فهرست مطالب الهه آهنی

Reducing environmental pollution and achieving economic growth along with a clean environment have been some of the most important and challenging topics in recent decades and until now (Maghdisi and Golriz Rezaei, 2019). Therefore, it has attracted the attention of many researchers and policy-makers. In this regard, examining the economic dimensions of greenhouse gas emissions and their environmental effects, especially in the current situation where the volume of greenhouse gases is increasing, is important. This is despite the fact that the process of industrialization of societies has led to more and more intensive exploitation of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas in order to be used in the production process of various goods and services. In the last three decades, increasing the amount of carbon dioxide has been one of the most important issues in environmental economics and development. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas and one of the most important causes of global warming and climate change.For this purpose, in the current research, the relationship between economic growth, population, and carbon dioxide emissions in different countries of the world, considering their income levels, was investigated using the panel data method in the period of 1991-2018.This article examines the theoretical foundations and various theories in this field, some of the most important factors affecting carbon emissions, such as gross domestic product, population, and urbanization as a measure of environmental quality. Several studies have examined the direct relationship between energy consumption and economic growth from different aspects. Still, despite the studies conducted, this study analyzed the carbon emission in different countries and the factors affecting it theoretically. Is. In this regard, first, the theory of Kuznets Environmental Curve (EKC) was analyzed in a refined manner, and then the amount of population and urbanization and economic growth and their impact on the emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, were analyzed through perspectives and theory. Various things have been discussed. The information and statistical sources used in this study are written documents, library, and electronic information. The data were extracted from the statistical information published on the World Bank website for all countries during the years 1991-2018. Based on the classification of countries by the World Bank through their income levels, the countries examined in this study are divided into five groups of countries with income levels (high-medium to high-low-medium to low) and according to the availability of all Their information has been determined. The countries of Iran, Pakistan, Philippines, Kenya, and Vietnam in the group of countries with medium to low-income levels; Argentina, Peru, Turkey, and Mexico in the group of middle to high-level countries; Spain, Australia, Italy, Japan, and Norway are in the group of high-income countries and finally, Togo, Chad, Congo, Liberia and Madagascar are in the category of the lowest income level.The sustainable development of any society requires attention to the environment and its protection for future generations. In the meantime, the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide gas, has caused concerns about the quality of the environment. From other aspects, economic growth as a stable factor and one of the most basic macroeconomic goals has always been the focus of planners. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the relationship and effect of economic growth on the amount of carbon dioxide gas emissions in 4 groups of selected countries with different per capita income (high, medium to high, low, and medium to low) among 20 countries using data. Combined studies have been carried out during the years 1991-2018. For this purpose, Kao, Westerland, and Pedroni's co-integration test was first performed to confirm the co-integration relationship between the variables. Then Chow's test was used to confirm the panel data method, the test statistic was equal to 1.75 and the null hypothesis of this test showed that the panel data method is applicable. Next, Hausman's test was performed to compare fixed and random effects models. The Hausman test statistic was found to be 25/41 completely significant, so the model was confirmed in the fixed effects model. Finally, to investigate the effects of economic growth on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in selected countries, the general and partial estimation of the regression panel model with fixed effects was used. The results of the regression model showed a positive relationship between carbon emissions and gross domestic product in the studied countries. The coefficient related to the variable of gross domestic production and its square were obtained at a significant level, and the positive and negative signs were evaluated according to Kuznet's theory. Therefore, the environmental hypothesis of Kuznets was confirmed in the mentioned countries and the results showing the relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions were estimated as inverted U.Obviously, in this study, the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and population, urbanization rate, and gross domestic product can help policymakers in making the right decisions in dealing with environmental degradation in line with economic growth. Also, the results of the regression analysis showed: that all countries are located on the upward slope of the Kuznets environmental curve, and with the increase in income, the amount of carbon has increased on average for all countries; The slope of this curve has been assessed as increasing at low levels of income and decreasing at higher levels. Also, the results showed that there is a close correlation between carbon dioxide emissions, GDP, population, and urbanization rate. However, due to changing technology and replacing fossil energies with new energy sources, this dependence can be reduced. Also, the partial estimation results of the regression model showed that with population decrease in countries with high and medium to high per capita income, the amount of released pollution has increased by -11-2.10 and -6.46-10-E respectively.Obviously, in this study, the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and population, urbanization rate, and gross domestic product can help policymakers in making the right decisions in dealing with environmental degradation in line with economic growth. Also, the results of the regression analysis showed: that all countries are located on the upward slope of the Kuznets environmental curve, and with the increase in income, the amount of carbon has increased on average for all countries; The slope of this curve has been assessed as increasing at low levels of income and decreasing at higher levels. Also, the results showed that there is a close correlation between carbon dioxide emissions, GDP, population, and urbanization rate. However, due to changing technology and replacing fossil energies with new energy sources, this dependence can be reduced.

Increasing temperature, solar radiation, and changes in rainfall patterns are among the most important factors affecting increasing plant water requirement, evapotranspiration and changes in volume and runoff, and soil moisture, which in turn have changed the demand and supply of water in the agricultural sector of northeastern Iran. Therefore, the sum of these cases necessitates awareness of the effects of climate change on agriculture and water resources. Considering the water crisis in Iran and its northeastern catchments, especially the Kashf Roud catchment, which is one of the most critical basins, attention to water productivity in these areas is essential. In this regard, to calculate the amount of water consumed in different growth stages, the water footprint index was used to evaluate the appropriate water used in the agricultural sector in different climates.

Simulation of basin parameters under climatic scenarios for the period 2040-2021 has been done in WEAP software. After modelling water resources in WEAP software, to define climate change scenarios, the simulation results using the weighted combination of four AOGCM models from the project comparing the coupled models of the sixth phase (CIMP6) under three scenarios SSP1-2.6 (optimistic), SSP3-0.7 (pessimistic) and SSP5-8.5 (very pessimistic) for the baseline period (1993-2012) and future period (2021-2040). The output observations of the sixth report models are under new scenarios (SSPs), which are the trajectories of the common socio-economic sectors, i.e., socially sustainable pathways, and describe different scenarios for future economic development, population and technology, and different concentrations of greenhouse gases. The conceptual framework of the present study was to calculate the economic and physical productivity of crop water resources using water footprint and carbon in climate change conditions. This approach was developed in the Kashf Roud catchment area located in northeastern Iran for 2019-2020.

The results showed that the water requirement of crops increased in all climate scenarios (CMIP6) and its yield decreased. Also, the highest water footprint among selected crops were sugar beet, forage corn, onion, alfalfa, tomato, and cucumber, respectively. The increase in the water footprint index of products in the basin indicated a higher volume of blue water footprint than green water footprint, which indicates increased evapotranspiration and decreased rainfall in the northeast of the country. The results showed that alfalfa (2623.2 m3/t) in a pessimistic scenario had the highest and the lowest water footprint with 502 m3/ton forage with 502 m3/ton. Potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, and barley had the highest economic productivity in pessimistic climatic conditions, respectively. This is a sign of decreasing rainfall and increasing temperatures in 2040. Also، the lowest physical productivity in the pessimistic climate was wheat and alfalfa (309.2 and 336.2 k/m3، respectively). Inotherwords, with changing climate conditions and increasing water demand for crops, the index of economic water productivity has been lowered.Among the studied crops, corn had the lowest share in green water footprint (1%) per hectare.  However, the share of this product from blue footprint is estimated to be 14.52%. Also, alfalfa, barley, wheat, and tomato crops (21.85, 20.36, 20.03, and 10.09%) had the highest share and significant amount of green water footprint, respectively. In contrast, the share of the aqueous water footprint of the mentioned products was estimated to be 12.3%, 2.5%, 5.7%, and 11.7%, respectively. The economic productivity index of wheat and alfalfa in the pessimistic scenario was calculated as 9276.3 and 7444.02 Rials per cubic meter. The continuation of drought conditions in the basin has led to a 48 and 56 percent reduction in its productivity. The highest water footprint and carbon footprint were potatoes, sugar beet, onion, cucumber, and corn, respectively. The least of them were wheat, barley, tomatoes, and alfalfa, respectively. According to the concept of water footprint, if less water can be used to produce a particular product, that product is a priority. Therefore, the most suitable product in the discussion of water and carbon footprint is that of wheat.

In this study, water consumption for agricultural products was investigated. The results showed that the share of green water footprint in alfalfa, barley, wheat, and tomato crops was more than 20% of the total water footprint share. In general, due to the consequences of climate change and the upcoming droughts, special attention should be paid to the issue of water scarcity and water resources should be managed appropriately. Also, major changes should be made in crop cultivation patterns so that crops with less water requirement and higher yields appropriate to the climate of each region will replace the other crops. The most important solution is to reduce the water footprint by reducing the demand and consumption of water and in other words, balancing the water supply according to the potential of the region's water resources. One of the practical solutions in water resources management, estimation of plant water requirement and determination of water volume consumed at different stages of production was proposed.

an attempt was made to simulate and evaluate the water footprint of agricultural products under the conditions of climate change in the Kashf River watershed. I, WEAP was used for the integrated assessment of water resources. Also, the MABIA tool available in the WEAP was used to simulate the effects of climate change on crops such as wheat, barley, alfalfa, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, and fodder corn. The simulation of water and carbon footprints was done using the outputs of WEAP and MABIA models for the years 2013-2040.respectively. The biggest decrease in yield in the middle scenario was attributed to the two products barley and alfalfa with 25.7 and 25.6 percent. Also, the highest amount of change in net water requirement belongs to potato crops equal to 64.8%, and onion at 59.37% in the pessimistic scenario compared to the current conditions. In general, from the calculation of the water footprint, it was found that the highest water footprint of the selected products is sugar beet, fodder corn, onion, alfalfa, tomato, and cucumber with 18, 15, 14, 14, 13, and 12 thousand cubic meters. The lowest carbon footprint was assigned to wheat, barley, alfalfa, and fodder corn products, the water footprint of agricultural products will be larger than the green water footprint. The increase in evaporation and transpiration and the decrease in rainfall at the basin level, show the negative consequences of the climate change phenomenon for the farmers of the region.

Sugar beet, as one of the important sources of energy supply, plays an important role in food security of society. Therefore, the optimal use of agricultural inputs in the production of this product, in addition to increasing productivity and reducing production costs, leads to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing the negative impact of improper consumption of agricultural inputs on the environment. Finds. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency range of farmers based on the use of agricultural inputs in an optimistic-pessimistic framework, and analyze the environmental effects of input consumption.

Information needed to conduct research was collected through interviews and completing 48 questionnaires among sample beet growers in Ghaen city in the 99-98 crop year.

The average efficiency of farmers in the output-input mode was equal (0.7011, 1.7606) and the average efficiency of farmers (0.427, 0.0352) was calculated. The results show that 42.7% of the product is produced per unit consumption. Also, the average amount of inputs such as: seed consumption, phosphate fertilizer, nitrogen and toxins in the production of sugar beet, respectively, is estimated at 3.370, 54.2, 139.70 and 2.523 kg / ha. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted due to the production of sugar beet and the consumption of essential inputs such as: nitrogen fertilizer, and seed consumption, the toxin is 1480.73, 984.65, 1.53, 11.49 kg / ha, respectively. According to the results, nitrogen fertilizer has the greatest environmental impact.

In the production of sugar beet, different types of inputs are used, which in addition to increasing the yield, also have an environmental effect. Therefore, by informing farmers through their presence and participation in extension classes and also by educating farmers about the proper management and consumption of chemical inputs, the harmful effects of their overuse in the production process can be prevented. Brought. In order to reduce the biological and protective effects, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and replace livestock and organic fertilizers by producers and policy makers should be considered. Also, review the implementation of subsidy reduction policies and the realization of the price of chemical fertilizers and consumer inputs.

The relationship between economic development and the environment is known as one of the most important issues facing societies. If in the context of sustainable development, economic and environmental activities are considered together, the environment and economic development are two complementary factors and, as a result, it will lead to ecological balance. In this case, economic activities will not disturb this balance. Presently, the imperative of safeguarding the environment and attaining sustainable development has ascended to a prominent position on the agendas of diverse societies, Iran included. This commitment is underscored by the execution of comprehensive economic, social, and cultural initiatives aimed at fostering long-term ecological resilience and balanced societal progress. Therefore, to preserve the environment and meet the goals of sustainable development, as well as to guide and rationally manage plans and projects, especially in the agricultural sector, serious measures should be taken. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the operational, environmental, and eco-efficiency of the major agricultural products of the irrigation and drainage networks of Gotvand.The irrigation and drainage network of Gotvand is located in the southwest of Iran in Khuzestan province. This network is designed to irrigate lands located in three regions of Gotvand, Aghili, and Dimcheh, enclosed between two rivers, Karun and Lor. According to the official statistics of government organizations, the consumption of fertilizers and chemical poisons in the lands covered by this network is 3.6 times the average limit in Iran. The excess irrigation water in this network is returned to the rivers by the built-in drains and causes water pollution downstream of the network. Therefore, considering that environmental protection is one of the most important aspects of sustainable development, it is very important to investigate the effects of the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in agriculture and to introduce solutions to improve the efficiency of the environment in the study area.

Eco-efficiency includes operational and environmental impacts, which are presented as the ratio of the weighted sum of outputs to the weighted sum of inputs (operational inputs + environmental inputs). However, since agricultural activities are carried out in uncertain environmental conditions, there is uncertainty regarding inputs and outputs. The uncertainty in some of the effective input and output parameters in the ranking of networks, and as a result, the inaccuracy of the model calculation results, and the need to pay attention to the use of uncertainty models, make it more obvious. Therefore, in the present study, to include the conditions of uncertainty and risk, the robust data envelopment analysis (RDEA) model was used, which is one of the most powerful and useful models in conditions of uncertainty. The required data were collected by completing a questionnaire of the Gotvand, Aghili, and Dimche regions using a simple random sampling method in 2019.

The alfalfa producers in the Gotvand region assigned the highest environmental and Eco-efficiency by obtaining points in the range of 81 to 89 percent and 90 to 96 percent, respectively. The rice crop in the Aghili region had the highest types of operational efficiency based on different levels of deviation probability in the range of 77-87%, environmental efficiency in the range of 80-90%, and environmental-economic efficiency in the range of 87-95%. Dimanche sugarcane region has the highest average of efficiency types for different levels of deviation probability by obtaining points in the range of 78 to 90, 80 to 89, and 87 to 95 respectively for operational, environmental, and Eco-efficiency. Comparing the results of technical efficiency with environmental efficiency shows the lack of attention and skill of farmers in the correct and optimal use of production inputs. Therefore, it is necessary to hold educational and promotional classes to empower farmers to improve production methods and optimal consumption of inputs to improve farmers' income and increase their profits. Given that a substantial portion of energy consumption within the agricultural sector is attributed to fuels and diesel, optimizing energy usage and promoting the adoption of newer, less polluting energy sources emerge as crucial imperatives. Enhancing environmental efficiency in this context involves a strategic focus on reducing reliance on traditional, environmentally taxing energy forms in favor of more sustainable alternatives.

The average operating efficiency in all different probability levels for the studied products in Goutvand , Aghili, and Dimche areas, except for beans in the Gatund area, was estimated to be lower than the average environmental efficiency. This shows the lack of ability and skill of farmers to produce a certain product with the lowest amount of input, while the farmers of these areas pay great attention and care to environmental issues.

With the growing population of the world, water, food and energy supply will be one of the most important challenges ahead. Agriculture as the most important food producer is not only the consumer of water and energy, but also the most important supplier of energy. As a result, a balance must be struck between harvesting and exploitation of production resources and the amount of agricultural production. Due to the close relationship between water-food-energy systems and also their interaction with each other, a new concept called the “nexus” approach has been proposed which refers to the integrated nature and interactions of water-food-energy planning. This approach has provided suitable options for political decision makers, managers and planners in order to conserve existing resources and achieve sustainable development.

In this study, we have tried to introduce a mathematical programming model using multi-objective mathematical programming (MOP) technique for water-food-energy nexus that has the ability to process managerial decisions. In this model, in addition to examining the economic aspect, the control of greenhouse gas emissions has also been investigated. The regions of Mashhad, Chenaran and Torqabeh-Shandiz are the most important regions in the study area of Mashhad province in the production of crops. The data required for the study were collected through review of reports and agricultural statistical yearbooks of the year 2020-2021 and interviews with experts in each region and through consulting engineering companies. The hypothetical model under study includes lands covered by crops of Mashhad, Chenaran and Torqabeh-Shandiz. In this model, the water needed to irrigate crops is supplied from surface and groundwater sources. Electricity (electricity consumption) is used to collect and pump of irrigation water, produce food, and supply the domestic and industrial sectors. In the process of generating electricity, production of food, irrigation of crops and consumption of fertilizers and pesticides, greenhouse gases are emitted, especially CO2. In this study, 6 objectives including: maximizing gross profit, maximizing the production of calories from food, minimizing emission of greenhouse gases, minimizing consumption of fertilizers and pesticides, minimizing consumption of irrigation water, and minimizing consumption of energy have been pursued.

The results of the proposed model showed that the rate of change in the level of cultivation area in MOP compared to the current cultivation pattern in Mashhad, Chenaran and Torqabeh-Shandiz decreased by 25.92%, 53.05% and 55.88%, respectively. The level of optimal cultivation for barley in Mashhad in order to maximize net profit objective increased by 16934 hectares (46.71%) and its maximizing caloric production equal to 8484 ha, which has decreased compared to the current pattern (22%). The cultivation area of barley in minimum irrigation water consumption decreased by 10877 hectares (1.11%) and in other minimization objectives it changed to 12892 hectares which increased by 17% in Mashhad region. Wheat, barley, alfalfa, corn, sugar beet, tomato and potato have the highest decrease in cultivation area in the MOP among crops. The total area of optimal cultivation in the net profit maximization model of Mashhad, Chenaran and Torqabeh-Shandiz equal to 48639, 26027 and 75 hectares, which showed an increase of 41.4%, 11.61% and 55.8%, respectively. Furthermore, in the model aimed at minimizing energy, irrigation water, fertilizer, pesticide consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions, the recommended cultivation areas are as follows: 25,475 hectares for energy consumption, 15,954 hectares for irrigation water consumption, and 100 hectares each for fertilizer consumption, pesticide consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. These figures clearly indicate the need to reduce the cultivation area dedicated to agricultural products that have a significant environmental impact. Consequently, it is crucial to alter the cultivation pattern and adopt a strategy that focuses on producing crops with a lower environmental impact. By implementing this strategy, the objective is to cultivate crops that require less energy, irrigation water, fertilizer, and pesticides, while also minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. This approach aims to mitigate the environmental footprint associated with agricultural practices. By reducing the cultivation area for crops that have high environmental effects and transitioning towards crops that have a lesser impact on the environment, it is possible to achieve a more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural system.

The purpose of this study was to propose a nonlinear multi-objective mathematical programming model with water-food-energy nexus approach for crops in Mashhad province. In this study, in addition to economic relations, energy and environmental issues (greenhouse gas emissions) were also analyzed. The various components of the water-food-energy nexus, including energy supply planning, water supply and demand, food production, and control of greenhouse gas emissions, were modeled. The results showed that considering the MOP model based on economic and environmental objectives, the area under cultivation of wheat, barley, alfalfa, tomatoes, sugar beets and potatoes has significantly decreased. In other words, in order to achieve the objectives of maximum profit and minimum environmental impact, the area under wheat, barley, tomato, corn should be reduced and the area under cucumber, onion, potato and sugar beet should be increased. According to the results of this study, the following suggestions are presented:- Implementation of the proposed optimal model of water-food-energy nexus allows farmers to simultaneously maintain economic income, environmental considerations, optimal and sustainable consumption of resources (water-food-energy) to select and consider suitable policies. So, it will only be a sustainable policy if it can be built within the combined framework of water, food, energy and the environment. In order to minimize the emission of greenhouse gases and its damage to the environment, the area under cultivation of agricultural products that have high environmental impact should be reduced, and in contrast to changes in cultivation pattern, the strategy to produce crops with less impact. Therefore, by developing a cropping pattern model, the productivity of the production capacities of the agricultural sector can be maximized and at the same time the damages and destructive consequences of crop production can be reduced.

the purpose of this study is to investigate the long-term and short-term relationship between the impact of trade liberalization on the import of a number of inputs from the Iranian agricultural sector during the period 2009-2018 using panel data. determine To the fixed and random effects with Hausman test, the test statistic was 37.40, which is quite significant. , in estimating the model, the use of the fixed effects method was more appropriate than the random effects method. To estimate the long-term and short-term relationships of the studied variables, the model of self-explanatory integrated group panel with wide intervals (PMG) and group average (MG) was used.The results of estimating the model of the self-explanatory integrated group average panel with wide intervals and group average indicate that in the long run, the trade liberalization index has a positive effect on the import of agricultural sector inputs. The index of trade liberalization on fertilizer, chemical pesticides and agricultural seeds was calculated as -0.788, 0.17 and 0.043, respectively,

The purpose of this study was determination of technical efficiency for Sirjan dairy farms using fuzzy data envelopment analysis approach. The underlying assumption of this method unlike conventional data envelopment analysis approach is that input and output data have imprecise. Since activities of agricultural and animal husbandry is done under environmental uncertainty conditions there is uncertainty about inputs and outputs. Therefore employing fuzzy data envelopment analysis is preferred into conventional data envelopment analysis. Necessary information for this study was collected through filling questionnaires for the years 2017 from 32 units of dairy farms in Sirjan. The result showed that the average technical for dairy farms was 81 percent. It has undulate from at least 36% up most 100%. In the other words, can increase amount of efficiency without changing the level of technology and better use of current technology. Also the gap between the best and the worst producer was 64% that can be improved by increasing technical and managerial knowledge, more promotion and new sciences and techniques among the dairy farms of the region.

Solving complex water resource issues requires methods that collect different managerial approaches in an interconnected format. Meanwhile, for the comprehensive management of such issues, multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) have found a special place. The main objective of the present research is to determine the priorities of the water resource uses of the Chah-Nimeh reservoirs in the Sistan and Baluchestan province with the economic, social, and environmental management approaches in the water year of 2014-15 using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) techniques. According to the results, if water allocation is carried out based on an economic approach, the agricultural and environmental sectors due to their essential role in providing livelihoods for residents of Sistan and Baluchestan province will have a weight of 0.3 and 0.146 and are prioritised as the first and second, respectively. If it is a social approach, then the agricultural sector is the first priority, and the tourism and environmental sectors are in the second and third priorities, respectively. However, if water allocation is carried out with an environmental approach, the environmental sector, due to its importance in this approach, with a weigh of 0.352, has the highest priority to receive water.