اصغر نظریان

Tourism towns, as a special type of human endeavor in recent years to integrate accommodation and leisure, have created a new need in the field of urban planning theory and practice. In the typology of planning, there is still no general consensus on the classification of this particular type, so in this paper we will try to examine the theories proposed in general and urban planning and tourism in particular, to a theoretical approach in relation to the theory of tourism town planning. On the other hand, by prioritizing physical and social issues in tourism towns, due to the relationship between urban body and community, using a research context of such cases in cities, efforts have been made to orient the general direction towards "physical social planning» of tourism towns. In order to establish the connection between the urban body and social relations in tourist settlements, the process of transforming the feeling of environment into social action in the physical environment has been studied. Finally, by extrapolating Amirkabir tourism town in Arak, the research findings regarding the relationship between the formed body and the sampled community were studied. In order to organize this research, which is of a fundamental type and has been done with the aim of explaining the executive solutions, the "descriptive-analytical" method has been used along with the collection of library information. Finally, the information collected was "comparatively" measured using the researcher's "participatory observation."

Today slum refers to those areas of the city which are not necessarily situated at the corners of the city, but to those which are in margins from economic, social, cultural, and other urban life aspects, that has formed a settlement in which the least living-supplies of healthy water, electricity and gas, transportation system and a clean environment suffice their lives. This type of settlement is due to the asymmetry and commonality of features and conditions of living in the main parts of the city. And generally indicate the low level of living conditions in comparison with the average standards in the main city specifically, and also in living conditions in cities as a whole. On the other hand, informal settlement refers to the discordance of settlement with the approved regulations of governmental organizations and particularly of municipalities. Those areas which are situated outside the servicing scope of the general and governmental organizations such as electricity, gas, and telecommunications offices, along with municipalities accompany various phenomena such as urban poverty, poor housing, immigration from countryside to cities, environment pollution, unhealthy environments and etc.
In Iran, slum began in the 30s (solar calendar) with the immigration of village dwellers to the cities, and after a decade, it was prospered due to land reforms and economic-social policies of the day, a growing increase which has never stopped since. Slum or informal settlement in the outer parts of the cities is not just a physical notion but is an outcome of the macro structural factors in economic, social, cultural, and political aspects in a national or regional scope. The reasons for this phenomena vary which can differ from one place to another. Nevertheless immigration is one of the main reasons for slum settlements. It can simultaneously play two roles; it can be a solution to demographic crises. It leads the surplus population out of the region and accordingly the human power is directed where is needed most. It balances the structural asymmetries of population and by reducing the development imbalances in different regions result in the betterment of the status quo. And on the other hand, it might be possible that by immigration of the human power, the economic equilibrium between the source and destination community would be disturbed, and by having a community without any human power, it generates complex social and cultural situations; which all in all leads to a congested crowd overpopulating specific big cities and regions. In this way, it brings about problems in servicing and efficient regulation of issues and thus be regarded as a disturbing element of development and mutual understanding. The investigated region has been exposed to the crises of immigration and slum settlements recently, so much so that based on the population and housing census of 2006, population growth rate of Shahriar rose by a far distance from other cities to 8.7 percent. Thus, this research was conducted to investigate the elements of immigration and slum dwelling in Shahriar city. And it aims to answer these questions:1.How social, economic, and demographic factors influence the slum settlements of those who have migrated to this city?
2.How is the local dispersion in Shahriar?
On this basis, with the researches and investigations conducted at the outset of the study, district 2 was selected as a fit choice out of the three districts of 1, 2, and 3 which settled slums. Since all the locals were not slums in this specific districts, with proper investigation the slum areas were identified which had a high rate of immigration; with whom interviews were ran and questionnaires distributed. To this end, by following Cochran formula, 200 people were selected as samples through cluster random sampling out of the statistical community. To analyze data, descriptive statistical methods such as central index, dispersion and inferential statistics like Chi-square, Wilcoxon and Friedman tests were utilized.
The results of the study indicates that the slum in Shahriar are situated in the old and cheap sections of the three districts of 1, 2, and 3. Also, after a detailed examination it was proved that Shamloo local in district 2 is more suitable than the other ones. On the other hand, by investigating the economic factors (such as job opportunities and income) it was indicated that immigration is very important from the aspect of providing job opportunities. Secondly, social factors are more important in slum settlements issues. For instance, one can refer to urban and welfare facilities, educational facilities, health and recreation facilities are all social factors. On the other hand, those people who have migrated due to pursuing education, higher level of welfare, better facilities etc. are all below 30 years old. Based on the findings of this research, families were not significantly changed after immigration in comparison with the period before it, but it is a vital element in three membered families in times of immigration. All has been done to meet the financial needs of the family. Therefore, one can claim that most immigrations to slum areas have been due to economic and social deficiencies of the source society.

One of the main goals of constant development is to establish spatial justice in order to provide the citizens with freedom, welfare, and security. This essay takes advantage of numerical taxonomy, AHP, and Topsis techniques to study challenges of Qazvin's constant development in terms of spatial justice, and it tries to answer the following question : Is it possible to distribute indices of constant development of Qazvin's urban regions spatially ? This research has been done by using an analytical – descriptive method, and all required information has been compiled based on library sources. The analysis of taxonomy shows that six districts of Qazvin have a lower rank of development and district 9 with Fi= 0/199 ranks first. It is 3.8 times more developed than district 3 with Fi =0/759. In the urban ranking of Qazvin' s districts, district 3 with Fi = 0/762 is in a better position in terms of development indices compared with districts 1 and 2. The above mentioned results show Qazvin's constant urban development's challenges from spatial justice's point of view.

Having tourism features within city, guarantee personal, social, economical & environmental profits for citizens. Decreasing tension, elevating mental health, raising creativity, improving skills and even citizen’s character perfection is to be contained of urban tourism development advantages. On the other hand, invigorating family relationships, developing public communication, bringing social state up, increasing employment, flourishing urban districts, improving servicing infrastructures, raising public welfare, preserving natural resource and cultural heritage, educating environmental culture and cooperation between urban management and environmental institutions could be concerned of the other social, economical and environmental benefits of urban tourism development. This article aims to using available capacities of urban management (municipality), explain executive and strategic policies in urban tourism development. Getting involved municipality as urban government on tourism is derived through new citizens' expectations and in this regard urban management requires executive and strategic policies for proper agenda. So, Tehran municipality as case study is investigated to provide social, economical and environmental teaching for other cities.

With breakdown of the former structures and the acceleration of urbanization process in recent decades, cities need careful planning in order to provide citizens needs including safety city. Thus, one of the major tasks of planners and urban managers is to determine the proper location for the establishment of fire stations. In this descriptive-analytic study, given that most of the criteria have sub-criteria, effective measures were determined in selecting fire stations sites. In the next step, location and descriptive information of each criterion were collected; then by using ArcGIS software, layers needed to shape file format was created after changing urban plans DWG format. However, criteria and sub-criteria weighted based on AHP method and creating layers were reclassified. At the end, by using overlapping indexes the final map site selecting of fire stations in Kermanshah obtained. According to the results, hotel and gas station as the compatible land use have the lowest and highest role in selecting fire stations sites. In addition, intercity terminal and health and care land uses have the lowest and greatest impact in selecting fire stations sites. The results show that the existing stations are not sufficient and some of them have been built in the wrong place. The output plan represents the optimal locations for the establishment of fire stations in Kermanshah.

Understanding the climatic or bioclimatic comfort potential in different geographical areas, can help in the region planning and development process. What is important for the tourist to know is knowing the climatic situation of that area. Therefore, the aim of this study to more develop the tourism industry based on the optimal time and place for the Tourists presence. In this study, we tried to evaluate the comfort or non-convenience using the statistical date of the Noushahr weather station over the years 1977 – 2011based on the effective temperatures,Terjung, Baker, and neuroticpressure bioclimatic models indicate and analyse the optimal time for the tourists presence using these indicators. So considering the areas characteristics using the above ways can lead to a well operation of the environmental conditions. Results show that the area enjoys bioclimatic the most hot and the most cold conditions over the year. October and may, are the best time for the tourists presence.

The sustainability of cities, especially in the 21st century, has been studied seriously and widely by scientific associations and international organizations. The purpose of this article is evaluation and determination of 23 neighborhoods in Malayer based on improvement index on this justification that sustainability in any parts of the city can be a background of sustainability for all cities. In order to evaluate and estimate the sustainability of Malayer neighborhoods, unbalance analysis and prediction of the improvement priorities, as well as some quantity models and statistic software have been used such as: Morris development index, standard score, changing coefficient and agent analysis based on 58 variations according to social, economic, environmental and somatic indexes. The case study techniques in this project are combinations of analysis and field studies. The type of study is functional improvement and the range of study is across the 23 parts of Malayer with 159848 population and a 2280 hectare area. The findings and results of this research according to integrative indexes (social, economic, environmental, somatic) have shown a tremendous difference in sustainability coefficient among different neighborhood of city. surprisingly, only 7 neighborhoods out of the 23 neighborhoods (less than one third) are in the sustainability situation and are in %71_1 range and other neighborhoods are in half sustainability situation with %41_ %70 range. Yet,other neighborhoods are in unsustainable situation with the rang of 0_0/40. Furthermore, there is a huge difference among different parts of the city according to the human development index (HDI) which is based on economic indexes of MAX and MIN (MAX_MIN: 153.5). It was observed to be so critical and was observed smaller in the environmental index (MAX_MIN: 87.88). Therefore, the Park Neighborhood was found having the most score of index combination with 314 in first place and is the most sustainable neighborhood then Naftsiah with 189 score is in 23hd place and the most unsustainable neighborhood. The analysis and results of this study show the tremendous difference, between the most sustainable and least sustainable neighborhoods of the city base on the development indexes.

Metropolitan areas are One of the most important emerging phenomena in the past few decades, which have presented the different patterns of urbanization, settlement, city scaleEstimates indicate that the current problems in the region Tehran metropolitan, especially in the area of Islamshahr city of Robat Karim, such as unplanned and rapid development of population centers, the concentration of groups of low-income and poors, intensified separation of social groups, lack of economic and social diversity, absence of coherence and internal dynamics, increasing poverty, informal settlements, informal occupation, political - security problems, lack of infrastructure and, most importantly, the absence public participation in all aspects of the operation, in one hand and future prospects of the erea, on the other hand shows that using community-driven developments as an approach is important and necessary in order to rescue from the existing challenges and impasses and improving the quality of citizens life. Community-based development is an approach which can be a suitable solution for this issue. Community-based development is a process and a means of promoting participation and democratic governance which is appliable in various governance and socioeconomic fields.and implementation of its effectiveness amount in Tehran metropolitan, especially Islamshahr area – Robat Karim. The type of research is based on the Practical purpose, studying method and research nature. Moreover, bothe quantitative and qualitative data will be included. The main finding of this paper is on the basis of achieving social stability in Tehran metropolitan and its areas by considering and applying the community-driven development approach, not only, in serious policies and mechanisms used for reducing poverty and improving living standards, but also, in preventive policies for prevention of disorder production and distribution and naccessary attention to development approach and public participation as well.

Human ambition has always been an important factor in a desirable quality of life. At first, the desire to improve their physical condition, such as income, education, health and housing is limited, but the wide range of variables considered are qualitative and subjective. Low living standards in rural areas and the rural exodus to the cities have caused several problems of social, economic and environmental in rural areas and in cities. In fact, migration from rural to urban areas in many developing countries has become one of the factors of development. Quality of life in rural areas depend on many factors, including employment, income, access to services like education and health, environmental, safety and strong communities. Although the quality of life in urban areas and the related challenges associated with prosperity and a better life is very different in the rural areas. The term quality of life of the general environment in which people live include pollution and the quality of housing and also some of its characteristics, such as health and access points. Quality of life may be a person's enjoyment of the show, they are not just the things he has to, but all the options that he may have a choice of. In other words, the freedom of independent living and failure to achieve success and knowledge of the real opportunities is compared with others. Individual's perception of quality of life is evaluated in the context of culture and value systems in society and in relation to goals, expectations, standards, and individual. This study was based on quantitative approach. Research methods, field survey methods, and some tools are used for gathering data. In this paper, the nature and description, and the type of variables to measure differences between means are prioritized. The purpose of this research is to be implemented in terms of being practical. The research component of the 7-fold aspects of quality of life is used to evaluate the variables. The social dimension of quality of life are assessed with 11 items and has three components of health and safety training, respectively, with a mean of 60.18 and 37.17 above average and leisure 6.32 with lower than average. Average total social dimension (42.29) is lower than average (33), and the social dimension of quality of life appropriate conditions are favorable. The physical dimensions of quality of life are assessed with the two components and 9 indicators. For this dimension, both components of the infrastructure and residential environments, respectively, with an average of 22.17 and 10.45 are above and below the average. In the mean body (27.67), slightly higher than average (27), the body has a high quality of life in moderate conditions. The environmental quality of life has been tested in 5 statements, environmental quality, value is 16.08 above average (15), so the quality of life and environmental conditions are favorable. The economic dimension of quality of life is measured by a buoy and 5 components, the quality of employment and income, 12.39 lower than average. Thus, the economy is bad in terms of quality of life. The highest and lowest average assessment components are related to education (18.60) and leisure (6.32), respectively. The average quality of life questionnaire is obtained with 98.48. Single-sample t test indicated that there are significant differences (P<0.05) in the mean average of each questionnaire. In other words, the quality of life of rural households is higher than average. From the test results, the following assumptions can be made: Households by age and education are not interacting namely the statistical interaction between age and education levels of the independent variable on the variable quality of life. The impact is not significant (sig= 0.99, f= 0.73). Age and household jobs also are not interacting namely the statistical interaction between age and job level as the independent variable Khanvarha impact on quality of life variables are not significant.(Sig= 0.56, f= 0.995). Education and Career Households are also interacting with the statistical interaction between the educational and career households and the impact of the independent variable on the variable quality of life is significant(sig= 0.004, f= 5). Immigration reform in the rural community of large cities began after the revolution, despite the positive action of Jahad Sazandegi, Bonyade Maskan and so on. Improving the overall quality of life in the areas of physical, environmental, education, health, leisure, employment and income can be very effective in keeping the rural population. Following suggestions in this regard are: - Create job opportunities in the area of providing low-interest loans to applicants, a small manufacturing, service, etc. - Providing opportunities for recreation, sports and culture, such as public libraries, sports halls to fill the vacuum, lack of leisure. - In order to improve the quality of housing units and retrofitting these units provide low-interest loans to applicants.

Traffic is an important urban challenge that cities of developing countries face it. Traffic problem is resulted from the increasing growth of urbanization and the inefficiency of the skeleton and physical development of cities in the vertical and horizontal dimensions. Furthermore, the increasing number of vehicles and unsuitable passage network system as well as the ravage of the city's public transport system and unsuitable localization of land use in the city level, especially transportation equipment jam in the central part of the city can be considered as gravity point and attraction for travel during day which help devastating the city’s potentials. Boroujerd is located among the medium sized cities in Iranian urban network system, which with respect to the design of city, has a centralized form and traffic problem. The problems of such cities are fairly clear in the central part of city. This city, despite of its physical development and growth, has ignored central inappropriate localization of transportation vehicles as well as city facilities such as businesses, educational and administrative services and health services which are centralized in the center of city. The passage network in this medium urban city doesnt have enough capacity for daily population and vehicles transportation. In order to evaluate the potential effects of these pressing problems, the present research has deployed software, namely ArcGIS،AuTOCAD، Excel،SPSS to investigate the problem. The collected information was analyzed in order to distinguish the most problematic areas which need immediate concern. The results of this research showed that the communication networks and urban transportation system have meaningful relationship with physical skeleton and space pattern of the city. The skeleton structure of the city and passage network land use and public transportation system were recognized as unsuitable among main factors which had led to the current condition.

The purpose of this article is evaluation in of MalayerCity based on improvements indicators, (economic, social, somatic, and environmental) The used method in this thesis is a combination of analyzing and case -field method. It’s a functional-developing research and its study range is of Malayer City with 2280 hectare area and 159848 population, which was performed in 1392, Findings of this research, showed, although Malayer has moved toward more improvement recently but it didn’t have brilliant success in achieving dimensions of suitable improvement and during this period instability rate of some areas of Malayer has been increased moreover, just 7 neighborhoods of 23 neighborhoods are in the sustainability situation and are in 0/71-1 range and other neighborhoods are in half sustainability situation with 0/41-0/70 range and other neighborhoods are in unsustainable situation with the rang of 0-0/40. also,there is a huge difference among different parts of city according to having human development index (HDI) that based on economic indexes  (MAX-MIN=153.5) is so critical and is less in environmental index (MAX-MIN=87.88) so This situation indicates the importance of stability in urban development specially a deep gap between the most sustainable area and the least one shows the unsuitable distribution of uses, lack of social justice, lowness of life quality and welfare in most of the areas of the city. study of urban development indicators in Malayer showed that Malayer can  be placed as half- suitable city.

Small cities, as a link among big and middle cities and urban villages, can be influential on service giving centers in urban hierarchy and regional development; as a result, they are in many planners, focus of attention. Urban system in Iran, besides, are revealing the fact that small cities do not enjoy a great influence in giving services to their own boundaries. This also holds true in the case of Isfahan. Isfahan province included 101 cities in 2011, 85 cities of which are considered small cities (less than 50 thousand people). The current article aims at making an investigation into the role and function of small cites of Isfahan province in urban system and regional development. The research method is descriptiveanalytic in which quantitative models and statistical methods are applied. According to the surveys made through Rank-Size Model, the gradient of the line increased from 1956 to 2011. The Entropy Index of the cities of Isfahan province stands witness to the spatial imbalance. Via a survey based on L. Q. Index, the industrial and services sections in the city of Nain are economically justified as basic sections and the study of the influence factor of Nain based on developing method of Morris determines different layers of services. What has diminished the function of such cities in urban system and regional development is insufficient number of middle cities (with population of 100 to 250 thousand people) in urban hierarchy and is the intense centralization of facilities in the city of Isfahan. As a result, supporting small cites and encouraging investment in them may pave the way for achieving a balanced spatial structure in the whole province.

Urmia, the provincial city of West Azarbaijan, is considered as the tenth largest city of Iran and the second in north-west. The city of Urmia as the other large towns has experienced considerable structural changes in its traditional and old context. It is to admit that reaching a more detailed and comprehensive knowledge of the changes and the factors behind could very well help the managers and related programmers to solve the current problems of the city and be able to achieve a more healthy and sustainable city in present and future. An efficient way to understand the changes in physical body of the city is to carry out comparative study of various aerial images happily produced and archived by the national geographical organization. But one important problem that for such studies exists is the loss of coordinated and geo-referenced images which makes the comparative study particularly for a given spots and in detailed cases hard and impossible.

Choosing the type of urban management model reflects insight into relationships to be held between municipality and councils. It also considers as index for executive power and level of participation. Defining managerial style for city and conducting power down toward urban managers is regarded as significant discussion of the best managerial model. City managerial model has a close relation to creation or solution of city problems. Survey over Tehran Municipality managerial model offers that the regular model of urban management in Iran is council-manager; Analyzing managerial pattern of Tehran and its features peculiarly dative selection of mayor causes hard dependence of urban management model's elements to the main structure of power. This procedure in turn exacerbates lack of civil institutions and people participation has made urban management as contest arena for political parties over national level. So, council-mayor model is suggested as the convenient model. Applying the model through masses-based procedure and communicative insight into urban problems, in one hand, over national level emphasizes declining role of the center of power and on the other hand in local level it strengthen local management, participation of local community, multi-level and multi-agent government for effective urban management. This model using deductive measures of theoretical discussions urban governance supports urban governance indicators (citizens participation, justice and taking responsibility) and elevates other indicators like the authority of urban manager, mayor power, coordination and cooperation between council and municipality, expertise in municipal body, surveillance power of council and consistency in urban management. Using the model also, decline the dependency of political elements over national level and in an overall view invigorates institutional management the city of Tehran.

Along the human history, business centers have been under many disparities. By the passage of time vast areas of cities land had been devoted to the business use and its physical appearance had appeared as shop, bazaar, passage, department store, etc. A new retail economic geography, with regard to the reuse of spaces in form of megamalls and the transmission of retail capital, both in the inner cities and in the international setting, giving a special attention to the phenomenon of the reconstruction and change in the retail system has been observed. The theoretical approach to shopping and consumption as a form of leisure,hadled to innovation in the business, service, and recreation spaces, one of which is megamall. Various studies have shown that megamalls have been the main business perspectivesof many countries in the world and have vital roles in the retail and tourism industry. This paper is a review-descriptive study and it aims to study and identify the megamalls based on the leisure view of the shopping and consumption. It was concluded that an appropriate integration of physical and functional potentials of Tabriz Traditional Bazaar, as a world heritage, in megamalls can disseminate Tabriz bazaar potentials. It is suggested that creating megamalls based on these potentials as commercial- recreational, leisure and service centers and poles and a ring communication network in the Tabriz city domaincan reduce the economic and traffic load of bazaar and other problems of the city, specially the city center, and it would maintain the bazaar.

The purpose of this article is recognition the problems existing in the basis of planning and the system of planning urban and rural projects in different parts specially in tourism part. The method which is used in this research is qualitative and it is based on Delfi Technique. The scope study is done in three west provinces of the country and in any of the provinces 90 people consisting three groups: 1- the experts and managers who are members of architecture and build city working group, 2- consultant engineers and contractors, 3- university people who are familiar with urban and rural development plans, are known and their opinions are taken by using different questionnaires on the basis of the Delfi 9 stages in a two year period and consequently for the reason of existing capitalism thought, predominance of the exploratory planning on the planning process and also outdated of the projects which supply by positivist method and What which obtained in this research about the reasons of the failure of urban and rural extension projects, shows that the projects which supply to extension rural and urban districts in the provinces Ilam, Lorestan and Kermanshah have many form and content problems and they are unable to establish pretty and ideal urban and rural places

The present study aimed at investigating the different applications of globalization including 1. Business centers such as stock exchange, foreign banks, central offices of banks responsible for foreign exchange transactions, and partnership companies, 2. Transportation infrastructure such as tourism and overseas air travelling companies, Internet companies, offices of telecommunication services, post head offices, and 3. shopping centers offering digital/electronic gadgets such as mobile phones, GPS's devices in terms of their variance as well as regarding CBD (Central Business District) and the population of Tehran.The results of the study showed that there was an inverse correlation between population density and location of globalization applications. The activities tend to be localized away from the central business district. Regarding the centralization of applications or place connectivity, most of these activities tend toward convergence than itself, and the whole activities tend toward convergence and centralization than others. This showed that there still exists a face to face and personal communication in the process of globalization of Tehran and its related activities. Accordingly, giving a model of standard distance for localization of these activities, the present study suggested the most available as well as the best distance for clients and those involved in these activities in this sector, excluding deviation in spatial distribution of these applications.

As the urban development has overtaken the capacity and potentials of the governments and municipalities in extending the infrastructures and providing employment, informal settlements are quickly and irregularly increasing. Studies performed on the informal settlements in Sanandaj (Kurdistan province) suggest that the majority of immigrations to the suburban areas of Sanandaj are from rural areas and are resulted from economical and security concerns (during the imposed war of Iraq against Iran and insecurities within the province). Studies on comprehensive and detailed plans of Sanandaj show that no better position has been considered for the low-income urban classes. In other words, they are missed in the studies. Also the demands of these classes for housing and the way these demands are supposed to be fulfilled have not been studied in the urban development plans. Therefore, one of the reasons that drive these low-income classes to the suburban areas of the cities and their settlement outside the area is attributed to the lack of attention to the demand for housing of these classes in developing formal plans.
In addition to determining the most important structural problems in the informal settlements of Sanandaj, using correlation matrix, the rate of correlation between indices has been studied in this paper and the results suggest that the first important problem in suburban areas of Sanandaj is the usage of high amounts of low quality and inordinate materials in the construction of the buildings. The second important problem is low average area of residential parcels. Finally in this paper, the informal housing area of Sanandaj is assessed, using SWOT technique.