الهام محبوبی

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric disorder that is known as the most painful disorder among the psychological disorders associated with cosmetic and appearance surgeries. This is accompanied by intense and disturbing intellectual preoccupation with a partial or imaginary defect in appearance, which creates a feeling of insecurity and inadequacy in people.The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of paradox therapy on body image and negative emotions in women with BDD.

This study employed semi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test, including a follow-up with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all women diagnosed with BDD who sought cosmetic surgery at beauty clinics in Tehran in the second half of 2023. Thirty participants were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Paradoxical therapy(PTC) was conducted over 8 sessions of 90 minutes for the intervention group, while the control group received no training. Data were collected using the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Metacognitive Questionnaire (Rabiei et al., 2020), Body Image Satisfaction Scale (Sweto et al., 2002), and Negative Emotions Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Data analysis was performed using analysis of variance with repeated measures with SPSS22 at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that paradox therapy compared to the control group affected satisfaction with body image (F=33.72, P=33.00>1), stress (F=21.683, P>0.001), anxiety (F=10.280, P>0.001) and depression (F=9.935, P>0.001). The scores of stress, anxiety and depression in the paradox therapy group decreased compared to the control group and in the follow-up stage it was still significantly different from the pre-test stage.

Considering the effectiveness of paradox therapy on increasing satisfaction with body image and reducing stress, anxiety and depression of women with body deformity disorder, mental health professionals can use paradox techniques to reduce psychological distress and increase satisfaction with body image in Women with body deformity disorders should use it.

Test anxiety as a common phenomenon among students is correlated with many factors. This study aimed to comparatively investigate the perfectionism and academic procrastination in students with high and low test anxiety.

Sample consisted of 362 male and female students of 2nd course of high school of Kashan who were selected by multi-stage random sampling. In order to collect information the Academic Procrastination Scale, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and Test Anxiety Scale were used. Data were analyzed through t-test.

The results indicated that there was a significant difference between high and low test anxiety in studentschr('39') perfectionism and academic procrastination.

Students with high test anxiety were more perfectionist than students with low anxiety, with less positive perfectionism and more negative perfectionism. Also, these students showed more procrastination in their studies. These findings have empirical implications in educational environments that can have the role in studentschr('39') academic achievement.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of negative perfectionism and academic procrastination according to the mediating and moderating role of test anxiety and self-compassion in students. Sample consisted of 362 male and female students of 2th course of high school of Kashan who were selected by multi - stage random sampling. In order to collect information the Academic Procrastination Scale, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Test Anxiety Scale and Self-Compassion Scale—Short Form were used. The proposed model of the present study was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. The results indicated that the purposed model has relatively acceptable fit. Also, analysis of model indicated direct path of negative perfectionism to academic procrastination was non- significant, but the total path of negative perfectionism to academic procrastination was significant. Furthermore, indirect path of negative perfectionism to academic procrastination through test anxiety was significant. The results also indicated that the mediated relationship between negative perfectionism and academic procrastination was different from the test anxiety in students with high and low self-compassion. These findings have empirical implications in educational environments that can have the role in students' academic achievement.

Based on the cognitive model of Body Dysmorphic Disorder, the progression of ineffective beliefs results in negative thinking. Normally, mental disorders with acute or chronic malnutrition indicate that the patient suffers from lack of nutrients. The main question is whether cognitive behavioral training is effective on these two variables?

The main aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral education on Food habits and Body Dysmorphic Disorder in girls.

A quasi-experimental study was carried out with a pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population of this study included 200 single girls in the age range of 17 to 25 years old in sport clubs in District 3 of Tehran, and 60 of them who had the criteria for participating in the research were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling and by screening method the number of participants reached to 24.They were assigned in two groups randomly & by homogenization. For pre-test and post-test, both groups completed the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale(1977) and Coker Roger Eating Habits Questionnaire(1990) Training sessions for the experimental groups were conducted based on the cognitive behavioral therapy group. (Babylon, Mckeb & Anthony,2006) 

Findings of the present study showed that cognitive-behavioral training significantly influence on dietary habits and dysmorphic (P<0/001).            

Based on the findings of this study, cognitive behavioral training can cause replacing of more correct and objective cognitions and affect eating habits and body dysmorphic.