احمدرضا موسوی مصباح الشریعه

Employing children for arduous and harmful work that jeopardizes their health and education is condemned. However, historical evidence shows that this reprehensible act has been prevalent in various countries and, unfortunately, continues to exist according to research conducted. In recent years, with the expansion of citizens' use of the virtual space for economic purposes, children have also been exposed to this environment, and some refer to them as child laborers in the virtual space. In this research, the author aims to answer the question, using a descriptive-analytical method, whether such children are considered workers according to current laws or not. The conducted investigations indicate that children's activities in the virtual space have different characteristics, and according to current laws, most of these children cannot be considered as workers. Nevertheless, such activities have various detrimental effects on children, endangering their mental well-being.

Children's relationship with their relatives is influential in their personality development. Sometimes the communication of some children with their relatives faces obstacles due to reasons such as parents' divorce. According to the Imami jurists, if, for example, the custody of a child is entrusted to his father due to divorce, his mother also has the right to meet with him/her in order to preserve kinship ties. This right is also recognized in Article 1174 of the Civil Code. However, sometimes the person in charge of custody, contrary to the law, prevents the child under custody from meeting with persons who have the right to visit. Thus, he violates the right of the child and persons with visitation rights. A criminal reaction is one of the reactions of Iran's legal system in dealing with this act. Using the descriptive-analytical method and collecting data from library sources, the present research was carried out with the aim of explaining the criminal reaction of the Iranian legal system to the crime of preventing a child from meeting with persons who have the right to visit him/her. The results indicate that preventing a child from visiting has been subject to punishment since 1353. For the person who forbids the child's visit to be criminally prosecuted, the elements of this crime must be proven, which we have discussed in detail in this paper.

Some citizens adopt a child through the legal process, thus committing themselves to providing for their material and spiritual needs. The adopted child is not considered the real child of the guardian and is not even one of his or her real relatives. For this reason, some believe that the means of alimony are missing and that the adopted child has no right to receive alimony from his guardian. On the other hand, man certainly needs someone to provide for him at a young age. Current laws also require the guardian to pay alimony. Therefore, at first glance, it seems that there is a conflict between this legal ruling and jurisprudence. In the present study, the authors reject this conflict. With a jurisprudential and legal approach and by collecting data through the library method, they have addressed the basics of the adopted child's right to receive alimony from his guardian. Finally, the guardian's commitment is introduced as the source of his duty to pay alimony.