احمدرضا سراییان

In the production of fuel briquettes, different additives are used in order to improve the technical parameters. In the present study, two types of lignocellulosic binders including nanocellulose and lignin have been used. Due to the different chemical structure and difference in calorific value of each of these two materials (lignin and nanocellulose) and the difference in their mechanism of action on improving the thermal properties of fuel briquettes, in order to evaluate the final product of thermal analysis using calorific value and TGA and DTA diagrams were used. The results show the positive effects of the use of cellulosic binders in improving the thermal behavior of biofuel briquettes. Thermal analysis showed that 9% nanocellulose and 9% lignin treatments with 19.85 MJ / Kg and 25.75 MJ / Kg had the highest calorific value compared to the control sample, respectively. The diagram obtained from thermal analysis (TGA) of the control sample and the samples treated with lignin and nanocellulose show that the treated samples have lower weight loss rate, higher burning rate and higher burning temperature.

In this study, the ability to bleaching hemicellulose-deinked pulp was investigated in comparison with conventional chemical method. Initially, the mixed recycled pulp pre-treated with hemicellulase enzyme at different levels of usage, treatment time and pH values (under other constant process conditions) was bleached and experimental runs included H2T3 (usage 0.2% (based on dry weight of recycled pulp); Treatment time 60 minutes and pH range 6.5-7) and H3T2 (usage 0.5% (based on dry weight of recycled pulp); Treatment time 50 minutes and pH range 6.5-7) were selected as the best treatments. Then, the selected pulps were bleached using hydrogen peroxide under constant process conditions and their bleachability was compared with conventional chemical pulp. Based on the results achieved, the bleachability of hemicellulose-deinked pulps was better than that of chemically deinked pulp, and the resulting papers had a higher brightness and whiteness as well as less yellowness, but the opacity of these papers was decreased during bleaching. Also, pre-treated pulps with hemicellulase showed the papers with higher tensile and burst indices after bleaching stage so that for H2T3 and H3T2 enzymatic runs, the increase in tensile index was 13.22% and 12.59%, and in burst index was 3.66% and 6.22%, respectively. While the tensile and burst indices for chemically deinked pulp after bleaching was improved by 10.17% and 16%, respectively. Also, the reduction in paper tear index for H2T3 and H3T2 enzymatic runs after bleaching was 12.45% and 8.06%, respectively, compared to chemically deinked pulp (4.44%). Based on the overall results obtained by comparing the quality properties of papers made from different pulps bleached with hydrogen peroxide, H2T3 run has resulted in more bleachability and much better optical and strength properties.

The strength properties of medium corrugated board which is made using recycled pulp are always important. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bulking agent’s addition and acetylated starch on the strength properties of corrugated board from neutral sulfite semi-chemical and old corrugated container pulp. For this purpose, the pulp was treated with two materials separately including tri (propylene glycol) butyl ether and di (propylene glycol) butyl ether bulking agents in the 0.9% dry weight of the pulp level. In addition, each of these bulking agents was added with acetylated starch (at the level of 4% of dry weight of the pulp) to the pulp suspension. The strengths properties of corrugated board were measured. The results showed that the corrugated board treated by tri (propylene glycol) butyl ether and di (propylene glycol) butyl ether bulking agents had the highest bulk and thickness in comparison to other samples. Also, the strength properties of samples decreased by adding bulking agents. Acetylated starch was used to improve the strengths of samples. Addition of acetylated starch with bulking agents improved the strengths of samples. Corrugated board with tri (propylene glycol) butyl ether and acetylated starch showed highest tensile, burst, tear strengths, stiffness, CMT and RCT. Results showed that the effect of different treatments is statistically significant in all trials.

Today, paper recycling is considered as a very important economic and environmental necessity. Deinking is one of the important processes in paper recycling. Different types of chemicals are used for deinking that one of the most important of them is sodium silicate. Silicate compounds reduce the useful life of processing equipments and cause problems in the wastewater treatment system due to the sedimentation of them in the equipment. In this research, Recycling of old newspaper using glanapon organic complex, as a substitute for sodium silicate, was investigated due to related problems with sodium silicate.

In this study, chemical repulping of ONP was carried out using chemicals at pulp consistency of 10%, temperature of 50 °C and duration of 20 min. The chemicals used for deinking were hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide, Surfactant (Tween 80), DTPA, and glanapon stab organic complex. All chemicals were added based on oven-dry paper basis. In the first step, the control pulp was prepared from ONP using 1% sodium hydroxide, 1% hydrogen peroxide, 0.15% Surfactant (Tween 80) and 0.3% DTPA in the presence of 0.5% sodium silicate. Then, in subsequent treatments, sodium silicate was removed from the chemical compound and the glanapone complex was used at various levels (0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 2 and 3%) instead of it. All chemical treatments were carried out in plastic bags in a hot water bath. The treated pulps were deinked by washing method. The effect of various charges of glanapone on the formation of hydrogen bonds was investigated by infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The effect of various charges of the organic complex on the physical, optical and strength properties of deinked pulp was studied and compared with the control (ONP deinked using 0.5% sodium silicate).

The results of physical properties measurements showed that the addition of glanapon stab complex up to 0.7% level caused to production of papers with lower caliper and higher density. Microscopic images taken from the thick profiles of the papers also confirm this. As well as, Paper thickness increased and their density was decreased by increasing consumption of glanapon from 0.7 to 2%. While the density of the prepared paper increased as compared to the reference paper. The results of optical properties analysis indicated that the brightness increased to 51.21% ISO and the yellowness was reduced to 7.3 % ISO as the dosage of organic complex was increased up to 3%. The opacity of paper was decreased by increasing the organic complex charge up to 0.7%. The bursting strength was significantly increased by increasing the organic complex charge up to 2% as compared to the reference paper.

In general, the paper with lower caliper, higher density and brightness, lower yellowness and suitable opacity could be produced using 0.3- 2% glanapon complex in comparison with the reference paper by deinking of old newspaper

By developing attention to environmental issues and to the increasing attention of human society to health issues the use of environmentally friendly antibacterial compounds such as plant extracts for the production of antibacterial paper is very interesting. On the other hand, due to the high volatility of these environmentally friendly compounds, it is expected that encapsulating them in materials such as chitosan can increase their stability and control of release into the paper structure. Therefore, in this study, ethanolic extract of pomegranate peel in chitosan was encapsulated by ion gelation method and applied to the surface of the paper by spray method. The structural properties of pomegranate peel extract such as total phenol, total flavonoid and their antioxidant activity were investigated. Structural, barrier such as antibacterial activity and resistance properties of the prepared paper were also investigated. The results showed that nanocapsules of about 160 nm were obtained by ion gelation method, which were able to increase the antibacterial activity of the modified paper by about 35 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the antibacterial activity of nanocapsule-modified paper was about two weeks higher than that of pure extract-modified paper. On the other hand, the presence of chitosan in the structure of nanocapsules also led to improved physical and resistance properties of the modified paper

The objective of this study was to investigate the production of bisulfite pulp from Carpinus betulus species to enhance the strength properties of the chemical mechanical pulp (CMP). CMP pulp prepared according to the industrial standards (Mazandaran wood and paper industry) and bisulfite pulp was prepared by direct injection of sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas into a sodium hydroxide solution. The results of cooking bisulfite pulp showed that by increasing of cooking time from 1 to 3 hours the kappa number decreased. The results of mixing bisulfite pulp (10, 30 and 40%) with CMP pulp showed that the mechanical properties of the paper improved with increasing the contribution of bisulfite pulp. By adding 40% bisulfite to CMP, the tensile index, burst index, tear index and folding strength improved by 24%, 16.2%, 13.7% and 84.2%, respectively. Finally, combining 40% bisulfite pulp and 60% CMP pulp showed the highest strength in terms of total paper properties. Therefore, the use of bisulfite pulp up to 40% mixed with CMP paper pulp leads to the desired production of newspaper and is recommended.

Biofuel briquettes are a type of solid biofuel produced for the purpose of producing electricity and heat. The present study investigates the improvement of the technical parameters of biofuel briquettes by micrometer and nanometer scale cellulosic binders. Biofuel briquettes from sugarcane bagasse were produced and compressed by a laboratory briquetting machine at a pressure of 150 MPa and a temperature of 100 OC. Cellulosic binders including recycled paper (OCC), recycled pulp, recycled fiber fines, and recycled nanolignocellulose (LCNF) were used in three percent ratios of 3, 6 and 9%. The results showed that nanolignocellulose and recycled fiber fines had more effect on the physical and mechanical properties of briquettes, as at the 9% level, the fiber fins had the highest compressive strength and thermal value as 26 N/mm and 22.80 Mj/kg respectively And nanolignocellulose as 34 N/mm and 19.85 Mj/kg respectively.

The objective of this study was to investigate the modification of neutral sulfite semi chemical (NSSC) pulping liquor by applying changes in the percentage of chemicals, increasing alkalinity and changing the pulping duration for the production alkali sulfite (AS). Among the pulps, the best combination was acceptable with respect to the residual alkalinity (pH> 11) and the acceptable kappa number (about 17) and the lowest amounts of so-called undercooked wood (or “rejects”) was selected. Pure AS pulp and also the mixing of different percentages of AS pulp with NSSC pulp were compared. The results showed that the overall strength of the modified pulp compared with the initial NSSC pulp increased. So that the alkali sulfite (AS) and NSSC is about 66.2 and 32.4 N.m/ g, respectively. By adding more amounts of this pulp in furnish, by increasing the required strength of the paper, the consumption of pulp from the imported long fiber could be reduced while maintaining the paper's strength properties.

Converting biomass waste such as bagasse as an abundant lignocellulosic resource available for producing biofuels can be a viable alternative to fossil fuel and environmental pollutants. The purpose of the present study was to produce biofuel briquettes from two dimensional classes of shredded bagasse and grinded bagasse. Nanometer lignocellulose binders including nanolignocellulose (LCNF) and nanocellulose (CNF) at three levels of 3, 6 and 9% were used to enhance and improve the thermal and technical parameters. The briquettes were produced by cylinder and piston press at 150 MPa and 100 °C. The results showed a positive effect of nanometer lignocellulosic binders on the thermal and strength properties. Thus, nano-lignocellulose was more effective on the physical and mechanical properties of nanocellulose binder in both dimensional classes. Also, in terms of thermal properties of nano-lignocellulose binder, better results were obtained in biofuel briquettes. Consequently, nanolignocellulose may be a more suitable binder, since its production costs are lower than nanocellulose and the calorific value of briquette is higher due to the low lignin content in the compound. As a result, at 9% level of usage, calorific value and compressive strength of shredded and grinded bagasse were 34.37 N.mm, 19.85 MJ/Kg and 19.85 Nmm 29.45 MJ/Kg, respectively.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of coating packing paper with polylactic acid-chitosan and polylactic acid-nano-chitosan complexes in two layer by layer and composite methods. For this purpose, was used of 80 grams long fiber handsheet paper Prepared from Mazandaran wood and paper factory. For the preparation of coating material, 1% poly lactic acid in chloroform and 1% chitosan and nano chitosan in acetic acid were prepared. In both methods, up to three layers of coating were finally applied and the final layer in each treatment was poly lactic acid. The paper samples were then dried in an oven at a temperature of about 100 ° C. In the composite method, each material (chitosan and nano-chitosan) was mixed independently with poly lactic acid on a magnetic stirrer and then seating on a base paper. Finally, all papers were performed for barrier tests including contact angle measurement, water absorption (Cobb) and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and resistance tests including burst resistance and air penetration resistance. Based on the results, the barrier properties of the coated Samples in both methods (layer by layer and composite) were increased compared to the control sample. Also, the results of the study of composite and layer by layer methods showed that the LBL method causes more prohibition in the paper and increases the amount of prohibition with increasing the number of coating layers. It is worth noting, however, that between the second and third layers of coating, changes were less pronounced. These changes were observed in both the LBL and composite methods. Air Resistance was also increased in the coated samples.

Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer is of semi crystalline materials with excellent barrier properties to gases. Also, it has shown outstanding chemical resistance. Despite its low gas permeability, EVOH copolymer displays poor water and water vapor resistance. In this study, Trimethoxymethylsilane (as hydrophobic coating) was deposited by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor (PECVD) method on the coated paper with Ethylene vinyl alcohol in order to improve the paper's barrier properties of moisture transmission. Coating by PECVD method was done in the certain conditions of time 6 min and pressure 300 m Torr. Different treatments were applied for power including 50, 70 and 90W.Then contact angle was measured in order to determined improvement of the paper's barrier properties of moisture transmission . The result showed that papers which were coated with Trimethoxymethylsilane had higher contact angle water 55.7% more than the control. The results revealed that the best condition was obtained by 50 W power. The structural and chemical properties of deposited layer were observed with Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy- Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The results confirmed bonding of silane on the surface EVOH polymer.

In this study, the effect of pigment composition on the properties of paper prepared from CMP pulp was studied. There for 3 different pigment combinations (100% calcium carbonate (GCC), 70% calcium carbonate and 30% kaolin clay (70GCC30Clay) and 70% calcium carbonate and 25% gritty and 5% titanium dioxide (70GCC25Clay5TiO2)) were made with anionic starch, latex and dispersersant and Used for coating. Physical properties included (surface roughness of the paper, Ash content and Apparent density) And the optical properties included (brightness, absorption and diffusion coefficient) and paper resistance characteristics including tensile strength, bursting resistance, tear strength based on standard TAPPI standardized measurements and Using factorial design, analysis of variance was performed and the mean of paper properties was compared with Duncan's test. The purpose of this research is to achieve the best combination for coating the paper with the improvement of physical and optical properties and maintaining resistance properties. By adding clay and dioxide titanium to calcium carbonate, the roughness of the paper surface decreased The highest roughness of the surface of the paper in the diet was observed for the control paper and the lowest was seen in the treatment of 70GCC30Clay surface. Also, the highest degree of brightness is related to 70GCC25Clay5TiO2 treatment. The highest index of tensile strength and burst strength index was related to gypsum treated paper (GCC) and also the highest tear strength index for treated paper at level 2 (70GCC30Clay).

The inherent heterogeneity features of lignin when increased during kraft pulp process, restricts the technical lignin utilization in value added applications. Organic solvent fractionation of lignin is notable as an efficient way to obtain lignin fractions with well-defined characteristics. In the present study, two industrial kraft lignin were separated to the soluble and insoluble fractions by single step extraction process using acetone as organic solvent. The parent kraft lignin and the soluble and insoluble fractions thereof, characterized by using various techniques including GPC, FT-IR, 31P NMR and DSC.The results showed different molecular weight, functional hydroxyl groups and also glass Transition Temperature (Tg) for lignin fractions. The soluble fractions exhibited lower molecular weight and polydispersity, less aliphatic and more total phenolic hydroxyl groups and lower Tg than the soluble fractions. The results indicated that solvent assisted single step extraction can easily provide access to the industrial lignin fractions with different properties. Understanding correlations between physical-chemical properties of lignin fractions can be used as a tool for selection of tailored lignin fractions for the potential of value added applications.

Securities such as banknotes are permanently in contact with the human body according to their type of use and they are handed out daily among different people. This method of application makes these papers extremely contaminated and increases the possibility of transmission of pathogens by them. Therefore, the creation of self-cleaning properties in these types of papers is necessary. Titanium dioxide is one of the most widely used materials in papermaking that nowadays, its nanometer dimensions are considered as a photocatalyst. In this study, direct attachment of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to cellulosic fibers by controlled hydrolysis TiCl4 with urea in the presence of cellulose fibers was used which the homogenization of the suspension was done by ultrasonic waves. The cellulose fibers used were linter cotton fiber. The results of antibacterial and photocatalytic tests showed a very good performance against gram-positive and gram-positive bacteria and methylene blue degradation, respectively, but the results of mechanical and optical tests of the papers were undesirable and limit the use of these particles without applying any modifying method.

In this study, EVOH was coated on paper made of CMP pulp by extrusion method in order to improve the paper's barrier properties of oxygen transmission. Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) shows poor moisture resistance despite less gas permeability. Then, dimethoxydimethylsilane was deposited using Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition on EVOH film as the hydrophobic layer. A random factorial experiment was designed with three factors at three levels including time (6-8-10 min), pressure (30-0400-500 m Torr), and radio frequency power (50-70-90 W). The contact angle, oxygen transmission rate, tensile strength, and strain energy were measured to obtain the optimum condition. Expert Design method using response surface was used to optimize the condition coating Dimethoxydimethylsilane in order to improve the hydrophobic properties, reduce OTR, increase tensile strength and strain energy. Based on this method the optimum condition was suggested as: time 6 min, pressure 499.99 m Torr and power 50W. Keywords: Extrusion , Contact angle, Oxygen transmission rate, Response Surface methodology.

During the paper manufacturing process, especially when mechanical pulp or recycled pulp used, a large amount of soluble and colloidal substances (DCS) are comprised and dispersed or dissolved in the process water. Accumulation of DCS during the papermaking operation with the increasing closure process water systems, can have a variety of deleterious effects on papermaking process and paper products. In this study, The effect of anionic trash neutraliziation was investigated by using different catcher anionic tarsh and also pulp washing (removal of anionic trash) on the CMP pulp and paper properties. After the initial preparation chemi-mechanical pulp (CMP), bleached long fiber kraft pulp and mixing the pulps with each other, filler of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) was added. Then a cationic retention aid That in this research has been cationic polyacrylamide were added to the mix. To neutralization of and reduce the negative effects of anionic trash, different levels of poly DADMAC with molecular weight 100000-200000 (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15%) and poly aluminium chloride (PAC) (0.1, 0.25, 0.5%) was added before adding of retention aid. Results showed that the use of different neutralizers imprived of zeta potential and drainage time of pulp, and increase of total retention; but reduces burst index of paper that was not significant statistically. CMP pulp washing and drainage treatment caused reducing COD and on the other hand reduced the amount of anionic trash with organic origin. Washing treatment pulp improved drainage time from pulp, total retention; but reduced burst index. Based on these findings, using cationic polyelectrolyte can introduce as a good strategy to reduce the harmful effects anionic trash and more retention suspension components.

Background and objectives The objective of this research was preparation of ultrafiltration membrane from three types of cellulose acetate which obtained from three cellulose sources. Membranes were applied for white water treatment of tissue production line. With regards to previous studies, ultrafiltration membranes reduced 100% of total solids and 10-20% of COD in white water treatment. In another study on Nano filtration of concentrate solution of white water ultrafiltration of recycle paper mill showed that COD of Nano filtration permeates (9,800–12,900 mg/L) by NTR-7450 membrane was decreased about 68-75% by NTR-7450 membrane. Three types of cellulose acetate from three sources of cellulose (SEW and Kraft pulp of milkweed wood, and soda pulp of cotton linter) were utilized for producing membrane with phase inversion method. Properties of membrane such as pure water flux, purification of white water and fouling were investigated by closed cell under the presser of 1 to 5 bars. The samples of white water were analyzed after and before purification based on Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (1998). In addition, the SEM images were taken from membranes before and after ultrafiltration of white water. Cellulose acetate from Kraft pulp of Milkweed wood and Soda pulp of cotton linter indicated more porosity and water content in their membranes due to their low DS and crystallite. Actually low DS led to more hydrophilic in these cellulose acetates. The cellulose acetate of SEW pulp showed the low porosity and water content in membrane due to more DS and crystallite. The pure water flux of its membrane was located in rang of ultrafiltration. The SEM pictures from cross section of membranes illustrated that the pore size from water content and pure water flux were larger than the pore size in SEM images. It was due to large hole in the thickness of membranes. The results of ultrafiltration of tissue machine white water which obtained from CA-membrane (SM5) showed that it quite efficient for removing pollution from white water. BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), TS (Total solids) and turbidity were reduced 72.3%, 79.8%, 99.8% and 98.1% respectively. The cellulose acetate type in terms of DS and crystalinity has considerable impact on membrane properties. Cellulose acetate of SEW pulp with more DS and crystalinity results in ultrafiltration membrane with smaller pores and lower water absorption than Cellulose acetate of milkweed Kraft pulp and soda pulp of cotton linters. The white water ultrafiltration of tissue factory by cellulose acetate membrane (SM5) showed that it considerably able to remove pollution from white water

Paper due to its structural properties, is gradually degraded by different destructive factors especially acidic hydrolysis. For this reason, deacidification of the old valuable papers in order to stop and neutralize this process and applying consolidation treatments for strengthening of degraded paper is necessary. In this study, for deacidification and consolidaton, by using dispersions of Nano Calcium hydroxide and Nano Calcium Hydroxide with companion of Nano Chitosan in Ethanol, a Nano coat was applied on the paper samples. Also, in order to investigate the effect of deacidification and consolidation treatments, the samples were subjected to dry-heat and moist-heat aging. Then, pH, folding endurance, and brightness of the treated aged and unaged papers were studied. The results of studying the chemical, mechanical and physical properties of treated papers before and after aging showed that the use of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles led to an increase in alkalinity improved the brightness, while using Nano chitosan with calcium hydroxide increased the mechanical properties of paper. But after moist-heat aging, the folding endurance of treated papers with Nano calcium hydroxide - Nano chitosan had more decrease. Also, in terms of optical properties, the papers treated with calcium hydroxide nanoparticles had more stability in comparison to control samples and treated papers with combination of Nano calcium hydroxide and Nano chitosan.

Dissolving pulp is used as a raw material to produce numerous cellulosic derivatives like carboxymethyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, viscose, etc. The potential of dissolving pulp production from populus deltoides using alkaline pre-extraction followed by soda-AQ pulping process was investigated across this research. The yield loss of about 15% was achieved in pre-extraction stage through controlling the process parameters, and kappa number of the pulp has been reduced to about 40% with oxygen delignification. The results showed that the alkaline pre-hydrolysis has been affected on increasing the lignin removal rate of fibers. Using alkali catalyst in pre-hydrolysis liquor led to increasing a-cellulose and decreasing brightness level of the dissolving pulp. The a-cellulose and brightness level of dissolving pulp have been upgraded by utilizing higher levels of kappa factor in D0ED1 bleaching. Therefore, the produced dissolving pulp employing 0.45 kappa factor in D0 stage due to its higher a-cellulose, brightness and purity has been more favorable in this research work.

Several factors cause the degradation of cellulose that the most important factor of them is Acidic Hydrolysis. Many historical books are gradually destroyed due to acidic hydrolysis and reduction of the degree of polymerization of cellulose. So deacidification and strengthening treatments for valuable old papers to stop these processes are necessary. Since the paper is a good substrate for growth of some destroying fungi, applying a suitable restoration treatment to stop or delay the growth of these destroying microorganisms - in addition of increasing the pH and preparing alkaline conditions for paper- has been considered. In this study, in order to deacidification and strengthening of paper, with different combinations of Nano Calcium hydroxide, Nano Hydroxyapatite, Nano cellulose and Nano Chitosan in an alcoholic solvent )ethanol), a Nano coat was applied on the surface of the sample paper. For study the anti-fungal properties, biologic aging was done on treated paper with Aspergillus fungi. For this purpose, after preparing culture medium, treated papers in separate petri dishes were inoculated and after incubation period, the amount of fungal growth was studied. Also, tensile strength test was done on treated samples. Results showed that diacidifation treatments by preparing an alkaline condition increased the pH of paper and the paper treated with a complex of Nano calcium hydroxide and Nano chitosan, and also treated samples with Nano Hydroxyapatite had lowest fungal contamination. Treated Papers with Nano calcium hydroxide and Nano chitosan showed better tensile strength properties and applying Nano cellulose in treatments improved the tensile strength of treated papers although had the less anti-fungal resistance.

In this research, the cotton linter was used as raw material for high yield cellulose acetate production. The degree of substitution (DS) was almost 2-2.5 in acetylation stage. The desired dissolving pulp with purity higher than 98% and viscosity close to 712 ml/g was obtained through the soda pulping at 160 °C for 3 h. TCF bleaching was performed until 85% of ISO brightness was obtained. One of the most important factors in using high temperature and time for pulping process was the lignin existence in the dense seed bark of cotton which had most impurity in the linter. The final dissolved pulp showed the best results in yield and DS by using the acetylation process at 85 ˚C, 8% of iodine (based on OD pulp) as catalyst, and a weight ratio of acetic anhydride to the pulp (10:1) under stirring for 20 h. The results illustrated that the yield and DS of produced cellulose acetate were 64.44% and 2.3 respectively. The higher yield was achieved in acetylation stage compared to the previous studies due to higher purity of dissolving pulp and more suitable viscosity. The more concentration of iodine up to 12% in acetylation process led to increase the DS to 2.7 while the used of 8% of iodine showed the 5% decreasing in yield.

In global scale, newspaper, printing and writing paper production from agriculture residues pulp such as bagasse fiber due to wood resource constraints and access to appropriate production process technology has been considered seriously. Nowadays, bagasse sugarcane could be the most important and the most suitable criteria into account as agricultural residues to Iran for use in new investments with appropriate and novel technology considered. The objective of this study was to investigate the comparative characteristics of pulp prepared from bagasse fiber by sulfur dioxide- ethanol- water (SEW) and soda process. Using by soda and SEW processes under different process conditions such as maximum cooking temperature (135 °C) and various pulping time (from 30 to 100 min), several cooking achieve a kappa number about 20 were performed. For soda pulp, purified water was used to remove black liquor and then pulps again by water pressure washed. In the SEW process, pulp collected after complete drainage of liquor on the 200 mesh, based on method using 40 v/v.% ethanol – water solution at 60 °C and then wash by water. After selecting the pulping process in terms of kappa number, pulps were refined up to 380 ml, CSF freeness. Finally the characteristics of pulp and paper prepared by SEW process evaluated according to TAPPI standard and with traditional processes (soda) in terms of physical, mechanical and optical characteristics were compared. Results showed that the density and caliper of the SEW paper is more than soda paper, bulk and air permeability is lower. SEW papers has poorer burst, tear and tensile strength than soda papers. The evaluation results of the optical properties showed that the SEW papers has higher brightness and low yellowness in comparison with soda papers. SEW papers has poorer opacity than soda papers Regarding to that the chemical delignification of SEW process is similar to that of acidic sulfite; It is expected to feature similar to the acidic sulfite pulp and paper. Therefore, due to low pulp fibers strength obtained from SEW process and requires far less refining the dough seems the process of the potential for a range of pulp and paper production such as special (dissolving pulp, paper greaseproof, Nano-cellulose) in other products with value-added. High brightness before bleaching is a clear advantage of the SEW solid residues which allows avoiding long bleaching sequences and reduce the use of chemical bleaching in order to sustainable development of pulp industry.

Background and goals: This research changed into achieved with the intention of manufacturing dissolving pulp or alpha-cellulose from bagasse. Alpha-cellulose is generally used for making cellulose derivatives with advantage of being soluble in commonplace solvents in recognize to cellulose. Dissolving pulps have high alpha-cellulose and brightness, but very low hemicelluloses, ash, and extractives, with uniform molecular weight distribution.
Substances and Bagasse chips were pretreated beneath slight acidic situation the use of acetic acid at most temperature of a hundred 165 ºC, to obtain yield loss stages of approximately 20 and 30 percent in pre-extraction level. Bleachable pulps at kappa wide variety decrease than 12 had been created from each the pre-extracted samples, the usage of soda-AQ pulping technique at most cooking temperature of a hundred 165 ºC. The pulp samples produced under optimum situations, have been bleached by chlorine free bleaching (ECF) with AD0EpD1P bleaching sequence. The properties have been decided on the basis of policies TAPPI. In the end, a statistical evaluation of the effects of exams finished on dissolving pulps created from SPSS software program and t-test two samples become used. in this look at, dissolving pulp carries numerous alpha-cellulose from depithed Bagasse with acid pre-extraction and the soda-AQ pulping procedure turned into prepared. While that within the acid pre-extraction yield loss improved from 20 to 30, the alpha cellulose production increased but the degree of polymerization declined. In produce dissolving pulp, in addition lignin, hemicelluloses are also undesirable impurities, so the more material will be removed from the purity cellulose pulp increases, but with increasing destruction of the hemicellulose in the pre-extraction, may be cellulose chain additionally damaged, although alpha-cellulose to increase the degree of polymerization to be associated with high drop. Bagasse dissolving pulp having ninety two percentage alpha-cellulose with DP of 870, can also have restrained packages in making derivatives such as cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrates, however it is able to be used to supply decrease demand products such as viscose rayon and carboxymethyl cellulose. But, the yield and ash dissolving pulp were first-class. The outcomes of this studies evaluation with other research inside the discipline of dissolving pulp manufacturing and additionally considering that the bagasse produced in massive quantities inside the south of the united states, imparting a number of the pulp or alpha cellulose the used inside the manufacture of viscose rayon, as a minimum, can be planned based on bagasse as uncooked cloth.

SO2-ethanol-water (SEW) pulping can be considered a hybrid between solvent and acid sulfite pulping processes. Recently this process in order to separation the principal components (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) have been considered. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of washing method on the bagasse pulping characteristics by acidic fractionation of Sulfur Dioxide- Ethanol-Water (SEW). Variables included two washing pulp methods (water and 40 v/v% ethanol-water solutions), pulping duration (30-100 min.), and temperature (120 and 135 OC). Then, pulps were washed twice with 40% v/v ethanol-water at 60°C (L: W 2 L kg-1) and with deionized water at room temperature (L: W 20 L kg-1). The results showed that the final yield pulp due to lignin greater solubility in 40 v/v % ethanol-water compared to conventional systems (washing by water) decreased that the diminishing returns are statistically significant at the 1% level. Pulping result at 120 and 135 °C at different time period showed that increase in the pulping duration, kappa number is reduced.

In recent years, the use of polymers as new materials compared to traditional substances has been significantly grown due to their numerous advantages. Utilization of polymers is a successful method for increasing resistance characteristics of cellulose fibers networks. Preparation of new polymers with the help of novel nanochemical technology as packaging materials is an innovative solution for increasing performance and obtaining healthy, economic, and environmental friendly materials with outstanding advantages such as saving energy consumption, increasing biodegradation capacity, and reducing waste materials. Chitosan has been used in many fields for being abundant and economical. Chitosan is used in paper industry as antimicrobial agent and additive to increase resistance in dry state. Adsorption of carboxymethyl cellulose on the surface of paper fiber reduces the resistance of paper fibers, therefore, the use of chitosan as a cationic polymer together with carboxymethyl cellulose results in an improvement in the resistance of fiber network significantly. In recent years a few researchers have focused of this subject, which is to examine the antibacterial mechanism of carboxymethyl cellulose/chitosan composite and its antibacterial performance and resistive characteristics in packaging and sanitary papers.