الهه اسدی

Teachers play an important role in providing training and upbringing services for the educational community. However, burnout is rampant among teachers in professional contexts. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors that lead to burnout and to investigate approaches to reduce the impact of these factors on teachers’ burnout levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between burnout and foreign language teachers’ commitment to teaching service in Iran Language Institutes. In this study, we used observation, semi-structured interviews and Maslach burnout questionnaire (MBI), and Meyer and Allen's organizational and job commitment questionnaire (OOC) to assess the variance of teacher burnout and its relationship with teachers' commitment. English language teachers (N = 100) in Mazandaran province were invited to participate in this study. Data analysis showed that there was a negative relationship between teacher burnout and their commitment to teaching English. Descriptive statistics show that male teachers have more burnout than female teachers. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed for causal analysis. The concepts of organizational and job commitment and educational policy and burnout research were discussed. Accordingly, educational policymakers are suggested to provide programs to familiarize teachers with the syndrome and help them reduce burnout, which maximizes their performance in the classroom.

The aim of this study was to investigate effect of various extracting methods with water, acetone and hexane solvents, on some phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of ajowan, mentha, garden sage and beeswax waste. In the antimicrobial study, for each microorganism a separated experiment was conducted in factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with three replications. The studied microorganisms were included Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Pythium aphanidermatum and Verticillium dahlia. Experimental treatments were material types in four levels (beeswax, ajowan seed, mentha and garden sage leaves) and different extracting methods with different solvents in five levels (Maceration method at room temperature with hexane, distilled water and acetone, and soxhlet with hexane and acetone). Maceration with water was included the lowest levels of phenol and flavonoid in all the materials, and was not able to extract any tannin. Maceration with acetone in beeswax waste and soxhlet with acetone in other materials were the effective methods for extracting phenol and flavonoid. Acetone solvent in menthe and garden sage extract had more tannin, while beeswax waste and ajowan responded better to hexane solvent. The microbial result showed that the studied materials and extracting methods had no inhibitory effect on Fusarium oxysporum. The highest inhibitory diameter of growth for other studied microorganisms was assigned to hexane extract of ajowan with soxhlet method. The various extracts of beeswax had inhibitory effect on all the mentioned microorganisms except for Alternaria alternata, confirming the antimicrobial property of the waste. In general, the results of this study illustrated that the studied organic extracts had acceptable potential in controlling these pathogens, and the difference in the type of solvent polarity and the extraction method had a significant effect on the extracted componets and consequently antimicrobial characteristics of the extracts.

Various methods have been used to treat industrial effluents from dyes. In this study, the removal of two xanthene dyes using laccase enzyme was investigated. Lacases are oxidizing enzymes and have been studied in many studies due to their wide range of substrates. One of the capabilities of laccase is the bleaching of synthetic dyes. In this study, the removal of two dyes, erythrosine B and rhodamine 6G, which are members of the xanthene group, as well as neutral red dye by spore laccase from Bacillus sp KC2 in approximately 24 hours using spectrophotometry, Spectrofluorometry and Z-scan methods were studied. The results of Z-scan showed removal of erythrosine B from aqueous solvent by 45%, rhodamine 6G by 49% and neutral red by 68%.