الهام حصاری

Self-esteem is one of the important dimensions of mental health in the elderly. It may be affected by increasing age, reducing ability and decreasing independence of the elderly. Peer group training as a non-pharmacological treatment method based on sharing interpersonal experiences has an important role in increasing attitude and knowledge. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of peer education on the self-esteem of the elderly.

This quasi-experimental study was performed on 50 elderly people referred to Aliabad Katoul boarding center with a non-random sampling method in two test and comparison groups in 2018. The data collection tool was the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire. In the experimental group, training was conducted in 5 groups of 5 people by 5 peer trainers in 5 sessions (30-45 minutes). Data were collected before and after the intervention by self-report method. Data analysis was performed by spss21 statistical software. Statistical tests in this study were performed with the help of descriptive statistics (table, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (paired t-test, independent t-test, chi-square and analysis of covariance) at a significant level of 0.05

Covariance test by eliminating the effect of pre-test showed that peer group training increases self-esteem of the elderly (Eta = 0.51, P = 0.01). So that 51% of post-test changes can be related to the effect of peer training.

The use of peer-to-peer self-care training groups increases the self-esteem of the elderly. Therefore, using the experiences of peer groups as a simple, low-cost but effective educational method has an important role in improving the mental health of the elderly.

Children with thalassemia face serious clinical and psychological complications that can cause many problems for them and their families. Coping strategies based on psychological theories help these children to adapt to their new situation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Roy’s systemic model on social adjustment of children with thalassemia.

This experimental study was performed on 54 thalassemic children referred to Taleghani Hospital in Gonbade Kavous (Golestan Province, Iran). Data were collected by Bell adjustment and demographic information questionnaires, and then analyzed by SPSS-21 software using descriptive statistics (percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (paired t-test, independent t-test, U Mann-Whitney and Chi-square) at a significant level of 0.05.

Independent t-test did not show a significant difference between the intervention and test groups before the study (P = 0.59). This test showed a significant difference between the two groups after the intervention (P = 0.002). Paired t-test showed a significant difference in the intervention group before and after the study (P = 0.016). Paired t-test in the control group before and after the intervention did not show a significant difference (P = 0.16). ANCOVA test showed a significant difference by removing the effect of pre-test. So that 0.34 of the variable-dependent changes can be related to the Roy adaptation pattern (P <0.01, eta = 34%)

Education based on Roy’s theory affects social adjustment of children with thalassemia. The quality of life of children with thalassemia depends on several factors.

The most common problem in old age is chronic non-malignant pain, if not treated and managed properly, it can affect the lifestyle of the elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate the lifestyle pattern with chronic pain in the elderly referred to Mirdamad Gorgan Comprehensive Aging Center and its relationship with some demographic factors.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 104 elderly patients with chronic non-malignant pain referred to Mirdamad Gorgan Comprehensive Nursing Center (Golestan Province-Iran). Data were collected using a Standard demographic questionnaire and a lifestyle model with chronic pain. Data were analyzed using SPSS16 software and statistical tests of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and Chi-square at the significance level of 0.05.

Among demographic factors, only the variable of economic status with the pattern of life with chronic pain was statistically significant (P ⹀ 0.001). The highest mean of chronic pain pattern was in the social sphere and the chronic pain pattern in elderly women was at the desired level.

The quality of life of the elderly depends on various factors. Planning to improve the quality of life of the elderly and informing them about the benefits of behavioral correction is essential to having a proper life pattern.

Identity has become one of the most fundamental and important issues in people’s various areas of life in today's society, especially in countries like Iran has in the contemporary era. It seems that people who live in the modern society have multiple identities that should be recognized well. Identity of a place is one of the aspects understood as a way of communication between people and places through culture, history, collective memory, the type and nature of technology, performances, signs, forms and symbols of the city and visual and physical features. In this study, one of the categories of place identity, identity in the neighborhoods of Iran’s cities, was investigated. Existence of neighborhoods in the structure of historical cities in Iran, as a key element of the body of the city, balanced social life in cities. Neighborhoods as places of human life not only could affect the environment, but also improved the quality of social life. Hence, the aim of this study is to recognize the social variables affecting the identity of the neighborhoods of Islamic-Iranian’s cities. In this study both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. To do so, at first the concept of identity was identified through the studies of documents of experts’ ideas and social variables affecting identity were extracted. Then, the variables identified by questionnaires and random sampling among 100 residents of the neighborhood of Shanbedi in Bushehr were evaluated and reviewed. The results of the evaluation and analysis of factor analysis and Pearson correlation, which was used as a statistical method in this research, indicated that there is a strong, significant and meaningful relationship between the variables of sense of belonging, peace and image of identity and each of the factors with different effectiveness affects the idea of neighborhoods and peace had the strongest correlation with identity. Furthermore, the criterion of security is a variable which had a moderate and significant correlation with identity.

The studies conducted so far on the Herat school’s painting were more related to the aesthetic aspects and paid rarely attention to them in realistic perspective. One of the realistic features in paintings of the school was the reflection of Islamic architecture and decorative elements attached to it. Little attention to investigate the decorative elements in paintings stems from this presumption that Iran’s painting mostly shows the world of Ideas and is far from the visible reality. In this paper, it is attempted to investigate the realism of tiling decorations of the Behzad’s paintings by removing the existing presumption. The present study seeks to answer the question that what extent is the status of using the motifs and tiling decorations in Behzad’s paintings and their adapting to decorative motifs of its contemporary architectural monuments’ tiling? The research method is descriptive and analytical based on library data. For this purpose, 8 Behzad’s paintings were selected and their tiling decorations have been analyzed. Then, the comparative comparison was performed among each type of the decorations identified with the same decorations in established monuments of the Timurid era. Results indicate that most tiling decorations of paintings are affected by the real monuments of the Timurid era in terms of form, structure and color, and the common types of decoration used in paintings are under glazed tiles, geometric faience mosaic, geometric monochrome and then brick’s Girihchini and painted tile through matching the decorative motifs and the accuracy of structure, while some other common types of the Timurid era’s tiling such as geometrical under glazed, mosaic floral, geometric Moaqely and masonry ones have not been used in Behzad’s paintings.

Due to the lack of support from the Safavid court, we witnessed the migration of some of the artists to the Ottoman court. These conditions created a suitable basis for the development and growth of the Ottoman art based on the artistic achievements of Iranian schools in the newly established workshops in Istanbul. Implementing a comparative-analytical method, in this research, the extent of the influence of the Ottoman school from the Tabriz school and the similarities and differences of them based on the available graphic dimensions in the paintings of these two schools are investigated examining Shah Tahmasb’s Shahnameh and Soleymannameh. The results show that in the first half of the tenth century (AH), the activities of Iranian immigrant artists in Topkapi's workshops have had significant effects on the Ottoman paintings, and the artists of this school were able to adapt to the valuable Persian art and combine it with their native art to achieve a glamorous method of national style.

Residential Satisfaction is one of the most complex issues and the key criterion which has been studied by many urban scholars and also other scientific researchers. It is necessary since it contributes to individuals’ well-being and quality of life. Admittedly, the Residential Satisfaction concept is based on a wide range of expectations, desires and tendencies in order to meet basic and transcendental human needs, and refers to the real experience of people's lives. Satisfaction with the residential environment is, in fact, people's quality of evaluating their living environment and many factors such as personal, physical and social factors influence its level. Hence, evaluation of these factors leading to satisfaction with the residential environment can be used as scales and standards by the city planners, urbanists and architects. It seems that by reviewing the research conducted on resident's satisfaction and its inductive conclusion, one can reach a systematic framework and a comprehensive model to explain the factors affecting this quality. This paper is in search of a theoretical framework to identify and assess background factors and variables affecting residential satisfaction, and to develop a theoretical model to analyze the relationship of each variable with the extent of residents’ satisfaction using a meta-analysis method by comparing the results of previous experimental research. This analysis was undertaken to achieve tangible and clear conclusions. Accordingly, on the one hand it deals with defining satisfaction with the residential area based on the views of experts in the field; and on the other hand, by looking at previous experimental studies, it deals with identifying and analyzing the factors affecting the satisfaction of the residents and offers the proposed model of the research. The results of the research identify that Satisfaction with residential space is a complex phenomenon and depends on multiple factors which includes personal, social and physical factors. Personal variables, independently, are known as the most influential factors affecting different levels of expectations, desires and tendencies of life. Social factors were identified and defined as emotions that are effective in the process of shaping the social dimension of satisfaction. It can be stated that the public's sense toward local community increases in places and is affected by people’s mental perception of the environment. in fact, people feel more satisfied with their local community when it seems supportive, reliable and friendly. The third level of commonality also showed that satisfaction is also influenced by the living conditions and physical environmental factors. If built environment was selected by people and it has a good quality, it will affect judgment of satisfaction of the residential environment. In addition, social and physical factors of residential environments form the real experiences of people from these environments. With respect to the objective of observing the physical environment and mental perception of the social conditions in which one lives, residents will have different actual experience in terms of the environment. Thus, if there is more convergence between individual's expectations with their real experience of the environment, the satisfaction with the residential environment will increase.