اسلام رئیسی

The increasing population on one hand, and producing large amounts of scattered waste on the other hand,caused rural a serious and new crisis in rural settlements. This is necessary to preservethe environment of rural settlements through effective waste management system. The aim of the research is implement a new approach which is different from the rest of the researches, to investigate the role of waste management and the factors that influence the development of rural settlements in all aspects of environmental, social and economical in South-East of the country (located in the Sistan and Baluchestan province, Sarbok village). To achieve the above objectives, this descriptive – analytical study collect its data from survey documents and library methods based on its nature and goal. Considering the coefficient of the standard error (0.065), 226 parents of the rural families in 15 villages ,with village administrators were chosen as samples. The samples were Random (the rural of households). The sample size was estimated by Cochran formula. Data were collected through a questionnaire the research and statistical methods (mean, factor analysis and Pearson correlation test) in SPSS was used. So, the results of the analysis of eleven indicators of habitat and biodiversity in villages in rural areas showed that the index of satisfaction waste management, with values of 10.73, 12.09 and 8.60 percent, The highest impact and lowest impact indicators related to the growth of crops, the production of domestic and production of electricity with mean values of 5.62, 5.78 and -0.098 percent, respectively. The results related to 0.999 eleven indicators showed a significant relationship between waste management and rural settlement development in Sarbvk village. According to the findings of the research, prevention of pollution in rural settlements as well as accelerating the development of new perspectives and restoring and creating of an integrated, and safe programmed management system to manage the production of waste material in case study region is necessary. In addition, to inform and empower people through information, education, use of local skills and can help management of waste.

INTRODUCTION It is believed that most of the world's poor, are rural and is common and chronic poverty in the rural areas. The issue of poverty and its measurement and different ways of poverty alleviation and development in the economic literature, has a special place. This place has gained in the past decades. In general, in relation to the issue of poverty conceptualized and many comments been done. But in the case poverty in the rural areas, the concept of Robert Chambers the titled has the special significance "deprivation trap ", has the special significance. She in this regard, in this regard, five of the harmful and undesirable was explained. These factors include: household poverty, poor health, isolation, vulnerability and powerlessness. In the trying to evaluate and analyze the trap of deprivation in rural settlements is one of the most deprived areas of the country (Qasreqand County located in the southern province of Sistan and Baluchistan).
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The poverty compared to the social and physical environment, personal status and material and cultural needs of the person or group is a relative concept. In this research, is been paid the theory Robert Chambers. Robert Chambers believes in the trap of deprivation, vulnerability and powerlessness should be more study. From the perspective of Chambers, "poverty" is the most powerful determining factor. In this regard, the vulnerability has a role in the many chains deprivation. Its relationship to poverty when can be received that Person to endure the inevitable collateral of damage will be Pledge and selling part of its assets.
METHODOLOGY The method of this research is analytic. The study population, are all rural residents Qasreqand County (Qasreqand County located in the southern province of Sistan and Baluchistan). Indicators of Research was extracted from the theoretical basis and preliminary study from the study area. Information and data through were collected library research and field work (questionnaires). In order to test reliability, the method of operation and through Cronbach Alpha test with 30 samples, the ratio was 0.839, which is an acceptable value. Research data were processed using statistical methods, t-test and correlation and analyzed in SPSS software.
DISCUSSION The Review Rating Average indices of deprivation trap of powerlessness and isolation also indicated that the highest and lowest level of average household poverty index of poverty in the region is allocated. As well as internal and direct relationship with each other indices (except the correlation between household poverty and the vulnerability, between household poverty and powerlessness, physical weakness and vulnerability between the vulnerability and powerlessness that was not statistically significant) was approved. Indirectly from the path of powerlessness (the inability of villagers in rural product marketing and elite influence of speculators in the market and lack of access to government facilities and etc. can be split) were effective in rural and isolated communities and to follow it against natural hazards and disasters is socially and economically vulnerable.
Additionally, illiteracy and with low literacy heads of households (53.4 and 27.2 percent high school diploma ignoramus percent) greatly contributed to the spread of isolation. Well as the topography the region and the geographical distribution of many Qasreqand County of villages and access problems penetrating the rural service centers to secure livelihoods and economic exchange, rural areas and put in isolation and transportation service has faced with difficulty. It can be said from the point of view of isolation has led to the exclusion of the villagers.
In general, the discussions, isolation and the vulnerability by strengthening the circle tighter on rural poverty. This is on powerlessness villagers for their rights to infiltrate influential power brokers and the lack of convenient access to government facilities and funds and etc. is added. All these cases represent a vicious circle of poverty and deprivation trap, ie village, which largely corresponds with the views of Robert Chambers.
CONCLUSION Overall results is indicate weakness rural economic base of and the absence of appropriate policy and purposeful planning to organize the rural economy based on local potentials and talents, as well as the support of the outer (the government). The Villagers seriously the trap of deprivation is thrown. Serious dent agricultural sector (especially fuel) as the economic pillar villages of the region, issues such as lack of income and purchasing power and to comply with health and physical strength as well as weakness and isolation lead eventually to the vulnerability led to disasters and tragedies and powerlessness in the livelihoods and living administration.
This continuous chain the rural of deprivation in Qasreqand of county degree that can be generalized to all areas of the county. The results indicate a lack of the necessary infrastructure facilities needed to provide the rural population, especially the lack of attention to the development of rural economic infrastructure and organization of the economy the agricultural sector (fuel, mining dates citrus Mango) Sarbouk, especially in the sectors and Central and lack of attention to non-farm economy, including the economy, fishing, livestock and agriculture is the Talang District.

Livelihood assets (human, physical, natural, financial, social) in fact are considered as the determinant of the life base of the living of people in human settlements especially in rural areas. These assets in the form of livelihood approach can be applied as a framework for better understanding and analysis of the role of people in rural areas development. Hence the present study while assessing the livelihood assets in rural areas of Qasrgqand township, has analyzed the effective geographical impacts on it. In this regard, the most important factors affecting the geographical can be named spatial, demographic and economic factors. Research method is the descriptive - analytical and statistical population are rural residents of Qasrgqand township. Number of samples are 329 rural headed households from 23 nominated villages. Data were collected through questionnaires by randomly and were analyzed by statistical methods in software SPSS software environment . In this study, the independent variables are the effective geographical factors and the dependent variable is the household's livelihood. Overall results indicate a low level of livelihood of households in rural areas with an average value of (2.19) and indicate the weakness in infrastructure and assets of livelihood (except social capital). Also according to the results, all the variables of spatial (establishment feature, connecting situation, type of access road, distance from centers of penetrating) are affective on the livelihood of rural People. Among the demographic factors, population size and family size have no relationship with the level of household's livelihood. But ratio of literacy and emigrating during the last 7 years (2006 up to 2013respectively shows a direct relationship and meaningful inverse relationship with the level of household's livelihood. Among the economic factors (average of income, employment rate and ownership average) and level of household's livelihood, there is a positive and meaningful relationship.Among all geographical factors, economic factors with coefficient of 0.425 show the highest effect and spatial factors with coefficient -0.142 the lowest effect on the household livelihood.

The occurrence of factors such as population growth، economic development، welfare، changing consumption patterns and etc. The Produce massive amounts of waste unbridled rural، it’s led to creation of serious and newly crisis in the rural settlements. The Necessity to protect the environment of rural settlements (environmental، social and economic) through structural factors (local institutions managers) requires an influence. The aim of the research، Emphasize a new approach to evaluate and prioritize Dhyary performance and the factors that affect the development of waste management in the South East of the country''s rural settlements. Change of life style and consumption pattern and population increasing in urban and rural community had been caused to produce of massive amount of waste and Garbage. This trend، change rural waste nature from perishable material to imperishable such as paper، Plastic، mental and …. From other side، municipal waste transition and Increase in per capita output had waste quantity issues that create significant amount of perishable and imperishable waste Distribution and increasing around streets and rural settlements. The continuation of this process in the future could be result in great environmental pollution of rural regions. Therefore، rural Waste Management is one of the most important activities for prevention of damages and hazards related to human and his living environment especially in rural area. Dehyar، as a one of the rural managers، is bounded to supervision and assessing of garbage gathering and exclusion، positive interaction and participation with health officials and health care centers، and the other rural institutions. This study is objective based and has descriptive- analyzing methodology، by using of questionnaire that designed through of theorical literature and field study. Finally، after primary study، measures and indexes of study had been extracted and applied for questionnaire designing. In next stage، 452 people as Households selected for community samples in 15 rural points. The sampling way was Targeted and based on existence of rural managers (Dehyars) in rural points. Data gathering and analyzing had been done in Sarbook rural district through of statistical methods، too. The gained result of study show that there is direct and meaningful relation (confidence: 0. 73) between waste management and local managers duties and turnovers that contain separation and recycling، gathering and maintaining، transport، final disposal and participation. These findings show that increasing of efficiency and enhance the quality of local managers (Council and Dhyars) of tasks and roles could increase waste management in rural settlement around their sphere of influence and adverse، too. Also، Dehyars performance efficiency on waste management in rural settlements based on regressions models is 0. 533 that show significant and high efficiency in case study area. Gained result from Pierson correlation statistical confidence show that from 15 case study rural points، only 7 rural points had a strong and meaningful correlation. Among them، Sarbook، Hamiri and Hajiabad with 0. 946، 0. 789 and 0. 716 had stronger and more correlation confidence rather than other rural points. With regard to gained result، must be emphasis on this fact that local manageress performance in case study area (all of them، with strong or weak correlation)، in relation to waste management is unmeaning full in separation and recycling، and transport. It result from so many reasons as like as: weakness of local managers performance in some aspect like awareness، informing of rural community، lack of local training، inappropriate site selecting for garbage disposal and its neighboring to geographical phenomena، non-distributing trash bags to separate them، lack of temporary site for garbage collecting and fast disposal of them، low capacity of waste disposal sites، lack of appropriate financial resource، Final disposal of waste by combustion or incineration in rural environment and out of that، waste and garbage releasing in natural resources and forests، waters resource and rivers، lack of attention to environmental issues of rural area، in compare to other tasks of rural managers، lack of garbage trash in rural spaces for gathering and Separation (except some of rural like as sarbook and …)، lack of sufficient and appropriate transporting vehicle، lack of enough and needed workers for waste management، lack of healthy awareness billboard and training tools in rural area، lack of rural councils participation in waste management and est. According to the findings of the investigation and prevention of pollution in rural settlements and as well as accelerating the development of new perspectives and restoring and creating of an integrated management system، targeted and safe programmed to improve the production waste material in case study region is necessary. In addition، to inform and empower the local performance of manager’s information، education، and use of local skills and can help waste management، applications and operations.

Earthquake is one of the most important risk and natural disaster in the world and Iran country that its occurrence causes to human، financial and social damages. Therefore، natural disasters happening such as earth quake and like that are changes in environmental condition that disrupt ordinary trend of people life، have a destroying affect on human settlement and Imposes economic، social and environmental damage on communities. Beside، rural area is most vulnerable spaces in faced of natural disaster especially، in front of earth quakes. Local management in rural area as a closest level of administration and management to rural people could play main and vital role in reduction of disasters damages and crisis mitigation. But، important point about it is having enough knowledge for crisis management process. Thus، knowledge and awareness is one of the main indexes that could help local managers in rural crisis management. Local management confused in disaster occurrence time، because of lake of knowledge and cognition about crisis management. With regard to increasing damages of natural event in rural area، Dehyars and rural councils will facilitate implementation of vulnerability reduction plans and increase rural community’s safety. Based on this، the key purpose of this study is measuring the level of crisis management knowledge among rural local managers in Gosht rural district as an Earthquake Prone region along Saravan fault in south east of Iran. Gosh city is central part of Saravan County in Sistan and Baluchestan province and Gosht rural district lay among Saravan and Khash counties. This region is one of the most earth quake prone areas that placement on Saravan fault line is the main reason of this seismic potentials. Sample community had selected by statistical information and amount of destruction in last disasters especially in 1392 earthquake of Saravan. The purpose of this study is analyzing the crisis management knowledge level in local administrator. For this purpose and answering to question of study descriptive- analytic methodology through of document- survey approach، had been used in Gosht County as a case study of rural areas. Our case study community selected based on amount of humanistic and financial damages that reported in documents. Finally the number of 16 rural had been chosen for this regard. Also، T- Test of statistic method had chosen for determining the level of crisis management in rural local administrator and the rural ranking was done by ELECTRE technique decision making models. ELECTRE is a family of multi-criteria decision analysis methods that originated in Europe in the mid-1960s. The acronym ELECTRE stands for: ELimination ET Choix Traduisant la REalité (ELimination and Choice Expressing REality). The method was first proposed by Bernard Roy and his colleagues at SEMA consultancy company. Bernard Roy was called in as a consultant and the group devised the ELECTRE method. As it was first applied in 1965، the ELECTRE method was to choose the best action (s) from a given set of actions، but it was soon applied to three main problems: choosing، ranking and sorting. The method became more widely known when a paper by B. Roy appeared in a French operations research journal. The MCDM techniques are the practical and comprehensive method for ranking the alternative based on quantities and qualities indexes. Among these models، ELECTRE by using of parity comparison of alternative and extracting the most effective alternative، rank they based the selected indexes. The main goal of this study was، determining the level of crisis management knowledge among local administration and Based on final result، no one of alternatives aren’t in good condition at case study rural and the crisis management knowledge are in low level relative of medium amount in case study county. Based on crises management knowledge variables، the amount of T calculated and finding show that rural dahyars and council crisis management knowledge and awareness is so weak in rural spaces. The final ranking result show that the disaster management knowledge Based on variable of crisis management knowledge in different time stage of disaster (before، among and after)، in Gosht، Allahabad and Kasury are better than the other case study rural and is nearby to medium level. Also، the local management of Hampani، Dadshah ababd، Hoot abad، and Gidbast has a lowest level of knowledge about that. The result show that in present condition، the awareness and local skills about disaster must be improved in rural area and among Dehyars and council. Nowadays، the frequency of natural hazard cause to so many disaster and damages in rural areas and for resolving the problem of them، the local leaders and administrator must be learned about the crisis management knowledge and train it to the local community. There aren’t so many studies about this topic، but، the result of this study show that، the level of this knowledge is so low among local administrator. The rural local readers need to increase the level of crisis knowledge and training it to the other vulnerable people of rural. The best solution for earthquake damages reduction in rural area is increasing the crisis management knowledge among Dehyars and councils that could be done by following actions: - Frequent Training courses such; rescue، first aid، Retrofitting buildings، psychological aids and …- Preparation of training materials- Exercises and Drills- Establish crisis management groups in rural- Establish Crisis Management Committee