احد گل قاسم قره باغ

Study field:

 The amount of residues of some pesticides in some animal and poultry feeds in Iran is considered higher than the international standard.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of reducing the amount of patulin and diazinon in ensiled apple pomace on some rumen parameters (pH, protozoa, ammonia nitrogen) and the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the mahabadi lactation goats that consuming diets containing high apple pomace (28.88% in dry matter).

In this study, 30 mature newborn Mahabadi lactation goats with mean live weight of 55 ± 5 kg, with 5 experimental treatments and 6 replications were used in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments consisted of unprocessed apple pomace (control group), microwave apple pomace (treatment 2), processed apple pomace with two commercially active adsorbent and inactive pesticides (50 g / d respectively For every goat head and and one kg / t of apple pomace (3 and 4) and apple pomace processed with an acidifiers commercial compound (treatment 5).

The results showed that the highest amount of patulin and diazinon in different treatments were in the control group (178 Kg / μg and 936.0 mg / kg) and the lowest levels were related to treatments treated with Bio-Tox toxin binder and Mycofix Plus (58 Kg / μg and 279/0 mg /kg). Therefore, only the pH of treatment 5 decreased significantly in comparison with control group and decreased to 6.36 in comparison with 6.42 control group. Also, the results showed that ruminal protozoa population was not affected by apple pomace processing in different treatments, and the ammonia nitrogen concentration of rumen fluid in test goats showed a significant difference between treatment 2, 5 and 3, in relation to, control and other treatments respectively. The lowest amount for control group (without processing) was 21.42 mg /dl and the highest amount for 3 was 12.22 mg /dl by adding Mycofix-Plus to the diet (0.05 mg /dl). P). The results also showed a significant increase in the concentration of total volatile fatty acids, except treatment 4 compared to control (P ˂ 0.05).

Generally reducing the patholin and diazinon toxicity by processing with adsorbent and inactive compounds of toxins in high-level diets of apple pomace can improve some of the animal's rumen parameters, and, in addition to ensuring health, will increase the efficiency and performance of the animal. Key words: Patulin, Diazinon, Apple pomace, Toxic Adsorbent, Mahabadi Lactation Goats Study field: The amount of residues of some pesticides in some animal and poultry feeds in Iran is considered higher than the international standard.

Pecticide residue concentration of some animal feeds in Iran may be more than maximum residue level (MRL). This study aimed at investigating the effects of various processes of apple pomace on Imidacloprid residue in the apple pomace, milk production and composition, and in vivo nutrient digestibility of Mahabadi dairy goats, which used rations that include high amounts of apple pomace (28.68% /DM).
Material and In this study, 30 adult Mahabadi dairy goats with a live weight of 55 ± 5 kg have been studied in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 6 replicates. All animals used in this experiment were kept under the guidance of the Animal Farm Research and Surveillance guide. Experimental treatments included feed ration which contained non processed apple pomace (Control Group), microwave irradiated apple pomace, processed apple pomace with commercial adsorbent and deactivated toxins, (50 g/d for each goat and 1 kg/t apple pomace, respectively) and processed apple pomace with commercial acidifier. The diet was given to the livestock as a total mixed ration (TMR) in two meals (hours 8 and 16). In this research determine the amount of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fat, calcium and phosphorus in feed and animal waste samples, standard methods of AOAC were used. Also, Identification and measurement of Imidacloprid with GC Cp 3800 gas chromatograph machine, Varian France GC / MS-00-0240, and Varian France 2200 Mass Spectrometry used that equipped with a three-repeat ion trap. In order to determine the effect of different treatments of apple pomace on the amount of dry matter, daily intake of feed for animals was measured daily. But, for measuring digestibility of nutrients, during the 25 to 28 days of the experiment (for 4 days), the amount of feed intake, total feces and dietary residue per day were measured and samples were taken to determine digestibility.
The results indicated that the highest and lowest amount of Imidacloprid existing in different treatments were related to the control group and processed apple pomace with commercial adsorbent respectively. (4.86 and 2.81 mg/kg). Processing with the purpose of decreasing the effect of fungal toxins led to a significant increase in milk production compared to the control group (1.47 g/d) (P˂0.05). It seems that the compounds used in this experiment to modify the amount of imidacloprid because differences in their chemical structure have different function and mechanism, For example, Mycofix- Plus in Treatment 3 is an inorganic trace agent that is the most important characteristic of the physical structure of the absorbent, Its distribution, surface pores size can be used. On the other hand, the properties of mycotoxin adsorption, such as polarity, solubility, shape, and distribution, also play a significant role. But in combination treatment 4, it has been used as a BioTox absorbent as an organic absorbent, which is typically a component of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that uses only cell walls of yeast (consisting of β-glucan and mannan oligosaccharides) instead of the entire cell, the connection to the toxin can increase. In addition, the results of this study revealed that adding toxin's adsorbent compounds did not have any effects on the different ingredients of milk. Other results showed that microwave freezing and various additives did not have a significant effect on the amount of dry matter and nutrients except crude fat and calcium concentrations. It seems that decreasing the amount of calcium in the receiving groups of pesticide absorbent compounds is due to the bonding of calcium ions to the control group (P In general, the toxin's adsorbent and deactivating compounds in rations contain high levels of apple pomace, decrease the amount of Imidacloprid and, in addition to ascertaining the safety and increasing the efficiency of milk production, lead to the production of healthier products.

A Study Was Undertaken in The Northwest (West Azarbaijan) Of Iran to Investigate Buffalo Management Trends. A Total of 100 Buffalo Breeders of 28 Villages of 3 Major Buffalo Rearing Areas Were Included in This Study. Detailed Classified Questionnaires Were Prepared and Used to to Collect Information from Buffalo Breeders in One Visit Interview. The Questionnaires Were Pre Tested to Check Clarity and Appropriateness of the Questions. The Results Demonstrated That There Was a Positive Tendency to Dissemination Buffalo Breeding (61%). Negative Tendency to Develop the Job (39%). Results Showed That Approximately to 90% Of Breeders Use from Their Own Experiences for Feed Formulation and Management. A Total of 92% Of Breeders Declare That They Have Not Any Marketing Problem of Buffalo Meat and Buffalo Milk (69%). Buffalo Population in Last 10 Years Decreased That Probably Be Due to Lack of Educate for Breeders of Buffalo, Reproduction Problem and Low Milk Production, Price and Marketing. It Is Concluded That the Proper Application of Production a Management Procedures Should Be Undertaken by The Official Organization for Qualification.

An Investigation Was Conducted to Address the Problems of Buffalo Feeding Through Interview to Make the Best Possible Use of Available Buffalo Resources in West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Commonly, Feeding Administration of Buffalo in Iran Hs Conventional and Based On Farmers. Experience and Tradition Developed Over Decades. Detailed Classified Questionnaires Were Prepared and Used to Collect Information from Buffalo Breeders in One Visit Interview. The Questionnaires Were Pre Tested to Check Clarity and Appropriateness of the Questions. The Results Showed That the Usual Feed Source of Azeri Buffaloes Was General Range (19%), Individual Land (30%) And Specially Supplemented Feeding in Barn (50%) And Also the Most of Breeders (64%) Had Available Access to General Range for Buffaloes Grazing Easily. The Breeders Balanced the Ration with Their Own Experience (90%). Furthermore, Usual Buffaloes Feedstuffs Were Alfalfa, Wheat Bran and Beet Pulp. The Observations Indicated That the Buffaloes Fed Three or Four Times Daily and The Ration Was Fed as Chopped Forage and TMR.

A Study Was Carried Out To Buffalo Sanitation And Barn System In West Azarbaijan Of Iran. A Total Of 100 Buffalo Breeders In 2 Villages Of 3 Major Buffalo Rearing Areas Were Include In This Study. Detailed Classified Questionnaires Were Prepared And Used To Collect Information From Buffalo Breeders In One Visit Interview. The Questionnaires Were Pre Tested To Check Clarity And Appropriateness Of The Questions. The Results Showed That Most Of The Barn System Of Buffalo Breeders Was In Closed Form(96%). Also The Buffalos Barns Situation Were Traditional (83%) As In Observed The Roof Of The Barns Mostly Were Woody, The Wall Of The Barns Mostly Were Cement, The Bottom Of The Barns Were Soil And Cement, The Free Stall Of The Barns Were Soil, The Feeder Of The Barns Were Soil And The Ventilation Situation Of The Barns Mostly Were Moderate. Furthermore, Breeders Declared That Buffalo Resistant To Diseases (76%) But In Several Cases Diseases Observed (34%) .

This study was conducted to determine the digestibility and palatability of white and red grape pomace. Experimental feedstuffs were analyzed chemically, and phenol concentration was determined. Then the feeds digestibility measured in vivo and in vitro and their palatability was tested. Four adult male sheep with 40±1.2 kg body weight were used in these experiments. Red and white grape pomaces replaced with alfalfa hay with proportion of 50:50 to determine the digestibility. The results showed that red grape pomace had more phenol and tannin concentration than those of white grape pomace, thus, reduction of protein concentration, digestibility and metabolizable energy of red grape pomace was expectable. Nutrients digestibility of basal diet including alfalfa hay was significantly (P<0.01) higher than experimental feeds. It may be due to higher concentration of tannin, lignin and neutral detergent fiber in grape pomaces. Lower digestibility of red grape pomace may be attributed to higher tannin concentration in this pomace. Palatability of basal ration (alfalfa) was lower than pomaces. Palatability of white grape pomace (45.5%) was higher than that of red grape pomace (38.16%) (P<0.01). It may conclude that grape pomace can be considered as a good source of fiber and may use in diets of low yielding animals to meet the requirements of energy and nitrogen. For increasing nutritive value of grape pomace, it may be better to use chemical treatment and physical processing of such as ensiling, drying and addition poly ethylene glycol which needs more investigation to be done.