فهرست مطالب افسانه شمشکی

One of the most common health problems in the elderly population is frailty syndrome. Recent studies indicate that multi- component exercises can significantly improve physical performance of elderly people. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected multi- component exercise protocol (VIVIFRAIL) on balance, flexibility and functional capacity of elders with frailty syndrome.

This is an experimental and applied study with a pre- post- tests design that performed on 20 elderly men with frailty syndrome. Participants selected from one of the elderly rehabilitation centers in Isfahan city and were randomly divided into two exercise (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. For the exercise group, 12 sessions of multi- component exercises were prescribed and control group had no physical activity. The Fried's frailty syndrome index, short physical performance battery, manual dynamometer, sit & reach flexibility, and get-up and go tests were used to assessment of subjects. Statistical analysis and comparison of the mean of groups was performed by the analysis of covariance statistic.

The mean age of participations was 71.7 ± 9 years. Following the implementation of multi-component exercises, there were significant improvements in the mean score of frailty factors such as static balance (34.1%), flexibility (34.4%), Gait speed (%-17.2), hand grip strength (23.5%), risk of falling (-25.6%), and functional capacity (24.6%) of exercise intervention group. Also, no significant difference was observed in the weight of subjects.

The results showed that selected multi-component exercises have improved functional capacity, balance, flexibility, gait speed, hand grip strength, and fall risks in frail elderly persons.

Consumption of high-calorie, high-salt diets is one of the main factors in production of free radicals and consequent oxidative stress in cardiac tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an eight-week sprint interval training (SIT) on oxidative/antioxidative status of cardiac tissue in male Wistar rats on a high-calorie, high-salt diet.

  It was an experimental study in which 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: normal diet group (ND), normal diet and exercise (ND/SIT), high-calorie high salt diet group (HCL/HS), and high-calorie high salt diet + exercise group (HCL/HS + SIT). The sprint interval training was performed for eight weeks, three times per week, and 4-9 reps per session. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, rats were sacrificed and the cardiac tissue removed and used for superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels assessment.

Findings showed that eight weeks of SIT significantly increased the activity of SOD and GPX enzymes in the HCL/HS+SIT group. It also significantly reduced the MDA level in cardiac tissue of Wistar rats (P=0.001). But there was no significant change in TAC level after eight weeks of SIT training in the HCL/HS+SIT group (P=0.148).

Based on the findings of the present study, it seems that SIT training, despite its low volume, may help in preventing oxidative stress induced by a high-calorie, high-salt diet in the cardiac tissue of Wistar rats.

Ginger is an anti-inflammatory plant, but its effects on exercise have been less studied. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an intense training session with ginger supplementation on plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in trained women.

A total of 32 young active girls were divided into four groups: control, supplement, exercise, supplement with exercise (8 people in each group) and the exercise groups took the Bruce Exhaustion Test in two stages (before and after Supplement help) performed. Subjects in the supplement and supplement groups consumed one gram of ginger powder daily with exercise for one week. Blood samples were collected twice before and immediately after the experimental stage. Correlated t-test and one-way analysis of variance with a significance level of P<0.05 were used to analyze the data.

There was no significant difference between plasma CRP levels of control and training group in the post-test versus pre-test, but there was a significant difference between plasma CRP levels of supplement and supplement with training group (P=0.017). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the plasma CRP levels of four groups (P=0.001), so that the plasma CRP levels had a significant decrease in supplementation groups than in non-supplementation groups.

Ginger supplementation can reduce plasma CRP levels after one session of intensive training. Thus ginger as an anti-inflammatory supplement can have a beneficial effect on the improvement of the immune system and reduce CRP in trained women.

Lipocalin -2 is an adipokine which is closely related to obesity, type-2 diabetes and insulin resistance. The present study investigated the effect of aerobic training on plasma levels of Lipocalin-2, insulin and insulin resistance in diabetic male rats. 30 male Wistar rats (12 weeks old, weight: 180-240 gr) were randomly divided into 3 groups of diabetic training, diabetic control and healthy control. The rats of diabetic training group performed endurance training for 6 weeks, 5 days per week, 40 min. per session, speed of 20 m/min. with a slope of 5 degrees. All rats were anesthetized 48 hours after the last training session and after 12 hours of fasting and their blood samples were collected. Plasma levels of Lipocalin-2 and insulin were measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. The results of one-way ANOVA showed that 6 weeks of aerobic training significantly increased Lipocalin-2 plasma levels (P=0.003) and significantly decreased insulin resistance index (P=0.007) in diabetic training group while there were no significant changes in insulin levels in diabetic training group compared to the diabetic control group (P=0.587). This study showed that 6 weeks of aerobic training may play a role in improving metabolic abnormalities in diabetes through an increase in Lipocalin-2 level and a decrease in insulin resistance.

Herbal medicines and their derivatives were considered for treatment of diabetes and its side effects, for a long time. On the other hand, aerobic training considered as an essential treatment of diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic training and Pistacia atlantica extract consuming on plasma levels of Lipocalin-2 and insulin resistance index in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups normal control, diabetic control, diabetic+training, diabetic+extract, and diabetic+training+extract. Diabetes was induced by Streptozotocin (40mg/kg) intrapritoneal injection. 6 weeks of aerobic training on treadmill was the training program (5 sessions per week, each session 40 minutes at a speed of 20 meters per minute and the slope 5 degrees). At the end of each training session, extract groups received Pistacia atlantica extract (25mg/kg), based on the body weight. After six weeks, plasma levels of insulin, glucose and Lipocalin-2 were determined. Statistical analysis was done in SPSS 19 software by one-away ANOVA and LSD as a post hoc test. No significant difference was observed, among the 5 groups in the Lipocalin-2 level (p=0.115), but the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), showed a significant difference among the 5 groups (p=0.025). The mean amount of HOMA-IR index in diabetes+training (p=0.025) and diabetes+training+extract consuming (p=0.017) groups in comparison to diabetic control group was significantly lower. There was no significant difference between HOMA-IR index in other diabetic groups (p>0.05). Aerobic training, alone and combined with Pistacia atlantica extract consumption, by reducing insulin resistance, improves the oxidation disturbance effects of diabetes.

Oxidative stress is considered as one of the factors that can damage tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short term dark chocolate supplementation pre-incremental exercise on vascular lipid peroxidation in active young girls. This is a semi-experimental study. 16 active girls in two groups of experimental (dark chocolate supplementation) and control (avoiding the use of chocolate) participated in this study after completing consent forms. Experimental group consumed dark chocolate (80 grams per day) three days before exercise. After that, the two groups participated in a session of incremental exercise. Venous blood samples were taken in three stages for measurement of H2O2 and MDA concentration; prior to exercise test, immediately and 1 hour after exercise. MDA and H2O2 concentration in both groups had no significant changes after incremental exercise and recovery in comparing to basal state (intra group comparison) (p≥0.05). But experimental group compared to control group had a lower H2O2 level in three stages of basal state (experimental: 1.25±0.45, control: 2.08±0.42) (p=0.004), after exercise (experimental: 1.68±0.30, control: 2.16±0.52) (p=0.05) and recovery (experimental: 1.51±0.30, control: 2.18±0.44) (p=0.006). Short term dark chocolate supplementation maybe effective in controlling the upward trend of the lipid peroxidation during incremental exercise in young active girls.

  Obesity is associated with many cardiovascular and metabolic diseases including insulin resistance. NGAL, as an adipockin secreted from fat tissues, has been recently indicated to be particularly related to obesity and insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an interval period of aerobic training on plasma levels of lipocalin-2, insulin ,glucose and Homeostatic model assessment ( (HOMA-IR) in obese women. 18 sedentary obese women (BMI30 Kg/m2) were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups and were asked to participate in interval aerobic training sessions with moderate intensity (60-75% of Reserve Heart Rate)(HRR) for 8 weeks(three days a week,60 min per session). Plasma levels of lipocalin2, insulin, glucose and (HOMA-IR) Two blood samples were taken ( after 12 hours fasting ) before and 48 hours after final trianing session. Data were analyzed by using (ANCOVA), paired dependent t-test and Pearson correlation at
the (P <0.05). The result while 8 weeks of interval aerobic training with moderate intensity showed a significant change in insulin (P <0.05) and HOMA-IR (P <0.05), changes in plasma levels NGAL (P>0.05) and glucose (P>0.05) tuned out insignificant. Moreover, there was no significant relationship between the level of lipocalin 2 and values of glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR (P>0.05). the results of this study indicated that this kind of training improved insulin resistance; however, a definite statement about the changes in NGAL levels warrants further research.

Because of the importance iron metabolism and role of hepcidin in running, the present study investigates the effects of one event of submaximal exercise on plasma hepcidin concentrations in male runners. For this purpose, we selected eight runners who were athletic team members of Mazandaran University with an average age of 21.7±1.34 years, height of 175.6±5.88 cm, weight of 71.7±11.13 kg and BMI of 23.2±2.95 kg/m2. Subjects ran on the treadmill at 65% heart rate reserves for 60 min and blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and at 3 and 24 h following exercise. Plasma samples were analyzed to determine the concentrations of hepcidin, IL-6, iron and ferritin. The repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc LSD were used to compare the differences between the samples. The results showed significant decrease in plasma hepcidin at 24 h postexercise compared to immediately postexercise (P<0.05), which might be attributed to a significant decrease in plasma concentrations of IL-6 at 3 h postexercise (P<0.05; r=0.794). Although there were no significant differences observed in postexercise plasma iron, a dramatic increase in plasma ferritin was observed immediately, 3 and 24 h postexercise compared to pre-exercise (P<0.05). With regards to the lack of correlation between plasma concentrations of hepcidin and iron (P>0.05), it can be concluded that one event of submaximal exercise does not cause significant differences on plasma hepcidin concentration immediately postexercise and it does not change in regulation of iron metabolism. This observation may be related to exercise duration and intensity.

The purpose of this study was to compare the responses of fibrinolytic system to different types of isokinetic muscular contractions in men. Ten healthy male (age 26.1±3.4 years) subjects performed three exercise protocols included Concentric/Concentric (C/C), Eccentric/ Eccentric (E/E) and Concentric/ Eccentric (C/E) contractions (Flexion and Extension) in knee joint for both legs by using a dynamometer system in three separated sessions. In each trial, subjects performed 4 sets of 10 repetitions of knee flexion and extension, at the speed of 60 degree per second. Blood Samples were taken before exercise, immediately and 30 minutes following exercise for measuring tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen, plasminogen activator inhibitor- 1 (PAI-1) antigen and D-dimer. t-PA antigen in response to three isokinetic contractions is significantly increased and recovery period decreased (P<0.05). Changes in t-PA antigen following C/C and C/E protocols were significantly (P<0.05) than E/E protocol. Regardless of the type of contractions, PAI-1 antigen levels in response to the isokinetic exercise is significantly increased, while, it significantly (p<0,05) decreased following recovery. However, responses to three protocols were not significantly different (P>0.05). D-dimer levels did not change in response to isokinetic exercise (P>0.05), and no significant differences among three protocols were detected. Based on the findings, it could be concluded that isokinetic contraction induces a rise in fibrinolytic system activity and that the C/C and C/E protocols results in more activation of fibrinolytic system compared to E/E protocol.

Intense exercise increases heart susceptibility to the disorder in this physiological factor.The purpose of this study is to study the effect of sprint interval training on plasma levels of apelin, blood pressure and heart rate in elite female runner. Plasma levels of apelin, Heart rate (HR) & blood pressure (BP), analyzed before, after and 24 hours after exercise. 15 elite female runner, whom were playing in Shiraz track & field league, selected for this study. They all were homogenized according to any kind of disease. Rast exercise made plasma level of Apelin decrease after exercise compared with plasma level before exercise and this decrease was significant (p=0.001). Also, plasma level of apelin increased significantly 24 hrs after finishing exercise (p=0.001), but there were no significant differences before exercise (p=0.375). Systolic blood pressure and heart rate increased immediately after exercise and decreased significantly after 24 hrs (p=0.001). However, significant difference was not observed in diastolic pressure before and after exercise (p=0.338). The finding of this study shows that sprint interval training decreases plasma levels of apelin, so we can say that apelin and blood pressure must be in balance in natural position. With knowing the role of apelin, changes in this peptide during exercise can be an alarm to cardiovascular risk factor, during or after exercise in elite athletes.

Physical activity، despite an increased production of free radicals due to stress oxidation، reduces production of free radicals due to product antioxidant enzymes. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of eccentric and concentric exercise on oxidant and antioxidant factors in active young women.

Twenty four voluntary female students participated in the study، who were randomly assigned to three groups: control (no training)، eccentric training group (ellestad test with reverse slope)، and concentric training group (ellestad test with straight slope). Blood samples were collected 1h before and immediately after exercise for assessment of plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC)، glutathione (GSH)، and malondialdehyde (MDA). The SPSS software Ver. 13 was used، while one-way variance was applied to determine dependent variables. T-test analysis was performed on values from blood samples to obtain differences between pre-and post training values.

The results showed that after eccentric and concentric exercise، there were a significant increase in plasma TAC، GSH، MDA levels compared with that of what before the exercise، (p<0. 05). However، there was no significant increase in TAC concentric training group. Discussion &

In conclusion، we suggest that eccentric and concentric exercise may improve antioxidant levels and the defenses of athletic bodies in facing with free radicals.

Physical activities can lead to the release of free radicals through oxidation pressure, and can also result in the decrease of free radicals in the body by producing anti-oxidation enzymes. However the key question is which type of exercise? The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of two kinds of physical activities, Eccentric and Concentric on some oxidation and anti-oxidation factors in the plasma of women involved in physical education. Twenty-four female student volunteers were randomly divided into 3 groups, the control group, the eccentric exercise group, and the concentric exercise group. Blood samples were taken from the test group twice (an hour before and again one hour after the training) in order to analyze the non-enzyme oxidation (GSH), oxidation pressure index (MDA) and absolute anti-oxidation capacity (ATC). Data was analysed using SPSS, version 13, through the analysis of variance test with 95% confidence (p<0.05). Results showed that the amount of TAC, MDA, and GSH plasma after eccentric and concentric physical activities showed meaningful increases compared to before the activities. Also the amounts of GSH, MDA plasma after the eccentric and concentric activities had significant increase in comparison to the control group. It seems that severe eccentric and concentric physical activities are important stimulants causing considerable changes in the body’s oxidation system and these activities can improve anti-oxidation capacity.

The aim of this study was to assess antioxidant status in elite alpine ski racers during six weeks intensive training. Subjects included 12 male alpine ski racers (205 years) who underwent 6 weeks of intensive training. For red blood cells glutathione content, plasma uric acid and total anti oxidant determination, blood samples were collected before and just after training. Plasma Uric acid concentration (6.51.4 mg/dL, 8.31.7 mg/dL) and total antioxidant capacity after six weeks intensive training showed statistically significant increases (2.10.2 mM, 2.70.3 mM). Red blood cell glutathione content also increased after period of training (5.40.7 and 6.10.9 nmol/mg Hb). Intensive alpine ski training after six weeks can increase total antioxidant capacity of plasma probably by increasing through uric acid and RBC glutathione content.