فهرست مطالب اسکندر مرادی

Regions are locations where political processes involving many actors take place; they do not totally preexist and are not rigidly fixed in situ. Regions influence human civilizations' actions, emotions, activities, and ideas through full dynamics. The structural and functional qualities of political systems and many interactions in historical trends that take the form of beliefs, identities, and norms impact the regions. Regions are continually growing and collapsing due to geopolitical variables and the dynamics of the international system due to the dynamism of regions, the effect of diverse geographical elements, and functional changes in geographical scales. Interaction between players operating at various geographic scales is necessary to find answers to global concerns. Inequalities, such as a lack of resources and a high degree of well-being, military and security operations, international trade, and the emergence of pollutants and harmful environmental stimuli, are crises that call for collaboration and convergence in the field of geography. Incorporating different aspects of bio-social, cultural, economic, political, institutional, environmental, and water diplomacy in common watersheds, etc., as well as other factors that can speed up and facilitate political-security cooperation, is how regional convergence develops. Regional convergence engages more and fresher activists at various levels to play a more active role in the geographical space in accordance with the environmental capacities. Divergent geopolitical forces will impact geographical units' political, security, economic, and cultural actions if regional convergence is not developed under the influence of convergent geopolitical elements. Regional convergence has been pushed towards multi-level and multilateralism as a result of the changes that have occurred in the world since the conclusion of the Cold War and the collapse of the bipolar geopolitical structure. The results of regional convergence in various East Asian and European regions have demonstrated that these regions have made progress toward economic dynamism and development and have contributed more significantly to the stable security environment within the global power structure and geopolitical system. One of the Southwest Asian nations with a wide range of structural and functional capabilities in terms of its immediate surroundings in line with regional integration is Iran. Regarded as indicators of Iran's capacity for regional integration and its geopolitical position in the region, the geographical base of the Iranian plateau and its natural features, on the one hand, and the presence of various ethnicities and religions in border regions with geographic obstacles surrounding Iran, on the other. Thanks to Southwest Asia, this nation is at the center of regional political, security, economic, and cultural changes. Despite the fact that Iran's geography has several chances and objective and subjective geopolitical variables that point toward regional integration, this significance has not been practically formed at various political, economic, security, and cultural levels. The lack of sufficient and accurate information on the geopolitical elements effective in the process of integration in many dimensions and scales is one of the reasons why regional integration mechanisms around Iran have not been formed. One of the strategic identity organizations in and around Iran is working to build platforms for the union of the Kurds. Despite Iran's ethnic, historical, cultural, and civilizational history, Kurds, with a sizable population, are dispersed among the nations of Iraq, Turkey, Syria, and Iran. The regional powers view the Kurds as crisis-causing elements in the region's security order. With regard to the Kurds, our nation has taken a passive approach to utilizing the Kurds' potential for regional integration, and this attitude has prompted the rivals to utilize the Kurds' potential in order to increase their regional and global power. The Kurdistan region of Iraq is one of the regions near Iran created as a federal unit in the Iraqi constitution following changes in Iraq's political structure and developments in the Middle East region. On the one hand, Iran, as a strategic regional power, is very important for the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in political, cultural, security, and economic dimensions. On the other hand, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is strategically important to Iran on multiple levels and in different structural and functional dimensions. In order to achieve the convergence of development and regional security, this research uses a qualitative methodology based on geopolitical concepts to examine the political-security factors influencing the convergence of the Iraqi Kurdistan region with Iran at sub-national, national, regional, and global geographical scales.

The information for this study was gathered via semi-structured interviews, library materials, and online resources. Sixty elites and researchers knowledgeable about Iranian foreign policy and Kurdish issues participated in a semi-structured interview to first extract the elements and indicators. Then, these indicators were again presented to the researchers in the form of a questionnaire for weighing. The study's findings indicate that in accordance with regional geopolitical equations, factors related to the regional scale have the greatest influence on the convergence of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region with Iran. These factors include the Iraqi Kurdistan Region's geopolitical dependence on Iran; the Kurdistan region of Iraq is vulnerable to threats to its security and is dependent on Iran; the Turkish government's military presence in Iraqi Kurdistan and the failure of the Turkish-Kurdish peace process; Iran's impact on the future political structure of Syria and its impact on the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Also, the convergence and cooperation between the Kurdistan region of Iraq and Iran impact the security and development of Iran and Iraq.

The study's findings indicate that there are already political and security integration capabilities for the Kurdistan region of Arakhsh, and there are geographical scale factors that, if discovered and used, can make it easier for the Kurdistan region to integrate with Iran.

the security and development of Iran and Iraq are impacted by the convergence and collaboration between Iran and the Kurdistan area of Iraq.                                                                                               

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAll of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Tensions between the Kurds and the Iraqi central government have continued throughout the country's contemporary history. The imposed geopolitics of the trans-regional powers in Iraq for more than half a century has led to violent ethnic resistance. To begin with, Iraq is an outcome of trans-regional geopolitical policy. Its leaders have always struggled to create an inclusive national identity and have used only violent means.
One of Iraq's problems for political stability and the creation of a coherent structure is the agreement with the Iraqi Kurdistan Federal Government on the disputed issues. Among these, one of the most contentious factors between the central government and the Kurds is the issues related to the disputed areas which its settlement is widely reflected in the Iraqi constitution and Security Council resolutions and a variety of solutions has been offered. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method to study and explain the territorial dispute between the Kurds and the central government of Iraq. The results of the research show that the settlement of territorial disputes is affected by geopolitical competition and the best solution to this crisis is to use a good governance model for the development and stability of those areas.

Urban governance refers to a system of decision-making and management of urban affairs that is formed through the interaction of organizations and official city administration institutions on one hand and non-governmental organizations and civil society organizations on the other. The system of good governance encompasses the principles of participation, accountability, citizenship, transparency, responsibility, efficiency, conformity to the laws, and the like, which seeks to investigate the role of people in the process of managing urban affairs, as well as the degree of interaction between officials, citizens, and the private sector. In this study, four indicators of good urban governance were examined to assess the performance of urban management in Sanandaj, Iran. This descriptive-analytical study was an applied research. In this study, a questionnaire was used for assessment and the Likert Scale was used to design components for each index. The statistical population consisted of the clients of the municipality and ordinary citizens of Mobarakabad Neighborhood, District 3 Municipality of Sanandaj. Cochran's formula was used to select the sample consisting of 110 individuals who were selected through random sampling. The obtained data were analyzed using T-Test in the SPSS software. The Likert Scale was used to evaluate the variables. The test results revealed that the participation indicators with an average difference of -0.527, accountability in the second hypothesis with an average difference of -1.027, efficiency in the third hypothesis regarding the ineffectiveness of the municipality and the city council with an average difference of -0.509, and lack of municipality transparency in the fourth hypothesis with an average difference of -0.509, and the lack of municipality transparency in the fourth hypothesis were confirmed with an average difference of -0.600. As a result, the claim that Sanandaj's urban management was underperforming was confirmed.

The Middle East region arranged after Sykes–Picot Agreement, is full of crisis and insecurity. In the meantime, the Kurds as the biggest minority that don’t have a state, are effective and impressive when a new order is starting or changing. It seems that the Kurds have start a new age after Arab spring. In this research, authors have studied Syria developments according to constructive paradigm for examine of feasibility of establishment a federal system in the north of Syria. They have conclude that return to the past in Syria is impossible, but establishment of a new political actor in north of Syria is much difficult. They have reviewed the civil war in Syria and its impacts on Kurdish movement in the Middle Eastern countries such as Turkey, Iran, Iraq and north of Syria.

The present study aims to compare the capacity of sustainable regeneration in urban areas with a rusty texture and informal texture in Marivan city of Kurdistan province in 2016 implemented. The research method is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of implementing and information collecting is descriptive-analytic. The statistical population of this research includes all residents in the rusty and informal texture areas of Marivan city, from these two groups, Chaharbagh and Lyanhikh from the worn texture, Musc and Hop of Musc and Nowbahar from the informal tissue were randomly selected. The statistical analysis of this research showed From the perspective of residents of the neighborhoods aimed at improving social conditions as the first indicator in sustainable urban regeneration, the economic prosperity as the second indicator in regeneration; physical enhancement as the third indicator in regenerating and improving the ecological status has been raised as the fourth indicator in regeneration. Sustainable urban regeneration capacity is high in the subscales of socio-cultural conditions, economic prosperity, environmental status and the improvement of physical quality in the worn out tissue. The sustainability of urban regeneration capacity in these subscales in the informal context is moderate. Sustainable urban regeneration capacity is high in the rusty texture and in the informal texture is moderate.

The location of the tribes and religions in the territory of the country is of great importance in the management of space and space development. If there are ethnic groups in the border regions and there are regionalismist tendencies among those ethnic groups, this situation poses a country with a range of opportunities and threats. On the one hand, the existence of peoples in the border regions can act as geopolitical hinges and promote the sphere of influence of the country, and, on the other hand, ethno-regionalist tendencies can face the country with security, political, economic and social threats. Iran, with its unique position in the Middle East, has many tribes and religions in the border regions, which are also geographically located on the other side of the border. Kurds in Iran have many common interests with the central core of the country. But the security approach and security priority on development in the Kurdistan region, emphasizing the border regions of Kurdistan province, have caused the potentially natural and human potential of these regions not to be fertilized and the underdevelopment of these areas produces reproduction Get security issues. This applied research and using descriptive analytical method and Internet library sources has been used to collect the data. The factors affecting the security approach in Kurdistan regions are emphasized on the border regions of Kurdistan province, using existing data. has done. The results of the research show that geocultural, geo-political, geo-geomechanical and geostrategic factors have affected the security approach in the Kurdish regions of Iran with an emphasis on the border areas of Kurdistan province.

The horizontal and urban growth of the past few generations, due to the dominance of the centralized planning system in the country, has led, in accordance with the principle of village-to-city interconversions, that many villages located around cities have undergone numerous changes and changes in the indicator status Of development. These changes, in addition to having positive aspects in most cases, have had a negative impact on the sustainable development of rural areas located in the vicinity of these cities. In the current applied research, a quantitative and qualitative approach with a spatial and descriptive-analytic approach has been carried out. The main objective of this research is to identify the consequences of the Marivan Creep phenomenon on the changes in the development status of the surrounding villages, Over the last few decades, physical development has been speeding up. Data gathering in the theoretical part of the documentary and in the field was conducted by a survey method based on an interview with the local people and the locals to identify the outcomes, and then the classical distribution of the questionnaire among the studied villages and simple random among 203 households supervised by The Cochran formula was determined by volume, 30 from local development experts and observers of the status quo, in order to generalize the findings from the interviews. The results of analyzing the data with the fundamental theory of the technique in the qualitative section and the single-sample t-test in the quantitative section showed that the urban creep phenomenon, in addition to limited positive consequences in improving the physical condition, caused social deficiencies, failure Economic problems, inadequate visual quality, natural environment degradation and institutional management failures in the development of villages studied.

Recently the terms "governance and good governance" are being increasingly used in humanities and social sciences literatures. Poor governance is being increasingly regarded as one of the root causes of all internal crises. Major critical geopoliticians and political scientists have increasingly focus on the conditions that reforms that insure "good governance" are undertaken and settle geopolitical disputations. This article tries to explain, as simply as possible, how the theory of "good governance" can settle the one of the long standing geopolitical dispute between ethnic groups in Kirkuk and local and federal government in Iraq. With a descriptive-analytic method and in the scenario planning method framework, this study is intended to find how the theory and approach of "good governance" its 8 major characteristics includes participatory, consensus oriented, transparency, accountability, inclusiveness, responsiveness, rule of law, efficiency and effectiveness can make compromise and settle religious and ethnical contestations in Kirkuk. Findings: The findings of this study are discussed under the following themes:1. Participation
Participation of all ethnic and religious groups in Kirkuk is a key cornerstone of good governance. Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. Participation need to be informed and organized. This means freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand.
2. Transparency
Transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement. It also means that enough information is provided and that it is provided in easily understandable forms and media. In the case of Kirkuk transparency means that decisions and their enforcement are done by all groups and information is freely available for them.
3. Rule of law
Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force.
4. Responsiveness
Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all members of societies within a reasonable timeframe.
5. Consensus oriented
There are several actors and as many viewpoints in a given Kirkuk. Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in Kirkuk to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable stability and how to achieve the goals of such security. This can only result from an understanding of the historical, cultural and social contexts of all ethnic groups in Kirkuk.
6. Equity and inclusiveness
A society’s wellbeing depends on ensuring that all its members and groups feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society. This requires all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their wellbeing.
7. Effectiveness and efficiency
Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment.
8. Accountability
Accountability is a key requirement of good governance. Not only governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Who is accountable to who varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. In general an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions. Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law.
Analysis
The concept of "governance" is not new. It is as old as human civilization. Governance means the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate governance, international governance, national governance and local governance. Since governance is the process of decision making and the process by which decisions are implemented, an analysis of governance focuses on the formal and informal actors involved in decision-making and implementing the decisions made and the formal and informal structures that have been set in place to arrive at and implement the decision. Government is one of the actors engaged in governance. Other actors involved in governance vary depending on the level of government that is under discussion.
In the case of Kirkuk the situation is much more complex. In Kirkuk good governance means all ethnic groups must play a role in decision making or in influencing the decision-making process. All actors other than government and the military are grouped together as part of the "civil society." Similarly, formal government structures are one means by which decisions are arrived at and implemented. At the national level (Iraq), informal decision-making structures, or informal advisors may exist. In Kirkuk, organized groups such as the "ethnic parties" may influence decision-making. In some areas of Kirkuk locally powerful families may make or influence decision-making. From the above discussion it would be clear that good governance is an ideal which is difficult to achieve in its totality. Very few countries and societies have come close to achieving good governance in its totality. However, to ensure sustainable stability in Kirkuk, actions must be taken to work towards this ideal with the aim of making it a reality.

One of the main evaluation tool in development of our country is, quantitative and qualitative indexes of house. However, analyses of house indexes accepted in the world, but in Iran, they haven´t studied and used to compilation of house policy. This part, in Kurdistan, like national level, has especial condition that its analysis can lead to suitable strategy for its organization. The purpose of this essay are include: Access to comprehensive recognition of house condition through comparative assessment and analysis in urban place of Kurdistan and 45 years changing process of quantitative and qualitative indexes of house in Iran with appropriate condition the method of this research is applied purpose and descriptive-analytic and establish upon analyze the secondary data. Examining the quantitative determinants during period showed that nominal density index of residential unite and Ratio of household increase to residential unit of province was better than country indicator and other indicators of average number of rooms in residential unit, room per household, number of individuals per room and number of household per room in urban areas is more appropriate and favourable than to province. Qualitative examination of residential units of this province during the period suggested that useful life index of buildings less than 25 years (=0.56) was more favourable than to country average and index of using Almond Ingredients (=0.88) in country was more appropriate than to province. Meanwhile, measure of ownership of province (52.46%) has a positive trend than to urban areas. But during 2011, measure of tenancy increased up to 35.28% compare to previous period. So it is predicted that until horizon of period¡ 48691 residential units in Kurdistan province and 2056099 residential units in country are needed.

The Middle East that took shape in 1916 according to the Sykes-Picot Agreement is entering the third millennium at a time when it has remained an underdeveloped and unsafe island in the world. In the meantime, Kurds as the largest nation in the world without a state have been influencing and being affected by these crises. The Arab Spring has also made the Kurds enter a new era of political and economic life. These new conditions have added to the importance of doing independent research on the status of Kurds in the new Middle Eastern geopolitics. Drawing on a constructivist approach, this research has sought to test the hypothesis that in spite of the formation of a triple canton (Jazira, Afrin and Kobani), the formation of a Kurdish region in Syria still seems improbable due to domestic and foreign structural obstacles and the vital role that regional and transregional actors play in it. Nonetheless, a return to the pre-2010 situation will be unlikely.

Rural tourism, including economic and profitable activities that could impact of economic, socio-cultural, environmental and physical - space on the host community, In this study, the effects of tourism on sustainable livelihoods of rural households Oraman the Sarvabad county is studied. The study, in terms of purpose, functional and in terms of data collection, a combination of documentary survey. The population of the study households 4 village of Avram (Oraman Takht, Slin, Belbar and Kamaleh) constitute the highest volume of tourists. The number, equal to 1270 households. A sample using Cochran formula, 250 samples were obtained, Samples, stratified random sampling method based on the population of each village were selected. The data of this study is questionnaire. Reliability using Cronbach's alpha (0.84) respectively. To investigate the impact of tourism on sustainable livelihoods, single-sample t-statistics, analysis of variance, regression analysis and path analysis were used. The findings of this study indicate that the use of statistical tests on one sample t-test, tourism on the human, social, physical, natural and financial Villagers positive impact. Analysis of variance showedthat there were significant differences between the different dimensions of sustainable livelihoods. Regression analysis showed that all dimensions of sustainable livelihoods (the human, social, natural, physical, and financial) have a significant effect on rural sustainable livelihoods. In general, the views of local people, tourism has a positive impact on sustainable livelihoods villagers section Oraman bed. The result of the path analysis showed that all dimensions, direct and indirect impact on rural tourism area.

IntroductionThe human rights is one of the most important and influential issues in international relations. The idea of human rights protecting has been considered as the fight against oppression and injustice from a long time ago. Human rights concepts can include fundamental concepts such as "the right to life, the prohibition of torture, the prohibition of slavery, the prohibition of racial discrimination, freedom of expression, opinion, religion, the employment right, etc.”, each of these concepts has different interpretations in different cultures and cannot be interpreted by one state for all individuals in different societies. The right to life is the most important and the most prominent right of mankind which is supported by the different states through humanitarian intervention. In addition to the human rights debate, there are other factors influence this intervention and maybe it can be said that human rights is only the cover for this effort. Geopolitical components are among these factors. These components have encouraged countries to appear in specific spaces covered as humanitarian intervention.
Theoretical FrameworkGeopolitical factors imply the set of factors and geographic components that somehow affect the policy. These factors increase or decrease from space to space and over time due to developments. Values and geographic factors have a dual nature in terms of structure or function. That is, a geographic factor for a human or human group may be considered positive, while the same factor is considered negative for another group or individual. The structural and functional identity of the factors is not constant and stable, meaning that a factor in the context of time may be transformed or, has different values in the view of different human groups. The humanitarian intervention in its classical sense means a state uses armed force against another state to protect the lives and liberties of the late nation who are not willing or able to do so. Humanitarian intervention, in terms of protected individuals, includes other types; That is, any use of force by a state against another is also discussed as humanitarian intervention in order to protect the lives and freedom of its citizens within that country or third-country nationals against inhumane treatment.
MethodologyThe main method of this research is descriptive-analytic. The information was gathered in the Internet and field- library method. A questionnaire was used in the field method. The questionnaire was given to the elites and academic experts in the field of geopolitics. In this regard, the formula with a confidence level of 99% has been used to determine the sample size in a limited population. Then, 20 questionnaires were collected and evaluated. Meanwhile, a variety of validation tests were used to test the validity and reliability of the questions. The reliability of the questionnaire was examined through Cronbach's test. It showed that Cronbach's alpha is closer to 1 for different dimensions and is more than 0.7%. Accordingly, it could be said that the questionnaire has the necessary reliability. SPSS software was used to analyze geopolitical theories and humanitarian intervention using a questionnaire. In this conclusion, the indices that have received above medium-average (three) have been accepted as a geopolitical component affecting humanitarian intervention, indices have less than that average despite affecting humanitarian intervention have not been considered as a geopolitical component and put away.
Findings and DiscussionIn the present study, it has been attempted to extract the geopolitical factors influencing humanitarian interventions from theories and views related to geopolitics and humanitarian intervention. These studies showed that 47 factors were extracted in four sections including geographical factors, economic factors, political factors, and demographic factors as the factors affecting humanitarian interventions. 28 indicators of these geopolitical factors affect the humanitarian intervention in geographical areas.
Geopolitical factors are among the most important factors influencing humanitarian interventions. Awareness and recognizing these factors will make it easier for statesmen to intervene and make decisions. Furthermore, the impact of these factors varies depending on the views of each state so that they can have positive or negative effects for the intervener.

The study of mutual relationship of physical environment of cities with social behaviors from it negative and abnormal type is a subject that has added to geographical studies during the last decade and it has provided scientific and practical frame work for spatial-lovative Analysis of crime and abnormally studies in geographical space. The aim of present research is investigation of the type and the extent of land use and formation of crime connected with drug. The method of the study is analytical and descriptive. To recognize and understand the spatial patterns of crime in the city, it is used statistical test of average oval, index nearest neighbor in the standard deviation, kernel density estimation, geographical information system (GIS).The current statistical population under the study is formed from crime and maintenance of drug abuse during Mehr 1391-1392 has formed .the result of research show that the over snandaj judicial file Th most important drug focus Sanandaj city are located in Abbas Abad, farajeh, Kani Kozaleh, Shohada and Shohada street which are crowded part of the Sanandaj city and they are the informal settlements according to the physical structure. The type and land use combination show that the majority of the crimes are accrured at Emam street, Sirous street, Ferdousi street and Shohad at residential and commercial range like. Therefore; Organization of depict and unprotected Place framework In Sanandaj consider as a necessity for contrast with social abnormal

The main purpose of this essay is to compare the philosophical hypothesis of qualitative and quantitative researches in human geography and social sciences. In general we have to approaches in human geography and social sciences methodologically, epistemologically and ontologically. In these two fields the selection of an approach depends on the adopted worldview or paradigm by the researchers. In this article the two approaches to research in terms of nature, goal, method, hypothesis, methods and another aspect of research has been compared. Finally as an alternative the third approach so-called mixed method to resolve the challenges and problems of the two methods has been articulated and proposed.

The purpose of this paperis to subvert the dominant discourse and current political administration space. Reversality, as Foucaultsaysconsists of what people may assume that at renewal of their mind. The reversality means that when traditions or schools, offers particular interpretation and commentary of events, can be interpreted against heplan, provided a new concept in its field. When take into consideration the phenomenon of a certain angle, theangle, and its other horizon can also raised. Here's another angle of the horizon and the true meaning of "political management space " is considered such an approach “subvert" the prevailing discourse of political space management in knowledge called geopolitics power. Methodological point of view, this research is based on a unique approach of Michel Foucault, especially in the discussion of "Paleontology of knowledge". Paleontology is establishment analytical method of the rules and practices lies and unconscious in the discourses of the human sciences. Its purposes to describe an archive of sentences that are prevalent in particular society and era. Paleontology’s Following the description of the condition of existence discourse and scientific areas, application and its release.

Territorialization is one of the key concepts of political geography. In recent years, the United Arab Emirates has taken measures to expand its territory in Persian Gulf. Construction of artificial islands, often on Dubai coasts was the first step. The other action was defining the points of straight baselines on some part of Abu Dhabi coasts in 2009. Through descriptive - analytical methods and by using legal documents submitted to the United Nations, this paper tries to examine UAE’s territorialization in Persian Gulf and draw the map by ARCGIS software. The results of the cartographic analysis of these territorializations indicate that a significant level of waters behind the UAE’s baseline was considered as domestic water and its territorial sea and other territories have been advanced either. These kinds of measures led to environmental, legal, territorial and security impacts which have been discussed in this paper.

What is the nature of geopolitics? Like most other disciplines, the history of geopolitics is dominated by such fundamental and abstract questions. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how we can avoid such positivistic questions. In this paper our fundamental premise is that "what is" can’t reveal the whole story and nature of geopolitics. As Derrida notes, this question is the instituting question of western philosophy. Geopolitics as many have noted, is a term which is difficult to define. In conventional academic understandings, geopolitics concerns the geography of international politics, particularly the relationship between the physical environment and the conduct of foreign policy. Within political geography, the geopolitical tradition has long been opposed by a tradition of such positivistic approach. Needless to say such approach is basically problematic. Geography and geopolitics are very discursive and not separate from the social and, political and ideological dimensions of international politics. Geography is a social and historical discourse which is always bound up with questions of politics and ideology. Here we do avoid from traditional understandings of geography and geopolitics and have not eagerness to address any kind of definitions. There is no need to do so. As Foucault said; there is a will to essentiality which one should mistrust. By avoiding essentiality in geopolitics we mean it is much better to follow dialectical approaches to deal with geopolitical situations and problematic. The best title for such dealing with is geopolitics from a new perspective: decentralizing power/knowledge

Methodologically the critical approaches including; Hermeneutics, discourse analysis, genealogy and archaeology of knowledge has been applied.

Applying the hermeneutics approach and discourse analysis we are suggesting what geopolitics does not include rather than what is the nature of geopolitics. In fact we want to understand geopolitics according to interpretation rather than explanation. In this point of view geopolitics is no longer the practice of states and state-centric discipline. The concept of power is not just inside the structure of the state. The idea that all conflicts can be resolved in the notion of nation-state is nothing but what Lyotard called meta-narrative. Of course the concept of territory does still matter in geopolitics but social, economic and political life cannot be ontologically contained within the territorial boundaries of states through the methodological assumption of time-less space. The question of sovereignty, security and identity in the era of globalization is very challengeable. Also we are addressing that the concept of space is relative rather than absolute. It has shown that the term 'space' may be treated in a variety of ways and that the concept of space is itself multidimensional.

Deconstructionist and displacing approach of Geopolitics does not directly answer the question "what is" Geopolitics. As Derrida notes, this question is the instituting question of western philosophy. De-centralizing approach tends to displace and deconstruct this question to problematize its limits and conditions of possibility.