فهرست مطالب احسان مظفری

Although arbitration is as old as the history of mankind, much of what we know today as arbitrator in Islamic texts is the result of ijtehad of Islamic jurists that established this institution in the periods of jurisprudence. Despite the similarities and differences, the relation between this institution in Islamic jurisprudence and the institution of arbitration in the present case law must be regarded as a continuation of the old law in the new law. Because the outstanding features and elements of today's arbitration including the mutual consent of the parties to the arbitration as well as the issuance of verdict on the basis of fairness and justice, has also existed in arbitration in the past. However, there are essential differences between the issue of jurisdiction over arbitration in the past with that in the present, the most obvious reason for which is the absence of the phenomenon of modern government and the modern judicatory system which considers one of its duties to oversee the process of arbitration in the positive and negative manner.

Currently, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) as a parasitic disease is treated with Glucantime and Pentostam in most of the endemic countries. This study aimed to identify factors affecting the glucantime therapy duration rate in patients with CL using a survival analysis model.

This retrospective descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 1017 CL patients that were referred to the urban and rural comprehensive health centers of Qom Province under the supervision of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran, from April 2014 to March 2019 through the census. The recovery time was measured by the Kaplan-Meier method, and then the survival function was plotted based on each variable. The Log-Rank test was applied to analyze the differences among variables, and after the evaluation of the PH assumption by Shoenfeld residuals, a stepwise forward Cox progressive regression was used to determine factors affecting intralesional or systematic treatment duration in the patients involved with cutaneous leishmaniasis. 

The recovery rate of lesions in cutaneous leishmaniasis cases was found to be 96.7% by the intralesional treatment and 93% by the systematic one. The mean recovery time for cutaneous leishmaniasis patients was 8.00 weeks for the intralesional treatment and 18.00 days for the systematic treatment. The only significant variable in the intralesional treatment was observed on cases with thigh lesions, meaning that those patients who had CL lesions on their thighs experienced a significant reduction in their recovery time. Furthermore, the lesion variable was also significant (P=0.039) as the recovery chance of those patients who had four or more CL lesions was 30% less.

The existence of lesions on CL patients’ thighs and a low number of lesions in CL patients can decrease the recovery time. The use of the Cox regression model in medical studies is more appropriate because not only does it consider the occurrence of the event but also it can reveal the occurrence time of the disease.

In Iran's laws, there is no reference to the laws creating the rights, and deespite frequent references to the requirement to observe the laws creating the rights in arbitration, However, the lack of an explanation of the concept and even the lack of reference to the examples of the laws that create the right in the laws makes an obstacle to the determination of its boundaries. Here, the question arises as to which laws can be considered to be the law creating rights? According to some authors opinion, It is only necessary to take into account substantive rules as the laws creating the rights or formal rules can also be placed in this category? It seems that the answer to this question can not be found in the rules. Because of the exception of the two provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure of Iran, there is no reference to the concept of the laws creating the rights elsewhere. And that is why the precise definition of the laws creating the rights, as well as determining its implications in the laws and regulations of Iran, has become one of the most controversial elements of arbitration agreements. Because the lack of a single understanding of its content has added to the scope of ambiguity regarding revoke of arbitrator's verdict.

agreement has considerable effects on the issue of arbitration. In Acceptance or lack of acceptance of the principle of independence of arbitration condition from the original Iran Law and the judicial procedure documented from article 461 of the Law on the Establishment of Public and Revolutionary Courts in Civil Affairs, the dominant belief is in lack of acceptance of independence of the arbitration condition from the original agreement. Whereby taking the procedure, the unreliability of the original contract can be expanded to the arbitration contract. Accordingly, in case of disputes on the credit of the original contract, the arbitrator is not qualified to deal with the dispute. Despite the procedure, the proponents of independence of the arbitration condition believe that although the provisions inserted in the original contract follow that, the regulation is not true for the arbitration condition. Some commercial and trade requirements make recognition of the principle of independence of arbitration conditions from the original agreement. Article 16 of the International Commercial Arbitration Law has accepted the said principe

Cockroaches are considered a serious health problem in some medical centers. They can move freely in hospital wards and transmit pathogenic organisms. This study was carried out in order to detect and identify bacterial infection on outer surface and in digestive organs of Blatella germanica as a dominant species of cockroach in hospitals.
In this cross-sectional study 222 B. germanica were collected from 14 different wards and units of 5 hospitals in the city of Hamedan in western Iran. Most of them were collected from dining room (34.2%) followed by urology ward (13.5%). After applying anesthesia and washing in 2cc physiology serum, the culture was prepared from this suspension for identification of bacterial infection on outer surface. Next, the outer surface of each cockroach was sterilized and their guts were isolated from mouth to anus. Bacteria extraction and culture were done accordingly.
A total of 12 bacteria species were identified from outer surface and digestive system of cockroaches. On outer surface, Escherichia coli was the most dominant species (40%) followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (20%). In digestive system E. coli had also the highest percentage (45%) followed by Entrobacter aeroginosa (20%). This study can show the importance of cockroaches as potential vectors of medically important microorganisms such as pathogenic bacteria in hospitals. Control programs for removing cockroaches, especially in the hospitals are recommended.