فهرست مطالب ارشید یوسفی اوروند

Enterococci are opportunistic bacteria that can become pathogenic if colonized. Resistance to commonly used antibiotics by Enterococci causing nosocomial infections is of concern, which necessitates judicious, responsible and evidence-based use of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of antibiotic resistance of Enterococci isolated from patients admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz City, Iran.

The data of this cross-sectional description study were collected from October to March 2019 in the Microbiology Department of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz City, Iran. Ninety samples of patients aged 1 to 99 years with infection caused by Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were included. The samples included urine culture, wound swab, vaginal swab, blood culture, catheter, sputum, broncho-aspirate, cerebrospinal fluid and other cases (abscess, drainage, ascites fluid, pleural fluid, culture fluid and purulent material). The antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates was measured using the agar disk diffusion method.

Enterococci were collected from 53 urine samples, 10 blood samples, 1 cerebrospinal fluid sample, 1 abscess sample, 2 cornea samples, 9 wound samples and 14 other secretion samples. The resistance of enterococcus strains against ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, imipenem and nalidixic acid was 66.7%, 42.6%, 55.6% and 93.3%, respectively. The highest sensitivity of Enterococcus isolates against ampicillin (42.6%) was observed. 43.3% of the samples obtained were from men and 56.7% from women.

Based on the results of this study, a significant percentage of Enterococci strains are resistant to ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and nalidixic acid. Over-the-counter and unnecessary use of available antibiotics should be avoided to prevent increased resistance to common antibiotics.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, non-motile and capsular gram-negative bacillus. It is one of the most important human pathogens and is an important factor in causing nosocomial infections. The bacterium is inherently resistant to a number of antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients referred to Ghaem hospital in Mashhad. A total of 274 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were collected from April to October 2013 from Qaem teaching hospital of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Identification of these isolates was performed using microbiological methods such as hot staining and differential media. Modified disk diffusion method (MDDM) was used to determine the susceptibility of bacteria to the antibiotics amoxicillin, nalidixic acid, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, ciprofloxazine, imipenem, and nitrofurantoin.In this study 175 isolates (87.63%) were from urine sample and 99 isolates (13.36%) were from different samples (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, ulcer, ascites, and secretions). Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ciprofloxacin, imipenem, nitrofurantoin and gentamicin antibiotics were 71.46%, 9.56%, 3.39% and 30%, respectively. The results of this study indicate that resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to different antibiotics is higher than previous studies. Further studies in this area could help guide us to better understand the antibiotic resistance of these infectious bacteria.

Streptococcus agalactiae can be colonized in rectovaginal of pregnant women and subsequently with transmission to infant's results in serious early neonatal diseases such as sepsis and pneumonia. To prevent these complications, antibiotic prophylaxis in pregnant women carrying the bacteria should be performed. There are various statistics about the colonization rate of these bacteria in Iran and the total prevalence is unclear. This review study was performed with aim to evaluate the bacterial colonization in Iran.
In this review study, colonization rate of Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women in Iran was evaluated by search in databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Iran Medex, ISC, ISI Web of Knowledge and MedLib by using the keywords of Streptococcus agalactiae colonization, group B streptococcus colonization, neonatal infection, pregnant women and Iran without time limitation. 32 articles were included in the study based on the rectovaginal colonization rate of pregnant women by Streptococcus agalactiae in different areas of Iran. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 16).
A total of 10548 pregnant women in 17 cities at 32 studies were investigated. Among them, 1568 were colonized with bacteria. The total prevalence rate was estimated 15.5%; the highest and lowest prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae was observed in Sanandaj (75%) and Kashan (7.6%), respectively.
Screening of Streptococcus agalactiae in all pregnant women at 35-37 weeks of pregnancy and providing epidemiological data to the health care system for preventive measures such as the development of vaccines based on common serotype would be useful. Also, the relationship between Streptococcus colonization and maternal and neonatal complications be evaluated in clinical studies.

Enterococci, gram-positive cocci, are important human pathogens in both community and hospital-acquired infections. Also, they are intrinsically resistant to many commonly used antimicrobial agents. The purpose of this study was to investigate antibiotic resistance profiles of Enterococci isolated from referred patients in Qaem teaching hospital.
A total of 110 isolates of Enterococci were collected from Qaem teaching hospital affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences during April to October 2014. Then the modified disk diffusion method (MDDM) was used for identifying the susceptibility of the isolates to 10 selected antibiotics.
Resistance of Enterococcus strains to vancomycin, penicillin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid and co-trimoxazole was 5.4%, 54.5%, 70%, 79%, 41.8%, 35.5%, 71.8%, 65.4%, 89% and 71.8% respectively. In this study, 92 isolates were obtained from urine(83.6%) and 18 isolates(16.3%) were from various samples (7 isolates from blood, 1 isolate from cerebrospinal fluid, 3 isolates from scar and 7 isolates from secretions). Moreover, 51% of bacteriological isolates were obtained from men and 46% were from women.
Based on the results of this study, a significant percentage of Enterococcus strains are resistant to ceftriaxone, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and co-trimoxazole. Therefore, there is a need for appropriate therapeutic strategies to control and prevent the spread of resistant strains.

Due to the increasing rate of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and side effects of antibiotics, researchers aim at finding new herbal medicines. Several studies have proved the antibacterial effect of medicinal plants, such as Cuminum cyminum L. The present study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effect of Cuminum cyminum L. extract on some pathogenic bacteria in-vitro.
In this in-vitro study, aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Cuminum cyminum L. were prepared from seeds. Antibacterial effect of the extracts on several bacterial strains was evaluated using disk diffusion and broth micro-dilution methods to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Then, the results were compared to the results of bacterial susceptibility to penicillin and amikacin antibiotics.
Cuminum cyminum L. aqueous and alcoholic extracts inhibited the growth of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (ATCC 25923). Diameters of zone of inhibition ranged from 10-22 and 14-22 mm for alcoholic and aqueous extracts, respectively. Considering methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (ATCC 700698), diameters of zone of inhibition ranged from 13-23 and 11-13 mm for alcoholic and aqueous extracts, respectively. These extracts were not effective in other tested bacteria. The alcoholic extract MIC was determined as 75±35.4 mg/mL for both MRSA and MSSA isolates.
With respect to the antibacterial effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Cuminum cyminum L. on S. aureus isolates, further evaluation of the extracts for treatment of the infections caused by these bacteria is recommended.