اسدالله حیدری

This research is based on the identification, investigation and stratification of the effective components in rural self-employment in East Azarbaijan province and seeks to answer the following questions and objectives What are the important components of self-employment in the villages of East Azarbaijan province? Each of the identified rural self-employment components, At what level are they located? What is the pattern or model of the relationships of the self-employed components of the villagers? And finally, what are the effective policies and decisions for the development and increase of rural self-employment.

The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical, which qualitatively used structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) technique to stratify and determine the relationships of influential self-employment components in villages. The statistical population of this research includes 34 qualified people from university professors and senior managers at the level of East Azarbaijan province, who are experts in rural self-employment. Based on Warfield's theory in structural-interpretive modeling and expertise criterion based on two indicators of experience and education level too, 13 members of the research sample were considered as experts.

The findings of this model showed that four components: suitable infrastructure, facilitation of regulations and administrative processes, culture and social relations, individual and educational spirit, are the basic factors in the eleven components of
.the self-employment development of the villagers of East Azarbaijan province

Creating infrastructures and providing suitable facilities in villages, delegating authority to provinces and decentralization in village planning, revising and revising restrictive laws and regulations related to rural employment, activating specialized. desks for rural economy and employment, providing skill training to self-employed volunteers in villages from Among them are the results and practical suggestions of the research.

Human driven risks are the most important cause of tension between stakeholders. since the second Pahlavi, the local trustees who were the beneficiaries and overseers of water were left out of the cycle of supervision and governance, and as a result management-based risks was increased. Therefore, their identification is of great importance for governance in river basins. The present research was conducted with an analytical method and with the aim of evaluating the role of good governance system in managing the risks and tensions of Qaranquchai river basin based on multi-level governance theory and integrated management of water resources. The relationship between the components of the research including: the challenging risks of the basin in governance, basin tension and good governance and their sub-variables including 13 indicators were identified and examined in the field through a questionnaire of 80 beneficiaries and local managers. in the test of the relationship between the variable of the local good governance pattern and the level of risks in Qaranquchai basin at a significance level of .005 ,A correlation of -0.29 was obtained. which means that as the local good governance system of the river weakens, the level of risks in the basin increases. In the test between the tension variables and basin risks, a correlation of 0.36 was obtained at a significance level of 0.001 and it showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between the amount of stress and the amount of risks in the Qaranquchai river basin, and with the increase of risks, the amount of tensions also increases. In the tension variable test with river local good governance , the correlation coefficient of 0.09 was obtained at a significance level of 0.2 which indicated the absence of a relationship. It was also found that, considering the correlation between the governance variables with the level of risks and tension, the design, implementation and application of the model of good participatory governance and integrated management of the basin can be an end to the growing and complex process of risks in the Qarango basin.

One of the consequences of the instability of Settlement System in local- regional spaces is the functional - spatial disability of  rural and urban settlements in the in creating the settlement connection through a effective spatial network. In many of the geographical areas in the country, the patterns of economic activity based settlement system network is formed that due to negligence of the cognition and analysis of structural-functional of this local networks, urban and rural settlements instability is escalated. in the rural areas of Hashtrood and Charoymaq (macro-region of Azerbaijan), the local-regional network is creating, based on the production and processing of milk products. For cognition and structural -functional analysis of this product in settlements relationships and spatial flows, 119 dairy workhouses, 269 rural settlements and 5 urban settlements was evaluated. The research method of this research is the combination of descriptive – analytical  Data sampling method was the snowball method and data analyzed through NodeXL and GIS software. The results showed that relationships and flows of the milk production network in the hurdles in realm faced the barrier and in Reciprocity extra-regional centers is interactive and complementary. Based on the reciprocital of relations, Degree centrality, Between ness centrality and Eigenvector centrality of the Bostan Abad city outside the studied areas recognized as the main node in the network structure of the studied region’s milk and following this, was the urban centers of Tabriz, Maragheh, Ghareaghaj and Hashtrood and  ganjine ketab rural with a significant difference. Sustainable pattern of local-regional network in the mentioned metropolitan area can be achieved with modification in the functional structure of urban and rural settlements through the functional allocation of activities and

One of the main challenges of the territorial space planning system, especially local-regional spaces in Iran, is the functional disruption of urban and rural settlements, followed by structural-functional disorientations of the settlement system. One of the effective approaches in balancing disruption and balance adjustment toward a balanced and sustainable pattern is the regional network pattern. Regarding this issue, some settlement systems are in the early stages of formation and some suffer from the damage caused by the changes in the transition from unbalanced network to a balanced one. The settlement system of Hashtroud-Charoymagh district is faced the structural - functional barriers in the early stages of the formation of a regional network system. In the present study, an inductive research method along with a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques is applied to test the factors and forces influencing the formation of regional network. For quantitative analysis, we have used the Nodexl network analysis, GIS, AHP model, and clustering techniques. In qualitative method, regular interviews with stakeholders were conducted to recognize the flow of goods, information and capital in the region. Research findings showed that the spatial flows of primary economic activities which affect the formation of a regional network were incomplete in rural settlement’s physical system, or were following a one-way pattern. In order to modify the structural constraints and strengthen the functional system of rural settlements in the Hashtroud-Charoymagh area, the following attempts need to be done: applying supportive policies and investment of related government institutions, increasing the rate of rural participation, and creating productive foundations by rural stakeholders. Such attempts might lead to form a regional network that would be in interaction with other transnational and national networks.

Despite all the efforts made to stop addiction, the high rate of drug use relapse is alarming. The current research aims to investigate the effect of motivational interviewing on reducing craving and relapse in patients under methadone treatment.
A quasi-experimental research design along with pre-test and post-test was employed for the conduct of this study. From among the number of 60 patients in the methadone treatment center, the number of 30 patients was recognized eligible as the participants of this study. Then, the participants were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Both groups completed Craving and Relapse Questionnaires (a six-month follow-up) before and after the intervention.
The results showed that the research hypotheses on the effectiveness of motivational interviewing in the reduction of craving and relapse were conformed and there was a significant difference between the experimental group, receiving motivational interviewing and pharmacotherapy, and the control group, only receiving pharmacotherapy. These findings help experts use psychological therapies along with pharmacotherapy in the field of addiction.

The spatial flows are based on rural-urban interactions and are defined through different flows of people, goods, products, capital, information and innovation. The formation of these flows requires structural-functional contexts. What is of particular importance in this regard is to emphasize rural-urban socioeconomic integrity and to avoid approaches based on the separation of rural and urban settlements. In fact, what prevents the formation of these networks in developing countries is due to various factors and forces. However, state building and development facilitation, along with the serious involvement of villagers, can play an effective role. This article examines the function of dairy workshops in the areas of Hashtrud and Charoymagh (East Azarbaijan) to identify the role of these workshops in the shaping rural-urban relationships and linkages and formation of local and regional networks.

Governance and management of water resources, especially water resources between countries with their development plans or use in other sectors, geopolitical concerns, policy and regional and trans-regional actors are. And this is due to the fluid nature of water and resolve issues surrounding the political departments of the government Very difficult, complex and multi-dimensional. Therefore the complexity Hydropolitics Iran and neighboring countries, proposed four hypotheses based on methods, historical and cross examined. Finally, each of the research hypotheses about the neighbors Test and were analyzed separately. Then, conclusions and recommendations separately In connection with the case study countries were presented. The results of this study showed that Water issues in Iran and neighboring countries due to the complexity and multiplicity of factors influencing living conditions Not a single version of the track in relation to water issues Neighbors used sometimes the number of common water solutions are needed.