امیر ملک زاده

Civil society has been defined in a variety of ways. In essence, civil society is a political community. The purpose of this research is to examine the characteristics of civil society. Important researches have only taken the form of expressing the structures of this term. The necessity of the features and expectations for establishing such an important phenomenon based on the state principles of our country has not been taken into consideration.
This paper describes the normative indicators of civil society through a descriptive-analytical method and using other books, articles, translations, and a review of its framework in other countries.
Findings and The results on the characteristics of civil society show that civil society includes private institutions, in that they are independent of the state and organized by individuals who seek their own goals. It is an intermediary between people and the political community in order to realize their fundamental rights and freedoms. It is shown in this paper that attention to the characteristics of civil society can have a significant effect on the expression of individual freedoms and the degree of government intervention.

This paper presents the results of the experimental and analytical investigation carried out using a steel forged material، EA4T، subjected to impact loading conditions within the strain rate domain101-103 (1/s). The standard three point bend test specimens manufactured according to ASTM 399 standard were subjected to impact loadlevels correspondingto preset defined impact energy levels by applying the Izod impact testing equipment. The specimens were also modeled and the loading condition was simulated using the finite element commercial software، ABAQUS v6. 11. Both the experimental findings and the finite element analysis results indicated that the crack initiation conditions were satisfied when the impact energy applied to the specimen reached a specifiedlevel. It was found that for a lower level of applied impact energy، the impact loading resulted in improving the fatigue characteristic of the material. In contrast، application of the higher impact energy caused the crack to propagate further. The other finding of the study was that increasing the plastic zone size decreased the crack propagation rate (da/dE).

The juveniles are flexible enough to be trained and corrected easily. Juvenile delinquency is a biological, social, and psychological phenomenon and lack of support and training on the part of the families will lead to delinquency, so the prevention needs wholesale measures. Benefiting from the juvenile policewomen in dealing with the juvenile delinquency will no doubt be fruitful.The present study tries to explore the organizational structure of the juvenile policewomen in some developed countries as well as to clarify the necessity of founding such police in Iran. The findings showed that since the juveniles need specialized behavioral contacts the presence of such police is a need.