اصغر اشرفی حافظ

In some autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) excessive responses of Th1 and Th17 cells to commensal bacteria and self-antigens due to formation of progressive inflammation in tissues which in turn lead to severe pathologic effects like colitis. Parasitic infections could polarize the immune responses to Th2 cells activation and the pre-inflammatory suppressive agents in order to maintain helminthes in the host therefore, they may have an important role in the immune modulation and suppression of the inflammation in patients with autoimmune disease. In this work, recent researches on the therapeutic applications of the helminthes have been reviewed. Considering the studies’ results and according to the activate mechanisms of response to helminthes in the host, it can be concluded that helminthes infection reduces the inflammation in patients. Therefore, a new treatment for autoimmune disorders by helminthes should be introduced.

In marital relations, several factors cause the mutual consent of spouses. In the meantime it seems that the role of spirituality in terms of having surrounded on all facets of human life is decisive. Therefore the aim of the present study was to examine the relationship among the spiritual health, marital satisfaction and demographic characteristics(age, duration of marriage, duration of employment) in Mafi hospital nurses of Susa city in 1394. Statistical population consists of all the nurses of married men and women employed in the Nezam Mafi hospital, which includes 50 people(28 married women and 22 married men) in 1394, that of this number 44 persons(19 male and 25 married female) were selected as samples of this research according to the table of Morgan and the use of an available sampling. The method of this research is descriptive and correlation. The data collection tools were spiritual health questionnaire(Paloutzian and Ellison) and marital satisfaction(ANRECH). All data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression analysis via simultaneous method or Enter with version 19 of SPSS software. The results of this study indicated there is a meaningful relationship between the spiritual health and marital satisfaction in married nurses(R = 0.605), (p<0.05), as well as the results of the regression analysis showed gender was a significant Predictor for spiritual health and marital satisfaction but age, duration of marriage, period of employment were not significant predictors According to the results obtained from this research can be said addressing the spiritual needs has been considered as an essential component of holistic care in nursing. Nurses have positive attitude to spirituality and a desire to improve the level of spiritual health and marital satisfaction. Therefore providing a platform for the promotion of these components can lead to do them.

Recognize and respect the rights of patients is important in improving quality of care and increased reliability and Patient satisfaction. The aim study was Clinical training student's awareness from patient's rights in Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University, Tehran (2013-14). In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 70 Clinical training students in Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University were selected using Stratified random sampling method. Data were gatherers using a Questionnaire which analyzed by descriptive statistics and SPSS 16. Student awareness of patient's rights was 8.5% weak, 90% moderate and 1.4% good. Highest awareness was Access to services (61.07%) and the lowest awareness was personal liberty (44.7%).Discution: In study Ajami Ghaleh Rashidi and Colleagues That examines the relationship between knowledge of patient's rights with respect in rehabilitation experts of Rehabilitation centers in Tehran showed Knowledge of patient's rights in 7/59 percent of the experts were in very good, Ranjbar study and collaborate on different fields of Medical Students student's knowledge was assessed Average Clinical training students communicate with patients (particularly students who communicate with disabilities) is importance, so Planning to improve student awareness about the patient's rights is necessary. To compensate for the lack of information in the field,offering a course Introduction to the patient's rights, workshops, informing through educational journals and introduce the book to students by teachers can be effective.

Dust or particulate matters (PM) is one of the most important air pollutants that are considered as a risk factor for health. Change of behaviors is crucial in prevention of health related risk factors. One of the models for behavior change in individual level is Health Belief Model (HBM). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of education based on health belief model on the maintenance of protective behaviors in exposure to dust air pollution. Through a semi-experimental study design، 200 teachers were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups (n=100، in each group) in Ahvaz، 2013. A researcher-made questionnaire consisting of four parts of demographic characteristics، knowledge، and health belief model’s constructs and protective behaviors in exposure to dust pollution was used for data gathering. The questionnaire was completed by both groups before intervention. The educational program was designed based on the results of pre-test and then the intervention group received the education for 4، 90 minutes sessions with lecture and discussion. The data were collected immediately and two months after the intervention and were analyzed with SPSS-16، by descriptive and analytical statistics. P-values less than 0. 05 were considered significant. The findings showed that knowledge (p<0. 001) and the mean scores of health belief model constructs including perceived susceptibility (p<0. 001)، perceived severity (p<0. 001)، perceived benefits (p<0. 001)، perceived barriers (p<0. 002)، perceived self-efficacy (p<0. 001)، cue to action (p<0. 007) and behavior (p<0. 001) significantly increased in the case group compared to control group immediately and two months after the intervention. Planning and implementation of educational program based on Health Belief Model can be effective in promoting and maintenance of protective behaviors of teachers exposed to dust particles.

There are advanced improvements in medical knowledge and technology. Identification and isolating of the stem cells is one of the new findings in medical sciences. The stem cells have high potential in duplication and differentiation into specialized cells; they have high capability in tissue repairing. For that reason, they have been mattered by researchers. As the science and technology improves, ethical viewpoints surround it more. Discussion and contention on ethical problems of stem cells continues from argument about type of stem cells to their basic and clinical utilization. Thus, research and exploring about this science must be lined up ethical aspects. Since Islamic Republic of Iran is among the first countries using technology of the stem cells, and Iranian researches have focused on studying these cells, therefore, we have studied on main medical ethics of the stem cells.

Backgrounds and Road traffic accidents are one of the world’s largest health problems and trauma is the leading cause of death among young people in developing countries. The present study aims to demographically investigate the trauma resulting from road traffic accidents in patients referred to Taleghani Hospital in Mashhad (Khorasan razavi، Iran). In this descriptive and cross-sectional study، 4699 cases injured in road accidents and referred to Taleghani hospital from March 2012 to February 2013 has been investigated (Mashhad، Iran). Substantive data entry form including demographic factors (age، sex، history of hospitalization، date of admission، and discharge status of the patient) was data collection tool. Data were collected through enumeration method and were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency، percentage، mean، standard deviation) and SPSS (18). 73. 2% of injury cases were male and most injuries occurred between the ages of 20 and 30. Most accidents (48. 41%) occurred in summer in September. In terms of patients’ required services، 59. 4%، 23. 7%، 7. 2%، 8. 1%، 0. 9%، 0. 6% and 0. 1% of patients were hospitalized in the emergency department، the accident ward 1 and 2، neurosurgery ward، general and men’s surgical ward، ICU، orthopedic ward and neurology ward، respectively. Considering the significant importance of road accidents as a social، predictable and controllable problem، roads’ safety and standardization should be deeply considered and planning and basic actions should be taken in this area.

Approximately 171 million pe-ople suffer from type 2 diabetes، worldwide. It is estimated that the figure will be 300 million people in 2025. The aim of this research was to compare executive functions of type2 dia-betic patients with normal people. This research was a de-scriptive and causal comparative study. 50 patients with type 2 diabetes were selected from Fateme-Al-Zahra diabetes centre via acc-essible sampling method. The patients، com-peleted general health، Beck depression inve-ntory and Wisconsin card sorting test questi-onnaires. Normal group consisted of 34 people from the patient’s relatives and staff of Fat-eme-Al-Zahra diabetes centre. For analyzing the data covariance test was used. The results showed that after deter-mining depression as the Covariate variable، type 2 diabetic patients had lower executive functions than normal people. These patients had more perseveration errors than normal people. Discussion & Executive functions (cognitive flexibility and abstract ability) have deficiency among diabetic patients and this deficiency is influenced by depression. Instr-ucting cognitive flexibility to these patients can decrease their deficiencies in executive fu-nctions.

Given the importance of he-althy lifestyle related factors such as nutrition، physical activity، smoking، sleep-ing، leisure، individual health and repr-oducetive behavior، the aim of this study was to determine the lifestyle of married women، aged 15-45 years old، referring to health centers in west of Ahvaz city. In this descriptive-analytical study، statistical population incl-udeed 384 married women، aged 15- 49 ye-ars old، referring to health centers in the west of Ahvaz city. Sampling was conduc-ted by stratified method. The tool for colle-cting information was a researcher designed multi-section questionnaire، which was co-mpleted by aid of trained interviewers along with interviewing. Data were analyz-ed by SPSS software and chi- square test at sign-ificant level of P< 0. 05. The finding showed that the me-an age of subjects under study was 30. 6 ± 7 years. There was a significant association between lifestyle and other parameters such as ethnic (p< 0. 001)، marital status (p< 0. 004)، occupation (p< 0. 002) and income (p< 0. 001). The subjects had an average lifestyle in terms of sleep quality (29. 2%)، spend leisure time (49. 7%)، nutrition (54. 7%) and individual health status (48. 2%). in overall، 50. 3% of women had an average lifestyle. The most common method of contraception was condom (34. 8%). Discussion & Considering that most of the women in this study had an average lifestyle، this emphasizes the imp-ortance of health education to familiarize most women with appropriate lifestyle and right behavioral habits acting as a protective factor.

Dependency to opium is a chronic and relapsing disorder that imposes great costs on individuals, families and society. The aim of this study is examining the relation between social support and religious orientation with relapse rates in opioid dependent patients under methadone maintenance therapy. A descriptive –correlational design was used. The sample of the study consisted of a convenience sample of 200 male patients, were referred to substance treatment clinics of Mashhad since March 2012 to August 2012 and were treated by methadon. Sample was evaluated with Social Support Scale, Allport’s Religious Orientation questionnaire and demographic information form. Data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient, enter and stepwise multiple regression. The results of this study revealed internal religious orientation (r= 0.52), family support (r=-0.48), and friends’ support (r=-0.33) were all in significant negative correlation with relapse rates (p< 0.01). It means that by increasing family support and internal religious orientation,the relapse rates were decreased. Also there was a significant positive correlation between external religious orientation and relapse rates (r=0.50, p<0.01). Findings of linear regression and hierarchical regression analysis showed that all of these variables are predicting in total 0.62 of relapse rates variance, from which the contribution of internal religious orientation, external religious orientation, and family support respectively was 0.27, 0.06 and 0.04. results showed increasing of internal religious orientation and family support is associated with decreasing in relapse rates, and increasing of external religious orientation is associated with increasing in relapse rates.

Depression is the most prevalent malady of the century. About 20 per cent of adolescents between 13 and 19 experience at least a fit of depression before 18. The present study investigated the relationship between mothers’ marital satisfaction and depression among their adolescents in Shiraz, Iran.

A correlational study was carried out on 300 teenagers of 14-19 years old (160 females and 140 males) and their mothers in educational year of 2009-10, whom were randomly selected among a pool of students from Shiraz’s four Educational Districts. A depression questionnaire with 21 items and a questionnaire of marital satisfaction with 47 items helped in collection of data. Pearson’s correlation of coefficients, regression, and independent t-tests helped in data analysis.

The current study found depression among teenagers as 43.4 per cent and their mothers’ marital satisfaction as 19.2 per cent. We found an inverse significant relationship between marital satisfaction and adolescent depression in both genders (P<0.00d1), with mothers’ marital satisfaction accounting for 0.52 per cent of depression among their teenagers. There was a difference between male and female teenagers in their depression scores (P<0.05). There was also a negative significant relationship between teenagers’ depression and mother’s education and family economic status.

Our findings underscored the importance of educational programs intended to prevent depression among teenagers.

Scorpion sting and snakebite are the important problems in some area such as Iran that must be addressed. This study was to investigate temporal pattern of scorpion sting and snakebite incidence in patients referred to Masjedsoleiman’s main hospital، during 24 months from 21 March 2008 to 20 March 2009. It was an analytical study to scrutiny of monthly and seasonal procedure of scorpion sting and snakebite. Data were analyzed by SPSS and Minitab. To identify the goodness of fit model for monthly and seasonal incidence of scorpion sting and snakebite، autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were used to explore time series analysis. Of all 9457scorpion sting and snake-bite cases in patients referring to hospital، 45% (n=4253) were men. Mean age of them was 28. 26±0. 36 years. Significant numbers (27%) of these patients had 21-30 years old، and were bitted in urban (93%)، at their home (99. 7%). The auto regression suggested that monthly average incidents model have a moving average. The analyses through Anderson- Darling test provide evidence that the distribution of residuals was normal (P= 0. 125). Weather variables can be as the predictors of scorpion sting and snake-bite incidence for Masjedsoleiman.

Nowadays، plague and cholera are not major concerns for human society، but cancer is the biggest concern، affecting thousands of people worldwide. Therefore، many cancer studies are performed each year، investigating mechanisms and agents involved in the pathogenesis of different cancers، and seeking new therapeutic approaches to effectively treat them. Every day a new unknown fact is revealed about the factors involved in cancer. In the past، it was assumed that the only physical and chemical factors cause cancers; however، nowadays there are new attitudes that indicate the direct or indirect involvement of biological factors، especially viruses، in the pathogenesis of cancers. Until now، the direct role of six viruses including hepatitis B، hepatitis C، human papilloma virus، human T-lymphotropic virus Type 1، Epstein-Barr and human herpes virus 8، and also the indirect role of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been proven by scientists. In the present manuscript، we attempted to review the current information about the role of above-mentioned viruses in pathogenesis of some cancers.

In spite of the fact that many factors affect the performance of orga-nizations، it is quite doubtless that leade-rship is one of the most important factors for organizations succession. Hospitals as complicated organizations require an effici-ent leadership، at gross or small levels، and. This study aimed to assess leadership style in the educational hospitals of Iran، Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Universities of medi-cal sciences and explore its relationship with personality type based on the five-fac-tor personality model. The present study was a correlation one. Statistical society of the research included managers working in the educational hospitals of Iran، Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Universities of medic-al sciences. The data was collected by an appropriate questionnaire. Managers Lead-ership Style was measured by Rensis-Likert questionnaire. Also، managers’ personality type was assayed by five big factors of Mckry Dody Kastav. For validating the q-uestionnaires، a content and technical validating method was applied. The reliabi-lity of the questionnaires was estimated by test-pretest method. The findings of study showed that conscientiousness personality type was the most frequent types (36. 4%) in comp-arison with other personality type. There was a significant relationship between pe-rsonality type and leadership style (P=0. 06). Discussion & Given the relati-onship between personality type and lea-dership style، it may predict the managers’ leadership style by using of their perso-nality type.

Flexibility is one of the physical fitness factors relevant to health which means musclesstretching. The len-gth of muscle fibers provides an area for joint range of motion that is concerned with Pilates exercises developed by Jos-eph Pila-tes. These exercises include stre-ngthing and stretching motionsand incre-ase breathing. This research inten-ded to investigate effects of Pilates on so-me indices of body composition and flexi-bility in non-athleticwomen 25-35 years old. The women and exercise protocol we-re as follow: 15 case women (mean of age, weight and height was 30.9 years, 59.93 kg and 165cm, respectively) underwent 8 we-eks of Pilates exercise and 10 control wo-men (mean of age, weight and height was 31.3 years, 59.63 kg and 162.3 cm, respectively)did not perfor-mPilates exer-cise. K-S test was usedto determine the normal distribution of data. Covariance test was used to determine the effect of the dependent variables. The effect of cova-riate variables was adjusted using simple linear regression. Pilates exercises demonstrated a significant effect on BF % in non-athletic women (f=19.7, P=0.001). However, pila-tes exercises had no significant effect on WHR in non-athletic women (f=3.96, P=0.06). A pilates training course had a significant effect on BMI % in non-athletic women (f=4.54, P= 0.044). Also, a course of pilates training had a significant effect on flexibility in non-athletic women (f=11.5, P=0.03). Discussion & The results showed that Pilates exercises has a posi-tive influence on flexibility, BF% and BMI % but has no significant effect on WHR.

Cholera is an acute intestinal bacterial disease that initiates with watery diarrhea and vomiting. The cause of infection is a gram negative bacillus named Vibrio cholera. Cholera has been caused terrible outbreaks of diarrheal disease in the world and is a major problem in Africa, Asia and South America. This study aimed to determine the relationships between cholera risk factors and its outbreak in kashan. In this population based case-control study, 44 cholera cases and 44 healthy controls among the population of kashan city were studied. Disease confirmation was based on the national program of disease control and stool examining. Cholera risk factors were assessed by interviewing. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between variables and disease. The significance level was set at 0.05. Analysis of data showed that cholera was associated with job, source of drinking water, consumption of vegetables and carrot juice. After adjustment for confounding factors using logistic regression analysis, the relationship was statistically remained significant for vegetable consumption (OR=22.93), carrot juice (OR=5.32) and ice pellets (OR=5). Discussion & To determine the risk factors associated with an outbreak and providing necessary information for decision making, case control or cross sectional studies were recommended. This study provided information on the cholera outbreak and its risk factors which have a vital role for controlling of future outbreaks.

One of the important factors in success of sport teams is the role of coach. An experienced coach can improve athlete's performance and the team's by his knowledge and experiences. The purpose of this study is determination of criteria for national volleyball coaches in the country. In this descriptive-measurable study information related to selecting the criteria for the coaches were collected by questionnaires. Then the importance level of each criterion in selection of nation volleyball coaches of the country was examined by gathering the person's ideas. For this purpose 92 people including coaches, managers, elites and players as the respondents participated in the survey. The results showed that there is no significant relation among groups of coaches, managers, elites and players in the field of technical, managerial, social and personality indexes in the selection of volleyball coaches of the country. Also, there is no significant relation in total respondent's opinions in selection of coaches indexes. Finally, according to the total respondent's opinions, in order of importance, technical, managerial, personality and social indexes are the most important criteria in selection of national volleyball coaches of the country. According to the respondent's views, managerial, technical, and social indexes are the most important criteria in selection of national volleyball coaches of the country.

Along with other areas (fields) in our country، the research in medical sciences is a necessity for the maintenance and improvement of community health. This task is accomplished by faculty members and research staff، which are the key factors to reach such goal. The objectives of this study were to determine the intra – organizational factors of conducting research in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in order to improve and enhance the research projects. The matrix of the study included entire academic members and research staff of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences where 121 of them were randomly selected for the descriptive cross -sectional study. The variables were assessed by Likert Spectrum constructs and a questionnaire was designed to collect data. In the research، the process of approving proposals، levels of awareness of research facilities، status of collaborations among researchers، and the potential of researchers in conducting the research projects were thoroughly investigated. Statistical software، SPSS، was used to analysis data. Significant differences were seen with regard to access to facilities and conducting research (P=0. 01)، assessing benefits of conducting research (P=0. 02)، level of research awareness among academic members with and without research project (P=0. 014). Differences of motivation force (P=0. 8)، collaboration (P=0. 12)، job satisfaction (P=0. 09) and expecting benefits from conducting research (P=0. 019) were shown to be not significant. Discussion & As stated by academic members، the problems due to personal factors were more apparent than those problems due to intra-organizational factors. In other words، the major problems in not doing research were the lack of sufficient time and proper skills in research method and the absence of innovation in looking for the problems to be solved. Systemic factors including lengthy procedures involved in approving the proposals and lack of awareness from the research priorities were the secondary obstacles. In other hand، levels of access to the facilities، research awareness، and evaluation of research from the corresponding benefits were higher among those involved in research projects.

Commonly، the origin of drug use in adults comes from youth. This is one of the most important social problems that not only endanger the public health but it also lead to moral and ethical decay of individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of psychoactive substances use and its risk factors in Shiraz University and Shiraz University of Med-ical Sciences. In the descriptive- analytical study، 640 students from the schools of Shiraz University and Shiraz University of Medical Sciences were selected based on a random cluster sampling method. Data were collected by self-completion anonymous questionnaires. After data collection، analysis was performed using SPSS software. The rate of psychoactive subst-ances use among the students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and Shiraz University were 10. 8% and 9. 2%، resp-ectively، that their difference was not significant (p = 0. 498). The rate of psy-choactive substances use among men was more than of women (25% vs. 19%) and the history of use was more in married students than the single ones (19. 5% vs. 8. 7%). The students of Shiraz University versus Shiraz University of Medical Sciences used more alcohol (17. 7% vs. 9. 4%)، drugs (9. 8% vs. 3. 3%) and smoking (21. 5% vs. 17. 5%) and these differences were statistically significant. Discussion & This study indicated the necessity of planning and preventive interventional strategies to reduce drug use among students and thereupon promoting their health.

Community based interve-ntions for enhancing the generalization of the benefits of health programs، providing information for policymakers and impro-ving the community health are more appr-opriate than the patient-centered clinical trials. The community-based approaches for preventing injuries are widely accepted but there is a little strong evidence of the effect-tiveness of programs with multiple obje-ctives in the community. Therefore current study aimed to review the community-based interventions for preventing motor vehicle inj-uries.

The research was a review study. Community-based interve-ntions، injury، safe traffic behavior and seat belt were used as keywords in the databa-ses، Scienc-edirect، Pubmed، Ovid، Oxfo-rdjournals، EBS-CO and Cochrane to sear-ch systematic revie-ws. A total of 28 com-munity-based interventi-ons related articles on injuries were reviewed. The results of these articles were analyzed.

The most of the studies were non-randomized controlled clinical trials (78. 57%) and were mainly carried out in the USA (46. 43%). The interventions were mainly as integrated approachs (60. 71%). The primary outcomes of the studies were the use of helmet (35. 72%)، unintentional injuries (14. 28%)، high-risk driving behaviors (10. 72%)، use of child seat (7. 14%)، use of seat belt (10. 72%) and safe traffic behaviors (21. 42%) Discussion &

In general، the integration of several strategies or the community-based interventions alone has a preventive effect on traffic injuries. We recommend a combination of multiple methods to prevent traffic injuries.

Pedestrians'' traffic accidents are one of the most important causes of death throughout the world. Access to the information or existing status could pave the way for educational interventions to prevent traffic accidents. Theory of the planned behavior shows the relationship between some constructs relating to beha-vioral intention، attitude، perceived beha-vioral control، normative belief and the beh-avior. This research aimed to determine the relationship between constructs of the pla-nned behavior theory and road crossing safe behaviors among the fourth grade students of Tehran city in 2010

In this descriptive-analytic research، 160 students were sele-cted among schools in district 4 of Tehran city through random sampling method. These students answered standard question-nnaire in which their validity and reliability had been evaluated. Finally، the gathered data were analyzed with software SPSS (version16)

Research results showed that there was significant relationship between road crossing safe behavior and constructs of intention (P<0. 001)، perceived behave-ioral control (P<0. 001)، compliance motive (P<0. 001)، consequence evaluation (P=0. 04)، and normative beliefs (P<0. 001) and there was no significant relationship between road crossing safe behavior and construct of behavioral belief. Linear reg-ression test results specified that the beh-avioral intention with B=2. 35 was a suitable predictor of road crossing safe behavior. Discussion &

The results dem-onstrated that the planned behavior theory can be used as a suitable framework for designing of educational interventions to improve of the students'' road crossing beha-viors.

With increasing physical activity and energy expenditure based on various intensities and durations of exercise training in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals، the morbidity and complications of diabetes are decreased and hyperglycemia is desirably controlled. Is there a correlation between estimated maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and concentration of serum glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in active، sedentary and coronary artery disease (CAD) men? What is the possible range of the correlations? The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine and compare the correlations between VO2max and concentration of HbA1c. The participant subjects comprised of three groups of active، sedentary and CAD men (40-55years) who were randomly and voluntarily selected for the study. VO2 max was estimated based on non-exercise prediction equation. Fasting blood levels of HbA1c were measured by an enzymatic immunoassay method. Correlations between estimated VO2max and HbA1c were determined via Spearman rank correlation coefficients. The statistical tests، T-Fisher and Z-Fisher، were applied for signification and comparison of them at the significant level of p ≤ 0. 05. The amount of analyzed parameters were as follow: VO2max (active: 39. 039 ± 2. 563، sedentary: 32. 647 ± 3. 056 and CAD: 30. 375 ± 4. 275 mL. Kg-1. min-1)، fasting blood HbA1c (active: 4. 266 ± 0. 365، sedentary: 4. 733 ± 1. 370 and CAD: 5. 253 ± 1. 321 mg/dl). The correlation coefficient between VO2max and HbA1c was significant in CAD men (rs(13) = - 0. 538٭، p = 0. 039) but were not significant in active (rs(13) = - 0. 291، p = 0. 292) and sedentary (rs(13) = - 0. 338، p = 0. 217) men. Discussion & According to the above results، it could be concluded that the physical activity has no any desirable effect on HbA1c and HbA1c is resistant to exercise training.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of 17’000’000 worldwide deaths annually. If the current trends continue، the number of deaths will increase to 25’000’000 by the year 2020. Lifestyle contributes to many chronic diseases such as coronary heart diseas. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between lifestyle and ischemic heart disease.

This case-control study was carried out in Damavand sevvom sha’ban hospital. The sample of the study consisted of 65 cases (patients suffering from coronary artery disease) and 65 healthy controls. Data were collected by three questionnaires: General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)، FFQ (Food Frequency Questionnaire) and physical activity questionnaire. These questionnaires were completed by interviewing the participants. Data were analyzed by SPSS software.

There was a significant correlation between Age، Marital status، Smoking، Physical activity، diet and Mental health and ischemic heart disease.

Insufficient physical activity، high fat and low fiber diet، inappropriate mental status were risk factors and major causes of in heart ischemia incidence.

Being underweight or obese in adolescence may lead to chronic diseases in adulthood. Stunting has adverse effects on behavioral development. The present study assessed anthropometric indices for school children aged 12-14 yr in the city of Ilam in Iran. A cross-sectional study was performed on 493 students aged 12-14 years. Systematic sampling was used to select the samples for each grade. Data was gathered using validated scales. Weight، height، and BMI were recorded and analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS software. CDC2000 criteria were used in anthropometric assessment. The incidence of being underweight، at risk of being overweight، being overweight، or being stunted in the school children studied were 21. 5%، 8. 2%، 0. 6%، and 13%، respectively، based on CDC2000 anthropometric criteria. Furthermore، it was found that stunting in girls was three times higher than in boys. A significant relationship was observed between the incidence of being underweight and the mother’s literacy (p<0. 05). No relationship was found between family height، BMI، stunting، and birth order for being underweight. Considering the prevalence of stunted، underweight and overweight school children، it is necessary to implement appropriate strategies to improve nutritional status by educating parents at the local level.

Airway management capabilities، is critical skills for safe anesthesia. Difficult or failed airway management، is a major cause of accidents and deaths related to anesthesia. Given that survival depends on maintaining his airway management، is necessary for a physician who is fully aware of all its aspects. The aim of this study is to investigate of factors related to endotracheal intubation was performed correctly. In a descriptive study 104 medical students were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected by questionnaires. Data analyzed using Mann-Whitney، Kruskal- Wallis، ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient tests. Of 104 samples39. 4 % were males. َMean age was 23. 62 ± 1. 19. Skills of intubation in 53. 8% of samples were moderate، in 5. 8 % were excellent. Overall 65. 4 % of individuals after learning intubation in the operating room، said that the previous drill -down on average model was effective. Main reasons for the failure of endotracheal intubation were fear of harm to patients intubated (mean score 4. 29 of 5)، distrust of teachers and anesthesiologist toward the students (4. 23) and stress and anxiety in the operating room (4. 21)، and Low theoretical information (3. 94). There was not any Significant association between students’ scores in evaluating teacher in education of intubation، assessment score of training the model and academic years of student. There was a significant relationship between academic years student and fear of harm to the patient during intubation (p<0. 02). Fear of harm to patients intubated، distrust of teachers and anesthesiologist toward the students and stress and anxiety in the operating room were most important factors affect the success of endotracheal intubation in the operating room.

Semi-Markov multi-state models are very important to describe regression and progression in chronic diseases and cancers. Purpose of this research was to determine the prognostic factors for survival after acute leukemia using multi-state models.

In this descriptive longitudinal research, a total of 507 acute leukemia patients (206 acute lymphocyte leukemia, (ALL), 301 acute myeloid leukemia (AML)) at Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran were selected. The median of follow up time was 1.5 year. A multi-state model with four states, (state 1: bone marrow transplantation, state 2: chronic graft verses host disease( cGvHD), state 3: platelet recovery, state 4: death, (absorb state) ) were defined. Weibull distribution was considered as transition time between states. Data was analyzed using R Ver 2.13 software.

With increasing sojourn time in state 1, hazard of cGVHD increased, the effects of some covariates were not constant during disease time for example after platelet recovery, death hazard of acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients was 2.15 times of acute myeloid leukemia patients. There was a negative correlation between sojourn time in state 1 and state 2(r = -0.17, P<0.001).

Semi-Markov multi-state models are useful models to accommodate multiple events and time dependent covariates.