اعظم سادات حیدری یزدی

 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and major depression disorder (MDD) are highly debilitating disorders that usually require lifelong treatments. Studies have introduced cognitive rigidity as a common risk factor for both disorders. This study aimed to investigate and compare the cognitive rigidity profile in patients with OCD and MDD.

This is a descriptive causal-comparative study. The participants were selected among who referred to Bozorgmehr Clinic in Tabriz city, Iran, in 2019 based on the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for OCD and MDD by using convenience sampling. A total of forty-five cases were selected and assigned to three equal groups. Research instrument included General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28),  Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the computer-based task-switching test, working memory test, and the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT), which are related to cognitive rigidity. The data were statistically analyzed by using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) in SPSS-16.

The results showed that MDD and OCD patients had more errors in the task-switching test than healthy individuals as the control group (p < /em>=0.043). In addition the response time in the task-switching test was longer in MDD and OCD patients than in controls (p < /em>=0.007). The control group outperformed both OCD and MDD patients in the working memory test. The results also indicated that MDD and OCD patients had more errors and obtained higher scores on the response time in the SCWT compared to the control group (p < /em>=0.003).

The results suggested that patients with MDD and OCD were similar to each other but significantly different from healthy individuals in cognitive rigidity profile. lar to each other but significantly different from control group in terms of cognitive rigidity profile.

Child abuse remains a significant public health and social problem in developing countries. Studies on this subject could provide valuable information regarding the scope and nature of this phenomenon and its impact on public health. This study aimed to determine the demographic characteristics and risk factors of children and parents involved in subtypes of child abuse in a psychosocial support department.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in a pediatric hospital in Bandar Abbas, Iran from 2011 to 2013. The understudy population consisted of 519 child abuse cases that had been referred to psychosocial support departments for further investigations. Data regarding demographic characteristics and risk factors were collected using a questionnaire. Data analyzed through descriptive statistics, Logistic regression and SPSS software version 16.
From the total, 315 (60.7%) were boys and 355 (68.4%) were under 6 years. A total of 152 (29.3%) parents had mental disorders. The most common type of abuse in children was neglect (77%). Physical abuse was more commonly done by working mothers. Study results also revealed that physical abuse was less prevalent among children of less educated mothers and fathers. Physical abuse was also more common among children of parents with mental disorders and single parent families.
This study showed that demographic characteristics of the child and parents and some related risk factors have a significant effect on child abuse subtypes.

Prevention and treatment of children’ mental disorders are important, not just to reduce their present problems but to improve their performance in adulthood. The nation-wide epidemiological survey of psychiatric disorders in terms of lifetime prevalence is not adequately known in Iran. This study aimed to assess the mental health status of 6-18 year-old children and adolescents in Mashhad province using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). 2012 children and adolescent (6-18 years old) were selected from 10 cluster heads from different municipality areas of Mashhad, Iran. Parents and adolescents filled out the SDQ. The prevalence of symptoms and the relationship between the obtained scores and demographic factors were determined. In this study, a p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant for statistical analysis. Analyzing the self-report form of the SDQ indicated that 34% of the participants were abnormal. In other words, 34% of children had psychiatric problems. In the parent form of the SDQ, 67.7% of children had psychological problems. Determining the subscale score in the self-report form revealed that peer relationship problems (44.4%) was the most common problem in children and adolescents followed by conduct disorder (44.1%), impairment of prosocial behavior (26.8%), emotional problems (15.9%) and hyperactivity (5.8%). In the parent form, impairment in peer relationships (75%) was the most common problem followed by emotional problems (69.6%), conduct disorder (64.5%), impairment in prosocial behavior (52.7%) and hyperactivity (6.3%). In the parent form of the SDQ, the total difficulties score was higher in children and adolescents aged 14-18 and primary school children. There was a significant difference between different age groups and grades in terms of the total difficulties score. In the self-report form of the SDQ, no significant difference was observed between demographic features in terms of the total difficulties score. Our findings showed that mental health of children in Mashhad, especially peer relationship problems, needs more attention.