فهرست مطالب امین عشایری زاده

The effects of feeding fermented cottonseed meal on performance, egg quality characteristics, gastrointestinal microbial population, and blood serum parameters were studied in a completely randomized design with nine treatments, six replicates, and 12 birds per replication using 648 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens. Raw cottonseed meal was fermented with a liquid mixed culture containing Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a ratio of one to 1.2. The experimental treatments included replacing 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30 percent of the raw or fermented cottonseed meal with soybean meal in the diet. After seven days of fermentation, free gossypol content of cottonseed meal was reduced from 985 to 107 mg/kg (P<0.05). The use of different levels of fermented cottonseed meal in the diet increased egg production percentage and egg mass and decreased feed conversion ratio compared to raw cottonseed meal (P <0.05). The eggshell strength in hens fed diets containing fermented cottonseed meal was higher than control birds and chickens receiving diets containing raw cottonseed (P <0.05). Feeding the diets containing different levels of fermented cottonseed meal significantly increased lactic acid bacteria population in crop and cecal of laying hens (P <0.05). Blood cholesterol concentration was lower in birds receiving diets containing fermented cottonseed meal than in other birds (P <0.05). The results of this research showed that replacing fermented cotton meal up to 30% with soybean meal in the diet of laying hens improves the parameters of eggshell quality, microbial flora in the gastrointestinal tract, and blood cholesterol of laying hens without negatively affecting performance.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fortification of diets with probiotic and prebiotic with fermented soybean meal on performance, intestinal morphology and Salmonella population in broiler chickens exposed to Salmonella typhimurium. A total of 450 Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated into 5 experimental treatments with 6 replicates of chicks each using a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included: 1) basal diet (corn and soybean meal) without exposure to salmonella (negative control), 2) basal diet and exposed to Salmonella (positive control), 3) basal diet plus 0.02% probiotic, 4) basal diet plus 0.2% prebiotic and 5) diet containing fermented soybean meal. The results showed that in compared to positive control group, feeding diets containing probiotic, prebiotic and fermented soybean meal significantly improved performance parameters in challenged chicks (P <0.05). At d 7 and 14 post-challenge, the percentage of contamination in probiotic, prebiotic, and fermented soybean meal treatments were less than positive control treatment. Villus height and villus height ratio to crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum of positive control group were lower compared with other challenged groups (p < 0.05). Therefore, fermented soybean meal due to having a similar role to probiotics and prebiotics in controlling salmonella contamination, could be considered as a functional protein source in broiler chickens feeding.

In order to investigate the synergistic effects of diets containing fermented soybean meal and mannan-oligosaccharide prebiotic on growth performance and some physiological parameters of broiler chicks, an experiment was performed using 480 one- day old Ross 308 broilers in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 6 replicates. The experimental treatments included: 1) basal diet (based on corn and common soybean meal), 2) basal diet plus prebiotic, 3) diet containing corn and fermented soybean meal (total replacement of common soybean meal with fermented soybean meal) and 4) diet containing corn and fermented soybean meal plus prebiotic. The results of this study indicated that during the entire production period (1 to 42 days of age), birds fed diet containing fermented soybean meal plus prebiotic had higher body weight gain and better feed conversion ration than other experimental diets (p < 0.05). The increase in villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in duodenum and jejunum and increase in population of lactic acid producing bacteria, as well as the reduction in population of coliforms and Clostridium species in the ileum and cecum of chicks fed diets containing prebiotic, fermented soybean meal and fermented soybean meal plus prebiotic were significant when compared with control group (p < 0.05). The intestinal protease activity in birds receiving diets containing fermented soybean meal and fermented soybean meal plus prebiotic was significantly higher than those of other birds (p < 0.05).

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of coating zeolite with nanosilver on performance, energy and protein efficiency and the weight of liver, spleen and burs of fabricius in broilers, using 375 Cobb strain chicks in a completely randomized design with five treatments, five repetitions and 15 chicks in each replicate. Treatments were included basal diet and basal diet supplemented with one percent zeolite coated with different levels of nanosilver (zero, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 ppm). Broilers performance investigated weekly. Energy and protein efficiency were calculated in each period of production. On days of 21 and 42 two birds from each experimental unit were slaughtered to measure the weight of internal organs. The results didn’t show any significant different in weight gain and feed intake between exmerimental diets. The efficiency of energy and protein increased significantly on grower period and total period of production (p

This experiment was conducted for effect of feeding fermented rapeseed meal on reduction salmonella population in broiler chickens. A total of 240 Cobb 500 broilers in a completely randomized design were allocated to 6 treatments with 4 replicates of 10 chickens each. Experimental treatments were including negative control (not challenged by salmonella), positive control (challenged by salmonella) and treatments containing 50 and 100% raw or/and fermented rapeseed meal replaced by soybean meal in diet. All broilers were challenged by Salmonella typhimurium using oral gavage except negative control at the end of 3 day of rearing. Results showed that 7 and 14 days post challenge, the percentage of contamination in fermented rapeseed meal treatments were less than positive control and raw rapeseed meal treatments. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio in positive control and 50% fermented rapeseed meal treatment were significantly different with other challenged treatments (P

The effect of feeding fermented cottonseed meal on performance, carcass characteristics and blood serum lipid profile was studied in a completely randomized design with five treatments, five replicates and 12 birds per replication using 300 male Ross 308 broiler chicks. Raw cottonseed meal was fermented with a liquid mixed culture containing Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae with a ratio of 1:1.2. After seven days of fermentation, free gossypol was reduced from 584.33 to 68 mg/kg. The experimental treatments included replacing 0, 10, and 20 percent of the raw or fermented cottonseed meal by the soybean meal in the diet. The use of fermented cottonseed meal in the diet improved weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broilers compared to the raw cottonseed meal (P

This experiment was conducted for reducing of glucosinolates in rapeseed meal by solid state fermentation and its effects on performance and gastrointestinal microflora population of broiler chickens. Raw rapeseed meal was fermented with a liquid mixed culture containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger in a ratio of 1:1.2. After the 25-day fermentation, glucosinolates were reduced from 12.21 to 3.93 mmol/g. A total of 300 Cobb 500 broilers in a completely randomized design were allocated to 5 treatments with 4 replicates of 15 chickens each. Experimental treatments was containing 0, 50 and 100% raw or/and fermented rapeseed meal replaced by soybean meal in diets. The results showed that fermented rapeseed meal compared with raw rapeseed meal improved broiler’s performance (P

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Aspergillus oryzae fermented soybean meal and dietary protein level on performance and gasterointestinal microbial population in broiler chickens in a completely randomized design with 2×2 factorial arrangement containing, 2 forms of soybean meal (raw and fermented) and 2 levels of protein (Low and High protein). Two hundred and forty Ross 308 broilers were allocated to 4 experimental treatments with 5 replicates of 12 chickens each. The results showed thatreplacing fermented soybean meal with soybean meal in diet decreased to feed intake(P0.05). Abdominal fat percentage was significantly higher in low protein diet than high protein diet (P

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of probiotic as growth promoters and different nutrient density on the performance, immune response, and some blood parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 400 one-day-old Ross broilers were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (5 replicates with 20 broilers per replicate) and fed 1 of 4 diets: two levels of nutrient density [high nutrient density (ME 2950 kJ/kg and CP 21.5 %/kg for 0-10 d; ME 3050 kJ/kg and CP20.3 %/kg for 11-24 d; ME 3150 kJ/kg and CP18.7 %/kg for 25-42 d) or low nutrient density (ME 2850 kJ/kg and CP 20.7 %/kg for 0-10 d; ME 2950 kJ/kg and CP19.6 %/kg for 11-24 d; ME 3050 kJ/kg and CP18.1 %/kg for 25-42 d)] and also two levels of probiotics 0 or 1.5 %/kg (65× 107 viable spores/g of Bacillus subtilis). Probiotic and nutrient density had no significant effect on performance of broiler chickens. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentration was decreased by low nutrient density diet (P<0.05). Dietary probiotic increased the blood lymphocyte percentage. Probiotic and density had significant effect on hetrophils and H/L ratio and decreased lymphocytes count at the end of expriments (P<0.05).

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of vitamin premix withdrawal from diets containing different energy levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers subjected to heat stress in a completely randomized design with 2×3 factorial arrangement containing, 2 levels of energy (Low and High energy) and 3 levels of vitamin premix withdrawal (28, 35 and 42 days). Three hundred and thirty six Ross 308 broilers (male sex) were allocated to 6 experimental treatments with 4 replicates of 14 chicks each. The results showed that broilers were fed high energy diet had significantly higher body weight gain than those were fed low energy diet (P<0.05). The vitamin premix withdrawal and energy level had no significant effect on feed intake. Broilers that their vitamin premix were withdraw at 28 days rather than other groups (35 and 42 days) had relatively lower body weight gain and significantly higher feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). Carcass percentage and abdominal fat were significantly higher in broilers fed higher energy diet than those were fed low energy diet (P<0.05). Carcass characteristics were not affected by the time of vitamin premix withdrawal. Based on the results of this experiment, increasing of dietary energy level resulted to improve broiler's performance subjected to heat stress, although the abdominal fat increases. Also, it is possible to withdraw vitamin premix one week before slaughtering (35 days), but it's withdraw two weeks before slaughtering (28 days) may decrease the performance of broilers.