فهرست مطالب امیرحسین پاشایی

Historically for geotechnical engineers, the design and construction of structures on soft soil sediments has been a challenge. The ability to serve and limit the conditions as well as the cost and time program is considered. To meet these requirements, many types of construction methods are available. For example, replacing soft soil with other materials, reinforcing embankment, using lightweight filling materials, prefabricated vertical drainage and overhead or suction to accelerate consolidation, stage density, use of stone columns or different options from cement and cement mixture The soil is like a deep mixing or candle with reinforced reinforcement. Among all existing construction methods, the use of stone columns in soft soil is one of the most common things to reduce session and improve stability and freight capacity. However, when the stone columns are installed in very soft soils, it results in excessive clay pouring into the inner parts of the stone columns and reduces its stone column bearing capacity as well as its drainage capacity (Almeida, 2019). The stone column obstruction has been widely reported and its obstruction on the amount of soft soil improved with the stone columns is visible (Tai and Zhou, 2019) The use of stone columns is a popular technique in improving land with fine soil that can easily Reduce drainage and time of consolidation, as well as increased hardness and shear resistance (Indraratna, 2017). Vertical drainage, such as prefabricated drainage, sand drainage, stone columns and pebbles that are commonly used to accelerate or increase soil resistance. Many previous studies have reported that the area of the impact and resistance of the well causes excess water pressure in the soft soil to be improved with drainage (Nguyen, 2020). The stone column contains empty space or pores. The microphones are attached to the surface of the pores, through which penetrating water flows. Studies show that hydrodynamic or colloidal force is generally responsible for separating the microphones from the pores (Survi and Kousik, 2018). Stone columns create drainage paths due to high permeability (Weber et al., 2010).

Known also as the principle of usefulness and the school of utility, utilitarianism is one of the most current normative theories of philosophy of ethics that evaluates the right conduct as per the usefulness of its consequences for the greatest number of people. Since its systematic presentation by its founder Jeremy Bentham, this theory has advanced different accounts, alterations, and criticisms by many proponents and opponents, most of which came from the Western tradition of philosophy and through a social and holistic view. In their efforts here, the authors have come to examine this theory in its individual behavior in the light of the Qur’an and the intellect. In the course of its comprehensive account and explanation, the key criticisms of utilitarianism are assessed in the light of the Qur’anic doctrines. As a result, the objections of this theory as per the Qur’an do not allow us to consider it as a Qur’anic standard in individual ethics or at particular cases.

Facing the plurality of religions one might raise various questions on truth, salvation and moral principles as how to behave toward the followers of other religions. Responses given by scholars on faith to the questions can be categorized in three views of “exclusivism”, “inclusivism”, and “pluralism”. Theoretically and practically it is important to ascertain in this regard the view of Islam as last and universal religion. In this way the present article is to examine the ideas of Allama Tabatabae as one the most prominent philosophers and exegetes who based his views on one Quran as the holy scripture of Islam hence using descriptive –analytic method he is looking into the problem of pluralism from within the text i.e. scriptural perspective rather than philosophical approach. Having present an outline of rival theories in facing the plurality of faiths and the views adopted by Allama Tabatabae the author concludes that true faith from his viewpoint is identified with “submission and devotion to God” the Divine Way and primordial tradition which although is of one same nature, has been revealed in various forms of Sharias in the course of history in proportion to the development of human capacities from imperfection to perfection and from undifferentiating to differentiating. The present manifestation of true faith is confined to Muhammadan Sharia which is the last, most complete, and comprehensive of all divine Laws. This model of recognizing truth can be called “gradational-revealed pluralism”.in addition to followers of true faith of Islam, In Allama’s view, salvation can also embrace followers of other faiths in case of not being guilty