امیر الماسی حشیانی

Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the critical emergencies with good prognosis if properly managed. Combination of drug has had the best possible clinical results to stabilize the hemodynamic status of these patients. Therefore, in this study, the short-term consequences of simultaneous administration of vasopressin and tranexamic acid were compared.

In this double-blind clinical trial study that was conducted from November 2018 to November 2019 at Valiasr Hospital in Arak 120 eligible patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding were included. Patients were divided into four groups of 30. In the first group (TXA) the common treatment with tranexamic acid was first infused at the rate of 10mg/kg as an initial dose over 20 minutes and then received to 1mg/kg per hour as a maintenance dose for up to four hours. The second group (VP group) received common treatment with infusion of 30 units per hour for six hours. The third group (R group) received only conventional treatments and the fourth group (TXA+VP group) received both tranexamic acid and vasopressin along with conventional treatment. The amount of light blood lose and vital signs including blood pressure and heart rate and Hg, BUN , CR , NA, K, BS, PT, PTT, INR were checked.

In this study, the vasopressin group had a greater decrease in hemoglobin (p≤0.05), the increase in blood urea was less in the two groups that received vasopressin than the other two groups (p≤0.05). The group of tranexamic acid had much better conditions than the group of vasopressin, in terms of hematochezia or hematemesis interruption, need for blood transfusion, re-bleeding, need for endoscopy and emergency surgery, and adding vasopressin to tranexamic acid also led to improved outcomes (p≤0.05).

It seems that the concurrent use of tranexamic acid and vasopressin in upper gastrointestinal bleeding improves renal function and stops bleeding and reduces the risk of re-bleeding, the need for blood transfusion and endoscopic and surgical intervention. Its long-term results need further study.

 Students' learning styles and strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic have been impacted by virtual education, necessitating further investigation to provide more suitable educational content based on them. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the learning styles and learning strategies used by public health students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

 This is a cross-sectional analytical study conducted in the form of a census on 81 public health students at Arak University of Medical Sciences who had completed at least one academic semester and were willing to participate in the study during the academic year 2021-2022. The data collection tools included the students' educational status questionnaire, the standard learning style questionnaire (VARK), and a 22-question standard learning strategies questionnaire by Pintrich and de Groot. Data were analyzed using Chi-2 and Mann-Whitney tests.

 The average age of the students was 22.59 ± 4.2 years, and the majority were female (84%). The average academic term of the students was 6 ± 2 semesters. According to the results, 76% of the students had a single style, with the dominant style being the listening style in 40% of boys and 33% of girls. The average score of students' self-regulated learning strategies was 86.27 ± 13.2, with 42% of students using self-regulated learning strategies at the intermediate level and 58% at the high level. A significant relationship was observed between the use of self-regulation learning guides and students' high school grade point average and probationary history (p < 0.05).

 The findings of this study can inform the design of educational content for students, enable adaptation of professors' teaching styles to students' learning preferences, and enhance teaching effectiveness in the post-coronavirus era.

 The survey of mother behavior in time of accident and empowerment for management is necessary to achieve health of mothers and children. Therefore for educational need assessment the aim of this study was to determine the Measurement of HBM constructs in the aim first aid to accidents and injuries in mothers with children in Azna city.

 This is a cross sectional and analytical study, that was carried on 100 mothers with children aged less than 6 years are referred to health centers in the city of Azna in 2021-2022. Data was collected with a made research questionnaire reliable and valid based on the Health Belief Model. The data collected were analyzed by software spss16.

 The mean and standard deviation of mothers' age was 27.41 ± 3.56 years, children's age was 2.9 ± 1.38 years. The mean scores of mothers' knowledge were 25.8, perceived barrier 61.84, self - efficacy 64.08, the performance was 21.74. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between knowledge, perceived benefits, and a negative correlation between self - efficacy and perceived barrier. In the regression analysis, the age of the child and the construct of perceived barrier and self-efficacy predicted a total of 18% (R2 = 0.180) of behavior changes.

 Considering the effectiveness of the constructs of perceived benefits and self - efficacy and perceived barrier, training programs should be focused an implemented to empower mothers to manage the scene when an accident occurs.

Multiple sclerosis is the most common neurological disease in the world and third cause of disability in chronic disease. One of the dimension to treatment of MS is adherence drugs that need development of an instrument.  This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of treatment adherence drugs tool in patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) based on the theory of planned behavior.

This cross-sectional study in 2021-2022 that was carried out on 269 patients with MS were referred to Sina Hospital in Tehran city with a random sample.  Through quantitative and qualitative face validity, content validity index, with a 10-member panel of experts examined to judge the quality and reliability by determining the internal agreement (Cronbach's alpha coefficient) and was approved estimates.

The mean age of patients was 35.04±9.63 years and mean age of morbidity was 32.48±9.6 years. After reviewing the results validity, content validity index less than limit the questions to be revised and the necessary changes were made in the narrative process is repeated until the desired amount of content validity index of more than 0.62 reliability content was more than 0.79. Test-retest and reliability with more than 0.7 was confirmed. The mean of Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.87.

The results of this study provided good evidence of valid and reliable tools to assess treatment adherence drugs in patients with MS based on the theory of planned behavior.

Influenza is an acute respiratory disease with high infectivity. Therefore, educating health delegates as executive arms of health system can be effective in preventing spread of disease in society. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of health education with health belief model on influenza A (H1N1) prevention behaviors in health delegates of Bakhrez city.

This is a quasi-experimental study that was carried out on 104 Bakhrez health delegates who were available and randomly divided into intervention and control groups of 52. The instrument used was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the health belief model that was designed based on 5 Likert scale. The intervention group was trained in a 5 session workshop and finally data from both groups were collected and compared two months after the intervention with chi-square and ANCOVA test.

After training, the mean scores of health belief model constructs in the intervention group increased; so, that preventive behaviors before the intervention increased significantly from 10.73±2.07 to 13.86± 2.70 after the intervention (p<0.001).

The educational program based on the health belief model along with active follow-up on the adoption of H1N1 influenza prevention behaviors is effective in health ambassadors; so, it is recommended that programs based on the health belief model be used to teach influenza prevention behaviors.

Kidney failure is one of the mainlate complications of diabetes so that more than half of patients waiting for a kidney transplant are suffering from diabetes as well. This study aimed to determine the effect of education underpinned by the health belief model on kidney care behaviors in type 2 diabetic patients.

This quasi-experimental study was performed on 88 type 2 diabetic patients, who were selected using the cluster sampling method and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (44 patients per group). The required data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire underpinned by the health belief model and fasting blood sugar of patients before training for both groups, and then the experimental group was then trained for one month based on the health belief model and again after three months. Kidney and fasting blood care behaviors were measured, and the collected data were analyzed using chi-squared test, paired sample t-test, independent sample t-test, and ANCOVA.

Three months after the educational intervention, the performance of diabetic patients regarding the prevention of renal complications increased significantly in the intervention group (p<0.001), and the fasting blood sugar index decreased slightly.

This study showed that  after training diabetic patients and having active follow-ups and efforts to facilitate patients' perceived barriers, their skills in kidney health-related behaviors can be improved to reduce the incidence of complications in patients.

The resistance genes of quaternary ammonium compounds(qac) play an important role in the resistance of gram-negative bacteria producing broad-spectrum beta-lactamases to disinfectants. The aim of this study was detection of qacEΔ1, qacG, qacE, qacF resistance genes in Escherichia coli producing broad-spectrum beta-lactamases to benzalkonium chloride.

This study cross sectional-descriptive was conducted on 150 clinical samples of selected hospitals in Arak. ESBL strains were identified by using phenotypic methods of disc diffusion and combinatory disc method and evaluating the SHV, TEM, CTXM1 genes by genotyping method. The PCR was performed to determine the resistance genes qacEΔ1, qacG, qacE and qacF.The electrophoresis of PCR products and the MIC of benzalkonium chloride were relative to E. coli producing ESBL. Antibiotic pattern of Escherichia coli (ESBL), quadruple ammonium resistance genes and benzalkonium chloride MIC were also investigated.

This study showed that 60% of Escherichia coli were ESBL producer. The qacEΔ1 genes were observed in all of them and qacE, qacF, qacG genes were not found in any of the strains. The strains had MIC range from 32 to 64 mg/l for benzalkonium chloride. Resistance to carbapenems (33.33%) was observed.

This study showed that qacEΔ1 resistance gene and resistance to disinfectant benzalkonium chloride increased. Also increased resistance to the antibiotics studied were observed in E. coli ESBL strains.

Understanding the prevalence of menstrual disorders has important implications for both health service planning and risk factor epidemiology.

The aim of this review is to identify and collate studies describing the prevalence of menstrual disorders in Iran.

Studies with original data related to the prevalence of menstrual disorders were identified via searching six electronic databases and reviewing citations. All abstracts or titles found by the electronic searches were independently scrutinized by two reviewers. The Meta-analysis was performed with a random effects model, considering the remarkable heterogeneity among studies. A total of 35 eligible epidemiological studies were included in this review.

Overall, the pooled prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea was 73.27% (95% CI=65.12-81.42). The mean proportion of women with oligomenorrhea was 13.11% (95.5%, 95% CI: 10.04-16.19). We identified 16 studies that reported polymenorrhoea with a random effect of pooled prevalence estimate of 9.94% (95% CI 7.33%-12.56%). The prevalence estimate of hypermenorrhea was 12.94% (95% CI 9.31%-16.57%). Overall prevalence of hypomenorrhea was 5.25% (95% CI 3.20%-7.30%), ranging from 0.9- 12.90%. Pooling six studies that reported estimates for menorrhagia, the overall prevalence was 19.24% (95% CI 12.78-25.69). Overall, 6.04% (95% CI: 1.99-10.08) of the women were shown to have metrorrhagia.

This systematic review suggests that the average prevalence of menstrual disorders in Iran is substantial. It has been neglected as a fundamental problem of women's reproductive health. Diagnosis and treatment of these disorders should be included in the primary health care system of reproductive health.

Electronic learning is a pre-constructed and programmed use of electronic system and computer for supporting the process of learning. This study aimed to investigate the effect of electronic education on cognitive learning of health pratitioners and compares this new education with traditional one in research methodology in Arak University of Medical Sciences in 2014.
This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-and-post test design. All of health practitioners of Arak University of Medical Sciences (60 people) were chosen as the study sample, and randomly divided into two, conventional and web-based groups. The intervention method for the first group was a 3-days workshop on research methodology and for the second group it consisted of a web-based education course on same subject. The students’ knowledge in both groups was measured at the beginning and end of each course with pre and post tests and the scores was compared through paired T- test.
The cognitive learning is measured with 81% significance in pre and post-test processes (p=0.001). We use the descriptive statistics indexes and T-test to understand the data with purpose of statistics analysis and hypothesis test. The result shows that electronic education in cognitive learning is successful. There is significant different between students with electronic education and traditional one. In addition electronic education increases student’s knowledge (p=0.001) and understanding (p=0.001). Ability of analysis and assessment in students who pass electronic learning is very high in comparison with those who don’t pass it.
Using web-based education as a training method causes promotion of student’s cognitive learning and paves the way for using this method along with classic training methods in research methodology. A combination of the mentioned factors is effective on e-learning for higher education.

Gestational weight gain (GWG) can be associated with some adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Relatively, in order to investigate the relationship between GWG with cesarean delivery, low birth weight and preterm birth in women with a body mass index (BMI) less than 18.5 kg per square meter, this study was accomplished.
This was a cross-sectional study. Data were collected by 103 trained midwifes from 103 hospitals, which were equipped to obstetrics and gynecology wards, in Tehran (2015). Meaningly, 234 underweight pregnant women who had singleton births were studied. GWG was categorized by institute of medicine (IOM) recommendation.
The prevalence of LBW, cesarean section and preterm birth was 5.94, 56.16 and 7.17%, respectively. The risk of cesarean delivery in women with high GWG was 2.59 times (p=0.018) than those with normal GWG. The risk of preterm birth in women with low GWG was 5.01 times (p=0.019) than those with normal GWG. Considerably, after controlling for confounder variables, no significant association was observed between GWG and low birth weight in underweight women.
In underweight women (BMI less than 18.5 kg per square meter), the risk of preterm birth, and the risk of cesarean delivery, respectively, was increased with GWG less and more than the recommended amounts by IOM

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common disorder characterized by physical, mental and behavioral changes in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in the reproductive age women.

The present study aimed to determine the overall prevalence of PMS in Iran by a systematic review and meta-analysis study.

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched international databases included ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, and also local databases including Iranmedex, Scientific Information Database, and Magiran for articles in English and Persian language published up to September 2016. We carried out data analysis with Stata version 11. We examined heterogeneity in the results of studies through I2 statistics and Chi-square based Q test. Also, we investigated the effects of potential heterogeneity factors in the prevalence of PMS by meta-regression.

We studied a total of 9147 reproductive-age women from 24 articles which entered to meta-analysis. Based on the result of random effect model, we estimated the overall prevalence of PMS 70.8% [95% CI: 63.8-77.7]. The results of subgroup analysis revealed that prevalence of PMS was 80.4% (95% CI; 66.9-93.9) among high school students, 68.9% (95% CI; 59.2-78.6) among university students, and 54.9% (95% CI; 51.6-58.2) in general population. Univariate meta-regression model showed that prevalence of PMS was decreased by increasing the age of subjects but this was not statistically significant (p=0.155).

Our finding showed that PMS was prevalent in Iranian reproductive age women especially among high school students. More epidemiological research for determining factors that affect PMS prevalence seems essential.

Caesarean section (CS) rates have risen substantially worldwide over the past decades particularly in Latin America, the Caribbean and Iran. In this way, the aim of the study was to determine the rate of CS among multiparous, and indentifying the related factors.
This cross-sectional study was performed on 2189 multiparous who gave singleton birth in Tehran province, Iran from 6-21 July 2015. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire through interview with mothers and review of their medical records. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate factor associated with CS.
The CS rate was 71.8% in this study. In univariate analysis, higher maternal age, parents’ educational level, economic status, body mass index (BMI), parity, infant weight, baby’s head circumference, history of abortion, and use of assisted reproductive technology were associated with CS. Moreover, multivariate analysis has shown a significant relationship between CS and mother’s age, mother’s education, economic status, BMI, parity, infant weight and baby’s head circumference.
The CS rate among multiparous in Tehran is substantially high. Therefore, there are essential requirements for providing immediate strategies (such as education and psychological interventions to increase women’s knowledge about the risks of CS as well as to change women’s attitude toward CS and improving the quality of natural delivery) to reduce CS rate. Furthermore, factors such as mother’s age, economic status, BMI, parity, infant weight and baby’s head circumference were related to CS.

Lack of exercise is inconsistent with healthy lifestyle. In recent years, it has increased in different age groups, particularly in children and adolescents. To implement any health program, we should have a deep understanding of the health program. This study aimed to recognize characteristics of a school-based program for promoting physical activity in adolescents from the perspective of experts and health authorities, as well as student and parent’s overviews. Also, implementation and integration of this program was investigated by faculty members and connoisseur's perspectives.
The qualitative study was performed through in-depth interviews and Focus group discussion (FGD) on faculty members, experts of different ministries and students and parents. Overall, 24 experts, and 6 faculty members and connoisseurs participated in the study. Also, four FGD were held with students and parents. The findings were examined using content analysis.
The results were divided in two parts: A) Existing problems and characteristics of a school-based intervention program for promoting physical activity from the perspective of students, parents and experts of different Ministry B) implementation and integration of the program by faculty members and connoisseur's perspectives. Totally, we identified 3 categories and 28 themes for the section A, and 2 categories and 22 themes for the section B. The following three domains were extracted for the section A including management problems, shortage of resources, and approaches of increasing physical activity. Two domains for the section B were barriers to intersectorial coordination and characteristics of a school-based program. The results of the interviews with faculty members and health authorities led to identify a twentieth-stage framework for implementing the program.
The results indicated a severe lack of human and financial resources, and a coherent and systematic program to promote physical activity in schools. The identified framework can be used for implementing other health interventions.

In recent years, the prevalence of Cesarean section (CS) has risen significantly worldwide, especially in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Cesarean section among primipars, and identify related factors in Tehran province.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 2120 primipars who gave singleton birth in Tehran province from 6 to 21 July 2015. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire through interview with mothers and review of their medical records. To identify factor associated with Cesarean section, logistic regression model was used.
Findings: The prevalence of Cesarean section was 72.1%. In univariate analysis, higher maternal age, parents’ educational level, economic status, body mass index, fetal head circumference, preeclampsia, and use of assisted reproductive technology were associated with Cesarean section. Moreover, multivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between Cesarean section with mother’s age, economic status, and body mass index and also with fetal head circumference.
The prevalence of Cesarean section is very high in Tehran province. Factors such as mother’s age, socioeconomic status, and body mass index, and fetal head circumference were related to Cesarean section. Moreover, there is a critical need to improve the education, quality of natural delivery services, and providing psychological interventions to reduce the Cesarean section rate and its adverse outcomes.

Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy is a standard method for treatment of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) in adults. However, there is not enough information available regarding the advantages and disadvantages of its conventional techniques. This study aims to compare cruciate and circular techniques of Nd: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.
In this clinical trial, 100 eyes of patients with posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery were randomly divided into two groups. Cruciate capsulotomy was performed for the first group and circular capsulotomy was performed for the second group. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, lens shifting, uveitis, macular hole and retinal detachment were examined. In addition, the energy used for rupturing the capsule was recorded. IRCT: 201207037466N4.
FINDINGS: The energy used in circular capsulotomy (345±68.53) was significantly more than the energy used in cruciate capsulotomy (284.4±46.78) (p=0.001). Results showed that there is no significant difference between the two groups in terms of average visibility (p=0.859) and intraocular pressure (p=0.097). Nevertheless, these two variables increase significantly through time (p=0.001). Moreover, there is no significant difference between the two groups in terms of percentage of halo.
Since improvement in visual acuity and intraocular pressure was similar in the two groups but the energy used in circular capsulotomy was more than cruciate capsulotomy, cruciate technique is the preferred method.

Obesity and overweight is one of the most important health-related problems worldwide. Obesity can affect chemical pregnancy success rate after assistant reproductive therapy. This study was performed with aim to determine the association between body mass index (BMI) and chemical pregnancy after IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection for infertile women in Royan Institute.
In this retrospective cohort study, 2983 infertile women who referred to Royan Institute from 2012 to 2014 were evaluated. The independent variable was body mass index and the outcome was the occurrence of chemical pregnancy in infertile women which were determined using β-HCG levels. Data analysis was performed using Stata software (version 13). P
The mean of BMI in infertile women was 26.7±4.31 kg/m2 and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in infertile women was 56.99%. The chance of non-success in chemical pregnancy in women with class II obesity was 2.69 times against women with normal BMI and the chance of non-success in chemical pregnancy in overweight women was 1.28 times against women with normal BMI.
There is a significant relationship between body mass index and rate of chemical pregnancy and the chance of success in chemical pregnancy in overweight and obese women is less than women with normal BMI.

Macular edema is an important cause of visual loss in diabetic patients which can lead to permanent vision loss in untreated cases. This study compares the efficacy of intravitreal injection and the sub-tenon capsule of triamcinolone on the visual acuity in patients with diabetic retinopathy.
In this randomized clinical trial study, 82 diabetic retinopathy eyes were randomly assigned to intravitreal triamcinolone injection group and 74 eyes to sub tenon capsule injection. In terms of visual acuity and intraocular pressure, patients were followed up after first week, first month, and 3rd month. The collected data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated data (Repeated ANOVA) and Stata software (version 13).
Crude comparison between groups did not exhibit significant differences. However, by controlling the confounding baseline effect, level of visual acuity, logMar[d1] of the visual acuity in the intravitreal injection group (-0.78) was significantly less than the sub-tenon capsule group (-0.67). Also, after controlling for other confounding variables (age and sex), the mean IOP was significantly higher in the intravitreal injection group.
[d2] Visual acuity in intravitreal injection group was significantly less than the sub-tenon capsule group and also the mean IOP was higher in the intravitreal injection group. Therefore, sub-tenon capsule of triamcinolone stands out as a superior approach.

Various factors such as maternal weight gain during pregnancy are important in the occurrence of preterm birth. Among these, the role of maternal weight gain during pregnancy is less studied. The present study was performed with aim to determine the relationship between maternal pre-pregnancy weight, body mass index and gestational age at birth.
In this cross-sectional study which was conducted in Tehran in July 2015, a total of 5170 deliveries were examined of which 77 cases were twin pregnancy and excluded from the study and finally, 5093 were analyzed. The data related to pregnancy and delivery in 103 hospitals was collected by 103 trained midwives by using a designed questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by Stata software (version 13), and descriptive statistics methods and linear simple regression. P Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that weight gain during pregnancy was significantly associated with gestational age at birth (P=0.001), so that for every one unit increase in weight gain during pregnancy, gestational age at birth increases 0.052 weeks (95% CI: 0.036-0.068 weeks) (P=0.001) and the chance of preterm labor decreases, but maternal weight (P=0.818), height (P=0.894) and body mass index (P=0.991) were not significantly associated with gestational age.
Weight gain during pregnancy is of the important factor in gestational age at birth, so that appropriate weight gain during pregnancy leads to reduced preterm birth in pregnant women.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is common in people seeking assisted reproductive techniques and the prevalence of obesity in these women is 50%. Body mass index can be effective in the result of IVF treatment cycle. This study was performed with aim to determine the relationship between body mass index and chemical pregnancy after IVF treatment cycle or intracytoplasmic sperm injection in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome at Royan Institute.

In this retrospective cohort study, 983 treatment cycles of IVF/ICSI related to infertile couples referred to Royan institute during 2012-2013 were assessed. A total of 115 cases diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome were entered to the study. Body mass index was determined by measuring height and weight. After receiving proper treatment cycle, chemical pregnancy rate were compared between overweight and obese women with normal women. Data analysis was performed using Stata software (version 13). P

Among 983 treatment cycles, 11.7% of patients were diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome. In these cases, after adjusting for confounding variables and compared to the women with normal body mass index, the risk of treatment failure in overweight patients was 1.04 times (95% CI: 0.58-1.87, P=0.883) and in obese patients 0.98 times (95% CI: 0.51-1.86, p=0.961).

In women with PCOS, the rate of pregnancy after assisted reproductive treatment was not significantly different between normal, overweight and obese cases.

Leukemia is the most common childhood cancer and is a major public health problem in many countries. The aim of this study was to conduct a survival analysis among leukemia patients and determine the factors affecting survival rate in patients referring to Amir Kabir Hospital in Arak Province from 2006 to 2011. This survival analysis study included 72 leukemia patients. Then, necessary variables were collected and we assessed the survival status of the patients during follow up visits.Using stata software, data analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank and Cox proportional hazard model were used to analyze the data. The mean follow-up time was 14.54 months (range: 1 to 53 months). Mortality rate due to leukemia among children was 11.1 cases (95% CI 6.16-20.08) per 1000 person-months. Survival rates at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th years were 87, 79, 70 and 70 percent respectively. Only age had a significant effect on the survival rate in the Cox proportional hazard model. 4-year survival rate of leukemia was 70% and age was identified as one of the most important predictors of survival in leukemia patients.

Introduction and Violence against women is a social problem that negatively affects other health priorities، such as maternal and child health and mental health. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of abuse and social factors affecting women who admitted to Shahid Fayazbakhsh Hospital in 2012. In this cross-sectional study that was carried out on 100 women who referred to Shahid Fayazbakhsh Hospital of Tehran in 2012، gathered data with questionnaire and interview، finally was analyzed by SPSS software. The most common forms of abuse were verbal abuse، emotional، physical and social. Violence against women was much in older (P=0. 01). There was not significant relationship between education and violence (P=0. 182، r=0. 10). The number of children and levels of violence in the family have not a significant correlation (P=0. 524). A significant relationship between income and violence against women was abserved (P=0. 003). The results showed that many of women in this study were influenced by a variety of misconduct. With respect to factors that influence this problem seems increasing awareness and life skills training to women and girls to repel the couple abuse، can take steps to reduce this problem.

Leukemia is considered one of the leading causes of death among children which is abnormal changes in the blood cells and bone marrow with increased numbers of abnormal blood cells and uncontrolled proliferation of immature white blood cells. The aim of this study was to assess risk factors in the development of leukemia in children less than 14 years.

In this case-control study, case group was including all less than 14 years children with acute myeloid leukemia and lymphoid during 2006 to 2011 in Amir-Kabir Hospital and control group was randomly selected from children under 14 years admitted to outpatient departments in Valiaser (aj) hospital in Arak. The data were included in a check list. Data analysis was performed using the statistical software SPSS version 20 and p<0.05 was considered as a significant level.

Out of the 72 cases, 46% were female and 54% male and mean age at diagnosis was 6.8±3.8 years. 81.9 percent of patients were ALL case and 18.1 percent were diagnosed with AML. Limb pain (65%), pallor (5/32%) and lethargy (30%) were the most common symptoms of the disease. Based on the results, age, breast feeding, white blood cells, platelets and hemoglobin were significantly associated with leukemia.

The study findings showed that older age, low breast-feeding, the number of white blood cells, platelets and hemoglobin are associated with the risk of leukemia in children is therefore recommended further diagnostic procedures should focus on these groups.

Glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness and it is one of the main causes of irreversible blindness. Multi-drug regimens usually recommended in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with glaucoma. This study was aimed to compare the effect of combination therapy with Timolol and Latanoprost vs. Timolol and Dorzolamide in reducing IOP in patients with open-angle glaucoma. In this blind randomized clinical trial study, 60 eyes with glaucoma were randomly assigned to two treatment groups including Timolol and Latanoprost vs. Timolol and Dorzolamide. Required variables were measured before and 6 weeks after the intervention. The data was analyzed by running the Stata software (version 12) at a significance level of 0.05. The mean age in groups of Timolol-Latanoprost and Timolol and Dorzolamide was 72.6 and 67.6 years old, respectively. Analysis of the data revealed that there was no significant difference between groups in terms of intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity and cup to disc ratio. According to our findings, there were no statistical significant differences in the IOP lowering effect between both treatments in open angle glaucoma patients.

Night-shift work has adverse effects on workers’ health, productivity, and occupational safety. Night workers have complaints about sleepiness, decreased performance, and sleep disorders, due to disruption of circadian rhythm function. This research aimed to determine the level and process of sleepiness among night workers of a hot industry and evaluate its correlation with oral temperature. This study was performed as a cross-sectional study on 80 night-shift workers who were exposed to heat. The sleepiness level of the subjects was measured by Stanford Sleepiness Scale and their oral temperature were recorded at different hours (from 22 pm to 4 am) for two consecutive nights. Data analysis was performed using independent and paired t-tests, one-way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The significance level was considered to be p<0.05. In this study, an increasing linear trend over time was obsereved for sleepiness index (p<0.001). The mean of oral temperature had an increasing trend from 11 pm to 1 am and a decreasing trend afterward (p<0.001). Also, the mean sleepiness index in the measurement hours of the second night was higher than that of the first night (p<0.001), but, the mean oral temperature in the second night was onsistent with the results obtained in the first night. The sleepiness index among night-shift workers was significantly decreased with increasing oral temperature (r=0.24, p=0.03). According to the findings of this study, there was an inverse correlation between sleepiness and oral temperature after a few hours of exposure to heat. In this study, sleepiness symptoms were subjectively recorded based on the workers’ self-expression; therefore, it is suggested that paraclinical trials, such as hormonal assessments be considered.