فهرست مطالب افشین محمدی

Based on the purpose, this research is an applied-developmental research, because it seeks to find a suitable model for new intelligent communication technologies in the development of urban management. On the other hand, based on the method and time period of data collection, it is a descriptive (non-experimental) research that was conducted with a cross-sectional survey method. Also, this study is based on a qualitative approach from the perspective of the nature of the data. In the first part, based on library studies and then expert interviews, the indicators of new intelligent communication technologies in the development of urban management have been identified. After the qualitative analysis stage, questionnaires were distributed and data was collected from experts in the field of media and urban management. The statistical population in the qualitative section includes 17experts in the field of study and media activists and urban management of the country. The qualitative results of this research showed that the optimal pattern of new intelligent communication technologies includes the categories of causal conditions (digital world, virtual world technology), contextual conditions (urban management), central phenomenon (new technologies), intervening conditions ( governments and citizens), strategies and actions (smart city), consequences smart transportation and environment, smart government and economy, smart people and life, (smart city). It is worth mentioning that MAXQDA software was used in grounded theory analysis

Introduction The increasing growth of the urban population and the settlement of more than half of the world’s population in cities has not only overshadowed the policies of urban development, but its consequences have played a major role in intensifying the economic, social, political, managerial, and environmental problems of societies. Is. In these cases, the necessity of using new intelligent communication technologies as an irreplaceable solution to urban problems has been noticed by managers. Technological progress and the expansion of its application in urban societies have resulted in extensive changes in the conceptual dimensions, strategic importance, and geographic concentration of urban services.    To avoid uneven and unstable urban development, it is necessary to mobilize all factors and facilities in various scientific and research fields. Today, designers, architects, and urban planning experts who are responsible for the design of urban spaces and the physical form of cities, to achieve the goals of the process of transforming the city form based on the two-spatialization of the city and the change in the structure of urban activities by creating virtual spaces are From this point of view, the two-spatialization of cities as a type of urban macro-spatial development means that the virtual city minus the real city and the real city minus the virtual city are areasis inefficient. The rapid development and progress of new technologies and their widespread use in daily life have caused information to be considered the most basic concept for shaping today’s cities. The new intelligent information and communication technology has broken the intellectual and practical boundaries in traditional societies and has provided a suitable field for the growth of thought creativity and dynamism of business. Human efforts to optimize business affairs in all jobs and current and long-term activities have become almost impossible without the use of new intelligent information technology. Passing the industrial era and entering the era of communication and information has left interesting and profound results in organizations. The nature of these changes is both physical and virtual, objective and mental, and includes all social, economic, cultural, and physical dimensions. Therefore, the main goal of city managers is to transform traditional cities into modern cities where all activities are done electronically and intelligently. In this regard, to use electronic communication tools and information technology to solve urban problems, the theory of the smart city was proposed based on the concepts of the electronic city. 
Materials and MethodsBased on the purpose, this research is an applied development research, because it seeks to identify the factors and indicators affecting the development of urban management based on modern intelligent communication technologies based on a quantitative approach. On the other hand, based on the method and time frame of data collection, it is a descriptive (non-experimental) research that was conducted with a cross-sectional survey method. Also, this study is based on a quantitative approach from the perspective of the nature of the data. In this section, based on library studies and then expert interviews, factors, and indicators affecting the development of urban management based on new intelligent communication technologies based on a quantitative approach have been identified. Then, the questionnaire was distributed and data was collected from the activists of urban management and media management. According to these materials, determining and limiting the research from the three dimensions of time, place, and topic is given priority. In the modern research method, the scope of any research is limited to three dimensions: time, place, and subject, so that there is a necessary focus on the subjects and the researcher can reach the desired answer by posing questions. According to the above, the temporal, spatial, and thematic scope of this research is: Subject area; Identifying factors and indicators affecting the development of urban management based on new intelligent communication technologies based on quantitative approach, spatial territory; urban management, and media management; and the time domain of research; The second half of 2022 and the first half of 2023. Also, in the sampling in the quantitative part, for validating and presenting the final model, the point of view of the activists in the field of urban management has been used. In this research, all personnel and senior, middle, and operational managers of Tehran municipality have been considered as the statistical population, according to the inquiry from the General Department of Human Capital of Tehran Municipality, their number is 72879 people and the sample size is 370 people according to Cochran’s formula.
FindingsConsidering the model obtained from the qualitative method, in this research, using a quantitative approach, questionnaires were distributed and data were collected from the activists in the fields of urban management and media management. The questionnaire was distributed about 12 constructs with the titles of the digital world, technology, virtual world, new technologies, governments, citizens, urban management, smart city, transportation and smart environment, smart city, government, and smart economy. , people, and smart life, and 41 questions were asked and provided to the mentioned people. Then, according to the obtained outputs, three indices of convergent validity, composite reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha were used to evaluate the validity of the external model (measurement).
ConclusionAbout the above, we can point out the significance of smart city relationships with smart transportation and environment, smart government and economy, smart people, and smart life. In the development of urban management, transportation, and the environment will be different with the use of technology. Regarding environmental empowerment, monitoring, and partnerships, a suitable platform can be provided to attract the participation of non-governmental organizations and local community-oriented centers, and about smart transportation systems, such as smart parking, and toll payment It is used electronically, which helps to reduce traffic and environmental pollution. It is also possible to reduce traffic and save time by using intelligent systems such as red light control, registration of violations, specifying the limits of the traffic plan, and intelligent routing software. Among other smart transportation approaches, we can mention the carpooling platform (synergy) to reduce fuel consumption and car side costs. There is no reason that due to new smart technologies, there is no need to be physically present to do many citizens’ affairs. Providing public and social services electronically and offline not only improves citizens’ access to services but also provides the possibility of using services regardless of any place. Among these cases, we can mention electronic banking (paying bills, etc.) which, in addition to saving citizens’ time, also reduces the paper-based process. Among other approaches to new technologies, we can mention the creation of new businesses, the self-employment ability of citizens, and the creation of science and technology parks. In the new global economy, startups are considered key players in economic development. The success of countries in the future will depend on the extent and manner of their growth and influence in their scientific, research, and strategic products. Countries with continuous progress in science, technology, and culture have been able to continuously improve the level of standards, to the extent that in the national and transnational arenas, they have brought the vast world markets under their control and their new knowledge and technologies.

The current research was conducted with the aim of designing the optimal model of public relations management in the Ministry of Oil for the implementation of resistance economy policies. In the quantitative part of the research, 40 managers, specialists and experts in the field of public relations and economics of the Ministry of Oil, who had scientific and specialized records related to the subject of the research, and were selected purposefully and non-probably, the research data using a structured questionnaire with a pattern Comparison and analysis of 108 questions (items) in Stephenson's 7-choice continuum were collected and Q factor analysis method and standard Z score were used for data analysis. The findings of the research showed that there were three intellectual types (types) consisting of the first type (managers) including 19 people, the second type (experts of the first group) including 11 people and the third type (experts of the second group) including 10 people, on 85 items from the total They had consensus on 108 items, of which in 57 cases they agreed with the items and in 28 cases they disagreed with them, so that finally the optimal model of public relations management in the Ministry of Oil for the implementation of resistance economy policies has 4 economic elements (categories). It is managerial, structural and legal. This means that the thinking that governs the view of the respondents is a managerial and economic thinking with a structural and legal framework.

An important issue that arises in relation to theater in the age of modern media is the confrontation or interaction of this art from with the new media. The purpose of this study is to design and validate the a model of theater survival in the field of new media. This study is uses a cross-sectional research design in terms of its method and timespan of for data collection. The statistical population of the study includes the actors and activists of in the country’s theater scene. Using Cochran’s formula, the sample size was estimated at 370 people and sampling was done by using a simple random method. To validate the pattern of theater survival in the field of new media, the partial least squares method and Smart PLS software were used. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that was validated by for structural validity, convergent validity and divergent validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was also assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability. The results show that the new media component is influenced by the components of technology, the digital world and the virtual world. It was also found that the role of governments, artists and history in the third theater is evident. This is Because theater is rooted in history and developments in this field must be trusted by taking acknowledge historical developments into account. Finally, the results showed it is the third theater that can turn people into a theater audience by considering their views and ultimately guarantee the survival of the theater.

Discourse on the resistance economy through modern social media, if it is done with a strategic approach,while raising public awareness and strengthening the endogenous economy in the international arena, it can also show the futility of the policy of unilateral sanctions. This article was done with the purpose of strategic analysis of resistance economy discourse with emphasis on the role of modern social networks. The present research is a descriptive-survey research from the perspective of practical-developmental goal and from the perspective of data collection method. The statistical population includes representatives of the Islamic Council, managers of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, and university professors, and finally 17 people participated in this study through the purposeful sampling method. Data collection was done using semi-structured expert interviews and SWAT tools. To analyze the data, thematic analysis method and SWAT combined approach and quantitative strategic planning were used. The results of the research showed that the appropriate strategy for creating a discourse of resistance economy using social networks should emphasize on strengthening the strengths and minimizing internal weaknesses by focusing on the optimal use of the available opportunities. Explaining the dimensions of the resistance economy and making it a discourse, especially in the scientific, educational and media environments, and turning it into an inclusive and popular national discourse is the best solution in making this goal operational. Social networks can be used to shape public opinion and psychological readiness of members of the society in order to strengthen the endogenous economy..

The new media has had a profound and dramatic effect on the isolation of the country’s theater, so that the life of this field of art needs a new model based on a fundamental revision of current approaches. The present study aims to design a model for the survival of theater in the age of modern media based on grounded theory approach. This research is an applied-developmental in terms of purpose and a descriptive research in terms of data collection which has been done by cross-sectional survey method. The statistical population of this research includes theoretical experts (professors in the field of theater and media in Iran) and experimental experts (managers and activists in the field of theater in Iran). Sampling was performed purposefully using non-probability method and finally 17 selected experts participated in this study. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview. Data based theory (grounded theory) method was used to analyze specialized interviews. Research data were analyzed using MaxQDA software. In the open coding stage, 191 codes were identified, which with the observations made, 6 paradigms, 12 main categories and 41 indicators were achieved. Twelve key categories were identified including new media, third theater, digital world, technology, virtual world, history, governments, artists, modern performance, theater survival, citizenship, and participatory management. Based on the paradigm model of research, new media is the central phenomenon in this study. Technology, the digital world and the virtual world are causal conditions that affect new media. Of course, the role of the government and artists as intervening conditions should not be overlooked. On the other hand, theater is rooted in history, and developments in this field must be trusted by taking historical developments into account. Finally, the results of this study showed that the third theater is a strategy that, according to the point of views of theoretical and experimental experts, can turn the new generation into a theater audience and ultimately guarantee the survival of the theater.

After the Islamic Revolution, Iran has always been under sanction and intense pressure in the arena of international relations, especially from an economic point of view. Resistant economic discourse in the field of international communication can be instrumental by utilizing the potential of social media. In the present study an attempt is made to provide a strategic model for the resistance economy discourse based on social media in the field of international communication. This research is an applied-developmental in terms of purpose and a descriptive cross-sectional in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the qualitative section includes university professors, members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly and managers of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance; selected by purposive sampling method and achieved theoretical saturation by 17 people. In a quantitative part, the views of 130 experts were used. To collect data, semi-structured interview and questionnaire were used. The underlying categories of the discourse model of resistance economics in the field of international communication were identified by content analysis method and MaxQDA 20 software. In the quantitative part, the partial least squares method and Smart PLS software were used to validate the pattern. Findings showed that infrastructural factors affect the nature and legal factors of resistance economics discourse in the international arena. These factors also affect psychological and security factors and furthermore influence the content factors in social media. Also, social cultural and ultimately economic factors can be influenced on the international arena by using the content produced on social media.

Soil evolution is the result of a combination of geomorphological and pedological processes. In this study to investigate the spatial variation of soil characteristics and determine the relationship between soil evolution and different geomorphic surfaces of epandage pediment, erosion pediment, slope surfaces, smooth surfaces, horst, lake deposits, alluvial fan, mountain ridge and circgue in an elevation-climatic profile in the Southeast of Ardabil 12 soil profiles were dug. After digging and field studies, physicochemical and clay mineralogical experiments were performed on the samples. The results showed that variations in weathering intensity and the types of soil forming processes at different geomorphic surfaces, had significant effects on soil properties and evolution and vertisols, mollisols, inceptisols, and entisols orders were identified. Smectite, vermiculite, kaolinite, and illite have formed the composition of evolved soil minerals, respectively and the relative amount of smectite varies from 78.5% at the epandage pediment to 12.3% at the mountain ridge. Also statistical comparison of the mean confidence interval of crystalline iron (Fed-Feo) by Bootstrap method showed that there were significant differences between geomorphic surfaces in terms of soil evolution and the highest amount of crystalline iron with mean of 6.372 g kg-1 was observed in epandage pediment with vertiolsols and the lowest value with average of 0.913 g kg-1 in alluvial fan with entiolsols. According to Spearman correlation test, crystalline iron had a direct relationship with clay percentage, calcium carbonate equivalent, pH and cation exchange capacity, but inversely with sand and organic carbon.

Blood transfusion like other medical interventions has some complications known as blood transfusion reactions. The record of these reactions is helpful in their management and patients treatments. This study has aimed to evaluate the rate of the reactions due to the transfusion of blood components among blood recipients who have had complications in hospitals of Hamadan.

In this cross sectional and retrospective study, the data of all 116 completed reports of possible reactions after transfusion of blood and blood components during 2018 and 2019 were inserted in to SPSS software version 16. The Data were analyzed using T-test, Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test. The significance level was determined as p < 0.05.

Based on the results, in a specialized blood hospital and four general hospitals, allergic reactions make the most common complication with 63 cases (53.4%) followed by febrile non hemolytic reactions with 28 cases (24.1%). A meaningful correlation was observed between RBC containing blood components and febrile non hemolytic reactions (p = 0.02). 68 patients  (58.6% cases) had a history of transfusion of blood products and 78 patients (67.2%) had no history of blood disease.

Conclusions  :

Allergic and febrile non hemolytic reactions had the highest prevalence in blood recipients. The administration of products containing RBC was related to febrile non hemolytic reactions of recipients.

Spatial variability of the soil properties is related to the environmental factors such as climate, topography, parent material and vegetation. Topography causes significant differences in soil properties through the three factors of elevation, natural drainage and slope. This research was carried out to investigate the effect of elevation on some physical and chemical characteristics, type and content of the clay minerals, and finally on the evolution of soils of an elevation profile in Talesh Mountain in Ardabil province. Following excavation and description of five profiles on non-eroded surfaces, physical, chemical and clay mineralogy experiments were performed on the samples. The results showed that weathering intensity and type of pedological processes were different and hada significant effect on some soil characteristics such as clay content, different forms of iron, minerals and soil classification at the different surfaces of elevation. With decreasing the altitude, the amount of illite minerals was reduced but the amount of smectite minerals has increased, which is a reason for the improved weathering and evolution of the soils. The results show that toeslope lands have evolved soils of Vertisols and Mollisols, but highlands have Inceptisols with low degree of evolution. Addition, in the studied elevation profile, as the altitude decreases, the climate becomes warmer and consequently the intensity of pedogenic processes increases.The increase in the amount of crystalline iron (Fed-Feo), as an indicator of soil evolution, from 2303.9 mg kg-1 at the topslope to 7558 mg kg-1 at the toeslope of the mountain illustrates this evolutionary trend.

Nowadays, the importance of the media, including public relations, as an organizational media in shaping and guiding public opinion and the Streaming political, social, economic events etc. is not overlooked by anyone. Perhaps, until recently, the most pivotal role for public relations was simply to inform the actual events. But public relations can now become a "media organization" of society guidance and streamlining by creating conditions for a passive administrative apparatus. The purpose of this research is to investigate the streamlining of public relations events in society with the variables such as the transformation of public relations into a media organization, changes in technological developments, the use of experts and the use of journalistic formats. This research has been done in a survey method by using questionnaire. The statistical population is the public relations experts of ministries and organizations based in Tehran, that their number is 600 and the sample size is 200 people. The results show that with the technological changes, the development of public relations with the media organizations and the use of journalistic formats, public relations can play a more active role in streamlining news in the society.

Review : Today, the importance of the media, including public relations, as an organizational media in shaping and guiding public opinion and the flow of political, social, economic events ... is not about anyone, perhaps until recently, the pivotal role played by public relations. It was merely informing of objective and real events. But at present, public relations can become the "media organization" of the navigator and streamer in the community by creating conditions for a passive administrative apparatus. The purpose of this research is to investigate the flow of public relations news in society with the variables such as the transformation of public relations into a media organization, changes in technological developments, the use of expert manpower and the use of journalistic formats. The research is carried out using a survey method. The tool used is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the public relations ministries and organizations based in Tehran is 600, and the sample size is 200. The results of the research show that public relations can play a more active role in streamlining the news with the technological changes that have been made, the formation of public relations with media organizations and the use of journalistic formats.

One of the most serious subjects in Friedrich Nietzche's works was his controversy with Nihilism problem. If we take Friedrich Nietzche's works as a philosophical theory, we would be in the big wrong study, because it is not only as a theory but he interpreted it like a possibility that proceeds on two level: First, as a denial and negation of life and to make transcendental values accessible. Second, as a debasement and decadence of these high values that life was neglected for them, but perception of Nihilism as a possibility of creating of the new values depends on the reviewing of dual means of "will of nothing". Nietzche in one his subjects called "Ascetic Ideal" shows that Christianity while was a totalitarian valuator structure, finally with leading to moral concepts like the truth, the honesty and confession of the sin has aimed at God and after of his (God) death, Christianity was transformed into devaluing structure. Nihilism for Nietzche is not only the spoiling of Christianity values but his more basic mental disturbance is this spoiling that should not be a decadence of the possibility of creating of new values, thus the redemptive aspects of nihilism could not have been abandoned, because Nietzche deeply did believe the redemption.

Iodine as an essential element is required for biosynthesis of thyroid hormones as well as for the development of the nervous system of the fetus. Therefore, the consumption of an extra dose of iodine ranging from 150-250 µg/day has been recommended for women planning a pregnancy or at early stage of maternity by world health organizations. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of iodine supplementation (150 μg/d) for 90 days on thyroid volume and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in women of reproductive age in West Azarbaijan province, Iran. In this study, 38 women were enrolled (Age: 20-30 years). Inclusion criteria were non-pregnant students, at least one-year residency in student dormitory and no history of thyroid disorders. Thyroid volume was measured by a Philips Affiniti 50 ultrasound. Serum TSH measurements were performed by Liason instrument. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16. The mean age and body mass index (BMI) of the studied population were 24.1 ± 2.59 years and 21.35 ± 2.2 kg / m2. At baseline and 90 day post iodine supplementation, mean total thyroid volume, right lobe and left lobe were 7.07 ± 2.47 ml vs 6.06 ± 0.54 ml; 3.31 ± 1.39 ml vs 3.31 ± 0.86 ml and 2.49 ± 1.21, 2.74 ± 0.79 ml. Paired t test showed the reductions in thyroid size were statistically significant (P<0.05). a significant decrease in The mean volume of left, right and left lobes volume and total thyroid volume after the supplementation stage was shown to be significant (P <0.05). There was no relationship between BMI, body surface area (BSA) or thyroid volume. No difference was detected in TSH levels before and after the iodine treatment (2.13 ± 1.02 mIU/L vs 2.37 ± 1.31 mIU/L). This study reveals that the iodine intervention three months was associated with a 14.28% reduction in to total thyroid volume. On the other hand, the treatment had no effect on the level of TSH. The marked reduction in thyroid volume combined with the a large between individual coefficient of variation in the right lobe and left lobe after the exposure to iodine treatment suggest that assessment of the thyroid size is a sensitive and non-invasive method for longitudinal study exploring the benefits and harms of iodine therapy. Further studies with larger sample size and longer follow-up time point and in combination with urinary iodine excretion, serum thyroglobulin and thyroid-autoimmunity biomarkers are needed to confirm the findings of this preliminary study.

Autologous blood is the best choice for transfusion. This study was designed to evaluate knowledge and attitude of physicians about preoperative autologous donation (PAD) method and the role of training in its promotion.
Interventional Field study was conducted on 212 general practitioners and specialists in Hamedan city during Nov. 2009 to Oct. 2011. In the first step, the questionnaires of knowledge and attitude evaluation was filled out by the target group. Then, "face to face training" with the booklet was offered.
Specialists more than general physicians tended to read the booklet (80.8% compared with 65%). The average score of general practitioner's knowledge increased from 4.74 ± 1.63 (before intervention) to 9.07 ± 2.1 (after intervention) and specialist's knowledge from 5.30 ± 1.97 to 9.65 ± 1.64 that was statistically significant in both groups (p In the first step of this study, the knowledge and attitude of physicians about PAD method were very low and negative but the training intervention significantly increased the target group's knowledge; but the attitude change was obtained only in the group who had read the booklet beside being exposed to the face to face training.

With the advent of electronic media, print media and subsequent (radio, television and Internet) and different forms of news in the past it has increased the sensitivity and importance. Although the news media and need more sensible to do many things, but compared to the rest of the importance of news it has doubled. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of media coverage on the audience perspective is the Voice of America. The study population included all students of Islamic Azad University in 1393, studying their usual form. In order to estimate the sample size was the use of formula, 119 persons were selected randomly as the sample size was determined and was run over them. Descriptive survey method was used in this study and the research instrument, a self-made questionnaire comprised 25 questions. Cronbach's alpha reliability for all materials on the basis of the questionnaire (25 questions) was equal to 0. 885. The amount represents the internal consistency of the questionnaire is desirable. The validity of using confirmatory factor analysis was used to estimate and 6% of the total variance 66/906 factor to explain the questionnaire. , employing experts to form an audience perspective there is a significant relationship.

Toxoplasmosis with a worldwide distribution is one of the most common opportunistic infections in the immunodeficient patients and causes abortion and congenital complications in pregnant women infected with acute infection. The main route of infection is contact with infected cat and consuming under-cooked meat. Because the presence of parasite in the all body fluids, it is probable that transfusion during acute infection leads to transmission of the parasite. The aim of this study was to evaluate the IgM and IgG antibodies in the Hamadan blood donors and its relation to some epidemiologic risk factors.

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 540 blood specimens were taken randomly from healthy blood donors in the Hamadan blood transfusion center. All samples examined by ELISA method for IgG and IgM antibodies. The results analyzed in relation to epidemiological factors such as age, gender, occupation and some Toxoplasma infection risk factors.

About 518 participants in this study were male, others were female. Totally, 294 (54.4%) of studied population were positive for IgG antibody and 10 (1.9%) were positive for IgM antibody. There was no significant relationship between seropositivity and Toxoplasma infection risk factor.

Because the screening didn’t perform on the blood donors in Hamadan; according to results of this study, Toxoplasma infection in blood donors of Hamadan is relatively high and, the rate of IgM antibody could considered for screening of this population.

The main aim of this study is to problematize the role of out-of-class learning in the specific English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) context of Iran by examining the ways in which four learners attempted to revamp their English language ability on their own in out-of-class settings. In so doing, we draw on the concepts of agency and autonomy in the field of L2 research to understand and explain learners’ self-directed practices for language learning within situations outside the classroom. Data were collected through in-depth interviews in which the students were asked to describe their personal approaches to English learning, use and practice in any situations beyond the classroom, most possibly hidden from their teachers. Three rounds of semi-structured interviews were carried out with the learners on an individual basis during May 2012. Thematic analysis of the interviews suggests that despite the dearth of naturalistic learning opportunities in our context, Iranian EFL learners take a variety of individual and collective initiatives to create authentic opportunities of language learning, use and practice for themselves in out-of-class contexts such as on-campus and outside the university. Based on the findings, it can be argued that in order to foster learners’ more active role in their learning, greater attention should be paid to their personally-conducted, autonomous English learning activities outside the classroom.

The overall objective of this study was to investigate the factors influencing entrepreneurial managers, public relationsagencies in Tehran.The statistical sample consisted of 93 managers, public relations agencies in TehranIslamic Azad University of Tehran-based units, ministries, non-governmental organizations and government departments andagencies in Tehran in 1391 working in the centers are up.The descriptive survey research method was used. Measuring devices tested consisted of 17 questions based on thecharacteristics of entrepreneurial managers view 5 Factor is made by Lamp and Michael Caine Heath Vds .The questionnaire included five post-traits entrepreneurs, innovation, risk-taking, ftarasrgzar strategy is based on competitionand independence is assessed by Likert scale used .prsshnamh completely "disagree, disagree, somewhat agree, agree,totally" agree) was determined. Reliability based on Cronbach's alpha for each of the questionnaire (17 questions) was 0/855of entrepreneurial managers. This increase reflects the internal consistency of the questionnaire is quite acceptable. Inestimating the validity was determined that all of the questions, there was a significant correlation with the total test. Toanalyze the data, frequency tables and correspondence tables were analyzed by Spss software.Findings showed a significant positive correlation between Components of innovation , risk , strategy based on race andgender entrepreneurship and independence between the components of an effective and experienced there but there is nomeaningful relationship with the entrepreneur.

Venous thrombosis is a major cause of death in the hospital، which is largely preventable. Patients undergoing orthopedic surgery have a higher risk of deep vein thrombosis. Nursing non-pharmacologic approaches in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in patients'' care is a priority. This study aimed to determine the effects of diet and exercise programs on the incidence of deep vein thrombosis in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery of the lower limbs.

In this study، one hundred patients with fractures of the lower limb that underwent orthopedic surgery was admitted to the orthopedic ward of Urmia Imam Khomeini Hospital. The patients who were eligible، were randomly assigned in sports، nutrition، nutrition / exercise and control groups. Data collected through demographic information questionnaire، Caprini Risk Assessment Model and color Doppler ultrasound. Then the Data were analyzed with Chi-Square test، One Way ANOVA، Relative Risk (RR)، Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) tests.

Results showed that there was significant difference in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis among the four groups after intervention (P <0/05). Care plan in nutrition، exercise and exercise / nutrition was beneficial in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis (RR=0/092).

Implementation of the care plan based on nutrition and exercise in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery of the lower limb has been effective for prevention of deep vein thrombosis and it is recommended to apply these interventions in the care of these patients.

racial and environmental factors may influence the refractive errors، corneal curvature and thickness. These variables were evaluated in Arak residential university students. In this cross sectional observational study 400 students aged 18-30 years old living in Arak city that were eligible for the study. Demographic and past medical history information of all students was recorded and the corneal thickness (CT) and curvature (CC) and refractive error were measured. The correlation between refractive indices and CT and CC were investigated in all cases and also in refractive subgroups. The mean of CT، CC and power were 533. 22 (±32. 02) µm، 7. 75 (±0. 28) mm and 43±1. 66 Diopters respectively. There were significant correlation between refractive error and CT in hyperopic subgroup (p=0. 029) and between CT and CC in myopic subgroup (p=0. 007). The mean of CC of myopic and astigmatic subgroups were significantly more than normal cases. these findings are similar to the other international researches about corneal thickness، curvature and refractive errors in normal population. It seems further studies with more and older cases are necessary to investigate the impact of climatic condition and industrial air pollution on refractive errors and corneal parameters.

Application of WBC-reduced blood products can decrease side effects related to white blood cells transfer، such as febrile reactions، CMV infection and …. Advances in biotechnology have led to production and development of filters that are capable of reducing WBC; hence، diminishing these side effects. The aim of this study was to determine and compare side effects of blood transfusion between pre-storage filtration and post-storage filtration methods in thalassemia patients. This study was a randomized clinical trial with crossover design and included adult thalassemia patients referring to hospital from 1388 to 1389 and receiving alternately red blood cell concentrates by using pre-storage and post-storage filtration methods. Side effects of blood transfusion including hypotension، fever، hemoglobin drop and blood transfusion rate were recorded and compared between the two methods. Data were introduced in to SPSS software and analyzed by paired t-test، χ2، t-test and P>0. 05 was considered significant. Comparison of the incidences of hypotension، FNHTR، allergic reactions and hemoglobin drop between pre-storage and post-storage filtration methods showed no significant differences. A significant difference was observed in the transfusion rates between the two methods which indicated a lower transfusion rate in the pre-storage method (p<0. 001). Pre-storage filtration method is not superior to post-storage filtration method for blood transfusion in thalassemia patients.

Diabetes mellitus, as the most common metabolic disorder in the world with increasing incidence, is associated with advanced atherosclerotic changes in cardiac, cerebral and peripheral vasculature. Atherosclerosis by making some changes is related to the cardiac and cerebral vasculature. Establishment of peripheral vascular complication leads to early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular complication. Measurement of Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) with Colour Doppler ultrasonography was down as a screening test for assessment of atherosclerotic change in 206 patients with type 2 diabetes Mellitus through a cross sectional study. ABI Index less than 0.9 was defined as a predictive norm for atherosclerosis. Ki- square and ANOVA tests were used for data analysis. 84 male and 122 female with type 2 diabetes mellitus were evaluated. The mean age was 54.08 ± 9.2 and 41 patients, 17 males (41. 5%) and 24 female (58. 5%), had ABI less than 0.9. The meaningful correlation was between abnormal ABI and duration of disease (P=0. 04), cardiovascular event and CCU admission (P=0. 001), hypertension (P=0. 01) and dyslipidemia (P=0. 01). ABI is a non invasive and reliable assay for detection of peripheral and cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. In patients with abnormal ABI, long term follow up for earlier detection and prevention of high risk cardiovascular complication is helpful.

This Article is the summary of a research which has studied the lifestyle and the behavior patterns in the best selling movies. He meaning of lifestyle is a very new and novelty concept and it is about half of a century which this concept is discussed. The lifestyle concept is a part of new world and modernity. As David Cheney said in modern society people use lifestyle concept to explain their reactions. People shape their tastes and values by using media. In the other hand values, relations and behavior of people have changed in the format of modernity and tradition, although these two issues have become very crucial and challengeable issues in this century. Therefore in this research we study categorize lifestyle in two main meaning: traditional lifestyle and modernity lifestyle, as well as we categorized behavior patterns in two categories: material and cultural behavior patterns.Cinema industry due to best selling movies and lots of viewers has become one of the most reliable evidence for studying the lifestyle of viewers and film makers. Best selling movies with many viewers can show the values and attitudes of society of Iran so it can indicate the behavior of people by looking at their choice as well as their pattern of consumption. By looking at the results of this research we can indicate that traditional lifestyle and cultural behavior pattern are seen more in the movies than the modernity lifestyle and material behavior pattern.