فهرست مطالب امیر حاجی محمدی

Poisonings are of the major public health challenges. Non-medicinal poisonings are of the most common types and causes of referring to medical centers worldwide. The present study was aimed to determine the non-medicinal poisonings pattern in adults of Gorgan city.
The present cross-sectional study was conducted on all non-medicinal poisoned patients referred to the 5Azar hospital from 2008 – 2015. Data were collected on checklists using census data collection method and were analyzed by Stata 11.0 software using Pearson’s Chi- square test.
Of all 800 admitted poisoning cases, 227 individuals were non-medicinal and mostly male (72.7%). The ages of 34.4 % of cases were between 20 and 29 years. Moreover, 68.7% of all cases were living in urban areas, 57.7% were married and 27.8% were educated up to high school. Poisonings mostly occurred during summer (30%) and intentional (suicidal) poisonings were known as the major form (47.1%). Opium and aluminum phosphide were the most important poisoning agents (54.2%). Finally, 29 patients (12.8%) had passed away where aluminum phosphide poisoning was the main reason (55.2%).
Intentional poisonings by opium and aluminum phosphide were identified as the main causes of non-medicinal poisonings. It is necessary to emphasize on educational programs, prevention methods and general awareness.

Acute poisonings in adolescents – a common worldwide problem- is a preventable cause morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the causes of acute poisoning in hospitalized adolescents in Gorgan.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on all adolescents (aged 12-19) patients admitted for acute poisoning who are hospitalized in 5 Azar Hospital in Gorgan, during March 2008 to March 2015. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16) and Pearson's chi-squared test.
A total of 800 poisoning cases, 161 cases were due to adolescent poisonings. The majority of the 161 patients were female (59%). The mean age of them were 16.98 years and the majority of patients (73.9%) lived in urban areas. The maximum number of poisoning occurred during autumn (29.2%) and summer season (28%). 64.5% of cases had been educated up to high school. Intentional poisoning (suicide) were identified as the main kind of poisoning (90.7%). The most common agents involved in acute poisoning were drugs (85.1%), especially benzodiazepines (31.1%), followed by Tramadol (19.3%). Overall, 5 patients (3.1%) died and family quarrel was the main cause of intentional poisoning (64.4%).
Intentional poisoning by pharmaceutical agents especially benzodiazepines and Tramadol were identified as the main cause of poisoning in adolescents in Gorgan. Finally, preventive measures should include life skills training, providing readily available counseling services and restricting the reach of drugs.

Poisoning is one of the most threatening health problems. The women of reproductive ages were the most vulnerable groups at risk of poisoning in the society. The aim of this study was to epidemiological survey and to determine the causes of hospitalized poisonings in women of reproductive age in Gorgan, Iran.
This cross-sectional study was carried out on all women of reproductive age (aged between 15 and 49) who were hospitalized in the hospital of 5 Azar due to poisoning from March 2008 to March 2015. Data were retrospectively collected from patients’ files and analyzed using SPSS 16 software and Chi-squared test.
A total of 353 poisoning cases among women, 303 cases (85.8%) were in reproductive age and the majority of them were in the age range of 20-24 years (n=94, 31%). Also, 46.9% of the patients were single and 74.6% of them were living in urban areas. The majority of poisonings were caused by drugs (85.5%), followed by aluminum phosphide (4.6%). The most common agents involved in drug poisoning were sedatives-hypnotics drugs (42.9%), especially BZDs (37.2%), followed by antidepressants (16.6%). 88.8% of poisonings were intentional type (suicide). Overall, 7 patients (2.3%) died, of which 5(71.4%) were due to aluminum phosphide. Moreover, there were significant relation between rate of poisoning with demographic variables such as age, marital status, education, occupation, residence and also kind and agent of poisoning (p Intentional poisoning by pharmaceutical agents especially benzodiazepines was identified as the main cause of poisoning among women of reproductive age in Gorgan. Finally, by attention to the role of women in the family and community and effect of them on the health of other members of the family, preventive measures should include life skills training, counseling services and restricting the reach of drugs.

Pesticide intoxication is one of the major public health problems in the world.
Pesticide intoxication is one of the major public health problems in the world. the aim of our study was to investigate the patternof acute pesticide poisoningin gorgan, Iran.
This cross-sectional study was carried out on all cases admitted to a university hospital in gorganwho were hospitalized due to pesticide poisoning during march 2008 to march 2016. data were obtained from medical records and SPSS software (ver. 16) and pearson's chi-squared test were used for data analysis.
A total of 1168 poisoning cases, 116 cases due to pesticide poisonings, were entered into the study. 74.1% (n=86)of them were men and 50% (n=58) aged 20–29 years. 52.6% (n=61) of cases were married and 55.2% (n=64) had educational degree up to high school diploma aluminum phosphide was the most commonly used toxic agent (62.9%, n=73), followed by organophosphate (23.3%, n=27). most of poisoning cases occurred following suicidal attempts (89.7%, n=104) andmost suicide attempts were made by aluminum phosphide (70.2%, n=73). overall, 26 patients (22.4%) died. the highest number of deaths was due to aluminum phosphide poisoning (96.1%, n=25) and most cases of mortality belonged to the age groups of 20-29 years(50%, n=13).
Among pesticides, poisoning with aluminum phosphide especially by suicide attempt was the most common causes of morbidity and mortality.

Crump weir is classified as a short-edged weir. The upstream slope of this weir is greater than its downstream slope, which allows easy discharging of the sediments. In this research, the performance of k-nearest neighborhood and support vector regression (SVR) methods were investigated for modelling crump weir discharge coefficient using experimental data. 174 data sets in 9 combinations of the input parameters including the upstream and downstream slopes (Sup, Sdo), Reynolds number (Re) and water head in upstream to weir height ratio (h1/P) were used for modelling the discharge coefficient. The training was done in four stages using 66, 70, 75 and 80 percent of experimental data and the rest of these data at each stage were applied for the test phase. According to the results, the highest accuracy for the both applied models was obtained using 80% of the data in the training and the rest 20% in the test phases. Also, this investigation showed that the nearest neighborhood method presented a more accurate result than SVR method. Furthermore, water head in upstream to weir head height ratio (h1/P) had a significant role in modeling crump weir discharge coefficient. This ratio was the only parameter which could be used for predicting the coefficient accurately. Finally, this work showed that input combination including h1/P, Sup, Sdo parameters gave the best outcome. Both the Nearest Neighborhood and Support Vector Regression methods with coefficient of determination values of0.987 and 0.969 respectively, provided accurate predictions.

Background and Tramadol intoxication is a common medical emergency and a major public health problem around the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of intoxicated cases with tramadol in Gorgan, Iran.
A cross-sectional study of patients with acute tramadol intoxication was done in individuals attending 5 Azar Hospital in Gorgan, during March 2008 to March 2016. Data was collected from patients records and then analyzed in SPSS V.16.
Tramadol intoxication included 20.3% of the total drug poisonings. From 168 cases with tramadol intoxication 75.6% were males. The mean age of the cases was 24.78±16.26 years and a high rate of poisoning was seen in those aged 21-30 years old (47%). The majority of the cases were from urban areas (82.1%) and they were mainly single (64.3%). The seasonal distribution in our patients showed a peak in autumn (19.6%). Suicide attempt was the main cause of tramadol intoxication (65.5%) followed by tramadol abuse (31.5%) (P In current study, suicide attempt and drug abuse were the most common causes of tramadol intoxication that were seen most commonly among single men who were less than 30 years of age.

Background and Intentional drug poisoning is one of the most common methods of suicide attempt. The purpose of this study was to determine the demographic characteristics of suicide attempters and identifying the pattern of intentional drug poisoning.
We conducted a descriptive-analytical study in which data was collected from the medical records of suicide attempts by drug poisoning in 5Azar Hospital in Gorgan, Iran, 2008-2015. Data was analyzed by Stata V.11 and Pearson's Chi-squared test.
During these seven years, 442 cases of suicide attempts by drug poisoning were recorded in which there were 244 (55.2%) females and 229 individuals (51.8%) aged 20–29 years. Their mean age was 24.54 ± 8.14 and the majority (79%) lived in urban areas. Also, 224 (55.2%) patients were single and 248 (56.1%) had high school education. Poisoning occurred mostly in summer (28.7%). Among the pharmaceuticals, sedative-hypnotic drugs especially benzodiazepines were used more often (47.5%) followed by narcotic drugs (26.5%) and antidepressants (17.4%). Death occurred in three patients (0.68%) died. Family quarrel was found to be the main cause of suicide attempts (46.8%).
Sedative-hypnotic drugs especially benzodiazepines were the most common agents used in intentional drug poisoning that were seen most commonly among younger individuals, single persons and people with family quarrel.

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in a rural population with ethnic variation. This was a cross sectional study conducted in rural areas of Agh- Ghola in Golestan province. 1500 thirty-plus- year-old participants were selected by cluster sampling method. Due to the nature of the variables, the data were collected through interview, measurement and observation, and they were analyzed through logistic regression. The prevalence of hypertension was 18.4% and women suffered more from the disease than men did. Hypertension prevalence in Turkmen was greater than that in Baluchi and Sistani ethnic groups. There was also a significant relationship between hypertension and lack of physical activity, and with the age increase, the hypertension prevalence also showed an increasing trend. Major risk factors were: age over 60, high BMI, lack of physical activity and high proportion of abdominal to hip circumference. The higher prevalence of hypertension among Turkmen was firstly because of the weight-gain and higher BMI, and secondly due to lack of physical activity. The higher susceptibility of women to hypertension was due to the higher frequency of risk factors among them, no the effect of their gender.