.62±1.89 kg.m2) voluntarily participated in this study. Each subject attended the exercise physiology laboratory 3 times during 3 consecutive weeks, at 9:00 a.m. and after 12-h overnight fasting. Subjects completed a visual analogue scales questionnaire for assessment of their appetiteand macronutrient preference, before and 10 minute after 80 minute running at 60% maximum heart rate, 80 minute exercise at 60% maximum heart rate with dehydration and 80 minute rest.The body weight of the subjects was measured each time before and immediately after 80 min of exercise or rest. One-way analysis of variance was used to measure the differences between groups performance and paired t-tests were used to campare variables before and after each session. Subjects lost 0.51±0.05 kg of their body mass after dehydration due to exercise in comparison to rest and exercise group. The 80 minute exercise or dehydration due to exercise didnot have significant effect on hunger, satiety and fullness of the participants. The desire to eat was suppressed after exercise compared to after control (p<0.05) periods. Also, preference forliquid carbohydrates was higher in the dehydration group due to exercise than the other groups (p<0.05). It can be concluded that exercise can induce a short-term reduction desire to eat. Moreover, it could be claimed that exercise with dehydration induces a short-term increase in macronutrient preference of liquid carbohydrates.

Physical activity plays a protective role against cardiovascular disease via reducing risk factors. The purpose of this study was to compare effect of concurrent (resistance-aerobic) and aerobic training on lipid profile، blood glucose and blood pressure in middle-aged men at risk for cardiovascular disease. Twenty-nine untrained male volunteers 36-56 years old participated in this study. The subjects were randomly placed into one of three groups (aerobic، concurrent (aerobic & resistant) and control). Body mass index، body fat percentage، glucose، blood pressure، and lipid profile were measured at baseline and after exercise training. Training program lasted for eight weeks and it was carried out 3 times per week. Statistical tests of paired t and ANOVA were used for data analysis. Plasma TC، LDL، TG، glucose and HDL changed significantly with concurrent and aerobic training (p<0. 05); but، there were no significant differences in triglyceride (TG)، total cholesterol (TC)، high density lipoprotein (HDL)، glucose low density lipoprotein (LDL) and systolic and diastolic blood pressures between concurrent and aerobic groups. Also، VO2max was elevated in the two training group (p<0. 05). The result of the present study indicated that both aerobic and concurrent training resulted in improving the metabolic parameters related to cardiovascular risk in middle-aged men. However، each type of training also provides unique benefits.

The aim of this study was to investigate the nutrition-related knowledge, attitude and vitamin/mineral supplements intake of elite national athletes.

Sixty eight Iranian National Athletes from volleyball (n=9), karate (n=12), weightlifting (n=7), wresting (n=7), taekwondo (n=10), basketball (n=10), boxing (n=8), and Judo (n=5) were included in this study. The self-administered questionnaire examined the athlete’s nutrition knowledge, attitude and supplement frequency intake. The athlete’s height, weight, and sport experience were recorded.

High mean dietary intake scores were found for vitamin E, calcium, multivitamin and low mean dietary intake scores were found for folate and pantothenic acid. A moderate correlation was found between attitude and supplements intake (r=0.545, P<0.01). There were significant differences in the amount of vitamin and mineral supplements intake between weight lifting elite national athletes team compared to others (P<0.05). Moreover, the result showed significant differences between elite national athletes of boxing team compared to volleyball, taekwondo, and basketball teams (P<0.05).

It can be concluded that athletes in national teams should extend their knowledge regarding to the amount of vitamin and mineral supplements intake. Future research also, should explore factors other than knowledge and attitude which may have influence on dietary intake among national athletes.