فهرست مطالب اکبر بابایی حیدر آبادی

Logbook is an important tool for learning, monitoring and evaluating students' periodic activities during their internship. According to the revised curriculum of the master's degree in health education and health promotion, the present study was conducted with the aim of development an educational logbook.
According to the revision of the curriculum of the master's degree in health education and health promotion, the present study was conducted to design an educational logbook for the internship course of the master's degree in health education and health promotion.

This developmental study was conducted using the Delphi technique from 2018 to 2022 in the form of 10 face-to-face and 3 virtual meetings. In this research, the participation of specialized board members, heads of department, faculty members and students of medical sciences universities of the country was used with the convenience sampling method. At first, the chapters of internships were extracted according to the curriculum of the master's degree in health education and health promotion and analyzed based on Bloom's classification in three cognitive, attitudinal, and behavioral domains, and then the intended activities were designed.

In this research, 39 activities in the 5 fields (according to the approved curriculum) were compiled as activities needed by students in the form of a log book. 11 activities were determined for comprehensive health service centers, 10 activities for media, 7 activities for workplaces, 7 activities for community and 4 activities in the areas of needs assessment, development, implementation and evaluation.

According to the designed log book, it is expected the end of internship, the students will learn the different stages of an educational intervention, including needs assessment; Practice design, implementation or evaluation according to any internship environment or field and improve their abilities.

Accountability and social commitment is one of the philosophical approaches of universities, which focuses more on the responsibility of universities in serving the society. The purpose of this research is to identify the skills expected by the society from the graduates of the master's degree in health education and health promotion in order to increase the level of social accountability. 

This qualitative study was conducted with the quantitative content analysis method at Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences. The statistical population of this research was all the students and graduates of the master's degree in health and the staff in charge of the health education unit in the sub-category of health department, who were invited to the study by available sampling method. The data collection method was a structured interview.

This research was conducted with the participation of 19 health education graduates and experts with an average age of 39 years and an average work experience of 14 years. 105 needs and skills of a health education and health promotion expert in the form of four main categories including; The required skills of a health education and health promotion expert in the workplace, useful skills for the workplace that are taught in the university, skills expected in the workplace and expectations from the educational system to increase responsiveness to the needs of society were presented.

There is a gap between the skills taught at the university level and the job needs of graduates of this field, and most of this difference is estimated for practical skills. Also, in order to improve responsiveness to the needs of employees and ultimately the needs of the society, the scientific and practical support of health education experts is needed for the workers in the work environment, which requires close interaction of the health department with the health faculty.

In the medical fields, internship and field training play a very important role in the education of students. The purpose of the present study was to determine the status of education in the field for students and enhancing the level of health system accountability in Jundishapor University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz.

The current research was a descriptive-cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2019 in Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in Ahvaz. The study people includes 209 of senior students in all majors, 97 of faculty members, and 18 of non-faculty resident trainee instructors. The study tool was three researcher-made questionnaires, made available to the study subjects through the educational vice-chancellor of Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz. Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Indices (CVI) as well as Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were used for content validity and internal consistency, respectively. The evaluation of training in the field was done in six domains. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS24 software.

The number of participants in the study was 322 people. Examining the views of the participants showed that the state of education in the field was average for the six domains. In the comparison between different domains, 'content and compliance with the training curriculum in the field' had the highest average of the score (2.38 out of 4) and 'motivational and behavioral issues for training in the field' had the lowest average (1.98 out of 4).

The findings of the present study showed that from the point of view of the three target groups, the state of education in the field is still far from the ideal state. Therefore, it is recommended to plan in order to develop the necessary infrastructure for training in the field, provide motivational opportunities for faculty members, resident instructors and other staff involved in student training and improve the evaluation method.

Social mobilization and community partnerships are required for identification and solving health problems in the Corona epidemic. Community participation is a fundamental component of community health and development programs. A renewed emphasis on the importance of community participation improves global public health. The aim of the present study was to explore effect the community engagement component via educating the people for the people during the COVID-19 outbreak. 

In this qualitative study, data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews whit 18 participants including health system experts and involved in the field of public participation of Ahvaz city, who were selected through purposive sampling of the type of maximum variety. The content analysis approach was used to analyze the data. The analysis tool in this study was MAXQDA18 software. Contributors surveyed to ensure that the data were acceptable. Reviewers carried out confirmation of findings. The accuracy and robustness of the data were confirmed by Lincoln and Guba standards.

Data analysis resulted in the extraction of 336 primary codes, which were classified into six main subthemes: the concept of public knowledge sharing practices, the benefits of social participation in education, strategies to increase social participation, tactics for attracting social participation, problems and barriers to weakening social participation, and facilitators that influence social participation.

The result of this study was the achievement of strategies and tactics to engage people in education, which can be used by decision-makers and other stakeholders

The global burden of tuberculosis (TB) is ranked tenth. Stopping the TB epidemic in 2035 is one of the sustainable development goals. This study was therefore conducted to determine the factors associated with the incidence of tuberculosis and the success rate of tuberculosis treatment in Ramhormoz.

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 2021. The study population included patients who had a registered medical record in Ramhormoz Health Center from 2007 to 2020. Then the data were entered into SPSS16 software and analyzed using descriptive tests (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential tests (chi-square test). Ethical considerations were observed in this study.

The total number of identified tuberculosis cases was 154 person. In general, the average incidence of tuberculosis during the study period in Ramhormoz city was equal to 10.05 per hundred thousand people. The average incidence of tuberculosis was 10.58 in 100,000 men and 10.43 in 100,000 women. Also, the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis was 6.51 percent per thousand, the extrapulmonary type was 3.72 percent per thousand, and the success rate of disease treatment in the study period reached 90.9 percent, which was albeit different for men and women.

The incidence of tuberculosis (positive smear pulmonary tuberculosis and extrapulmonary tuberculosis) and the success rate of its treatment in Ramhormoz city were almost favorable, but the diagnosis of negative smear pulmonary tuberculosis cases was not encouraging.

Today, E-learning is an integral part of the education system, which has become a practical tool for implementing educational programs in many universities due to its many benefits and Covid 19 epidemic. The aim of this study is evaluating the quality of virtual education from the point of view of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences students. The information of this descriptive-analytical study was collected using a researcher made questionnaire with five main components including educational content, technological infrastructure, educational environment, evaluation and feedback and interaction between student and teacher based on Likert scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22 Software. After determining the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, it was completed by 404 students. The mean of educational content 20.75±10.29, technological infrastructure 13.50±5.89, educational environment 18.31±6.61, evaluation and feedback 26.80±6.85 and interaction between student and teacher 16.64±5.73, were reported medium, medium, medium, good and medium, respectively. The general satisfaction of students was calculated with the virtual education method in the Navid system 5.49±2.59 and the review and supervision of the Education Development Center on the quality of educational content provided 2.56±1.43. Considering the economic, educational, cultural and temporal benefits of virtual education, it is suggested that in the coming semesters and in the post crisis period, university officials and policy makers have the necessary planning for combined education.

Medical students are one of the information resources in society and an effective human resource in providing health services to the community during the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is necessary for them to receive sufficient education on this disease and so that they can provide services to the public. This study was conducted to determine the educational topics of Covid-19 for medical sciences. This study is a type of research in education based on needs assessment using a qualitative approach. It was conducted in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Data were collected from 109 faculty members through an electronic questionnaire. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze the data. Twelve common topics for all fields of medical sciences and 170 specific topics for 51 fields of medical sciences were extracted as the educational needs with respect to Covid-19. According to our results, compiling general and specific syllabi on Covid-19 and including them in the curricula of medical students is a necessity felt by students and professionals.

Identifying the strengths and weaknesses of evaluation and quality assurance of an e-learning system can help design the systematic structure of the evaluation process in the higher education to elevate the quality of education. In view of this, this study endeavored to elaborate on the strengths and weaknesses of evaluation and quality assurance of e-learning in medical universities.

This qualitative study was conducted by conventional (inductive) content analysis method in the academic year 2020 in Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences. The population consisted of professors, director of the EDC, educational vice-chancellor/president of university. The sample size was selected using purposive sampling. Semi-structured electronic questionnaire was used to collect data and Granheim and Landman content analysis approach was used to analyze the data.

The analysis of qualitative data obtained from 153 questionnaires from 46 universities of medical sciences was done in two main areas: strength and weakness including 17 main categories and 65 sub-categories. Strength includes providing e-learning evaluation tools, Stakeholders monitoring and feedback, assessment and adaptation of virtual lesson plans with curriculum, using the system for evaluation, developing protocols and evaluation mechanisms, forming an accreditation committee, so on. Weakness includes lack of comprehensive evaluation and quality assurance protocol, lack of evaluation infrastructure in Navid system, quantification and attention to the number of contents, ambiguity in ensuring the safety of final exams, so on.

Providing standards and developing an evaluation mechanism can increase the quality of the e-learning evaluation process and make it easier to implement.

The evaluation of the student dissertation supervisor is one of the important issues in improving the scientific and research level of students that has received less attention. Therefore, this study endeavored to identify the components of evaluation instruments of medical students' dissertation supervisors.

This study was conducted with a qualitative approach and conventional content analysis method in the academic year 2021 in Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences. After reviewing the available articles and texts, the interview guide questions in a group discussion session with the participation of the research team; designed. Data were collected through structured interviews (electronically) and group discussion, and by purposeful sampling of stakeholders. The proposed Lundman and Graneheim steps were employed to analyze the data.

In this study, 22 faculty members and 10 students participated, which was collected from data analysis; 260 initial codes were obtained and after the final analysis in group discussion sessions, 50 codes were classified into three categories. Nine codes were obtained in the category of Supervisor Capacity, 15 codes in the category of General Ethics, and 26 codes in the category of Professional Ethics.

In this study, 50 major factors were identified as elements and components of the evaluation instruments of the student's dissertation supervisor that can be used in the evaluation process of professors.

 Using correct ergonomic principles is the main preventive factor while employees use computers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of applying the Extended Parallel Process Model in adopting preventing behaviors of physical injuries caused by the computer on female employees of comprehensive service health centers.

 This semi-experimental study was performed on 166 female employees of the Health Centers of West Ahvaz in 2018-2019. Participants were selected by census method, and after completing the pre-test questionnaire, they were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The educational intervention was performed based on the Extended Parallel Process Model by sending a daily educational SMS for one month. Two months after sending the last SMS, participants completed the research questionnaire again. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, paired T, Wilcoxon, and Friedman tests.

 There was no significant difference between the scores of the Extended Parallel Process Model constructs in the experimental and control groups before the intervention (P>0.05). A significant difference was observed in the mean scores of the perceived sensitivity and severity, response effectiveness, self-efficacy, and behavior in the intervention groups two months after the intervention (P<0.05).

 Training by the Extended Parallel Process Model enabled the test group participants to be in a position to adopt protective behavior. The findings showed that focusing on high-performance content messages promotes preventive behaviors for computer-assisted physical injuries.

Mobile phone is one of the most important means of communication and social in the present age, and there are concerns about its harmful effects due to the growing use of it among adolescents. In this regard, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior regarding microbial and radiation complications of mobile phone in female students of secondary school in Baghmalek city.

The present study was a quasi-experimental two-group study (test and control) that was conducted on 100 students in 2019. The target population consisted of female high school students who entered the study using stratified sampling method. The educational intervention was conducted using the method of short lecture, group discussion, question and answer based on the constructs of the theory of planned behavior. The training sessions were conducted in the form of group training in the form of 3 sessions for 90 minutes during a month. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 24 software and independent t-test and paired t-test.

The results showed that before the intervention, the mean and standard deviation scores of attitudes (24.08 ±4.78), Subjective norm (32.52 ±7.67), perceived behavioral control (32.28 ±5.05), behavioral intention (13.14 ±4.44) and behavior (24.30 ±4.40) between the two groups of control and test were not significantly different (P <0.05). However, one month after the educational intervention, the mean scores and standard deviation of attitude (25.94 ±5.95), subjective norm (37.22 ±7.31), perceived behavioral control (34.80 ±5.42), and behavior (26.86 ±5.95), except for the behavioral intention (14.02 ±3.11) in the test group, increased significantly (p <0.001).

Based on the findings of this study, education based on planned behavior theory is fruitful and can improve studentschr('39') microbial and mobile phone Preventive behaviors by increasing attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.

Improving childrenchr('39')s health is one of the most important indicators of a communitychr('39')s health and preventing injuries in children requires safety. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of theory-based education (Health Belief Model) on motherschr('39') safety behavior in preventing injuries from pediatric accidents.

This semi-experimental study was conducted with 220 mothers with children under 5 years old. The data collection tool was a questionnaire based on knowledge, Health Belief Model constructs, behavior, and home safety checklist that was completed before and after educational intervention in both control and test groups by a Self-Report Method. The educational intervention based on the Health Belief Model was performed in 3 sessions using feedback speech, group discussion, clip display, and images. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 statistical software and Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, t, and Chi-Square tests.

The mean age and standard deviation of mothers were 28.50±5.20 years. There was a significant difference between the mean score of awareness, behavior, home safety and structural beliefs of the health belief model in the intervention group before and after the educational intervention (p<0.001) and in the control group between the mean score of perceived sensitivity and perceived barriers, behavior, home safety increased significantly. There was a significant difference in the score difference each of the variables before and after the intervention between the two groups.

The educational program designed based on the Health Belief Model is effective in improving motherschr('39') beliefs and enhancing the safety behavior of mothers in preventing childrenchr('39')s accidents.

Assessment of acadimicinas' activities is needed to ensure education development. The purpose of this study was to assess Development of a measure to assess the content of course plan, PowerPoint Slides and final semester exam of academicians in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. The methode of research, qualitative and sterategy used was Grounded theory (systematic scheme). The statical population included all the scientific talents of public universities throughout the contry. For sampling, targeted sampling, theoretical and snowball were used and then 20 scientific talents were selected and participated in the semi- structured interview. Considering the results obtained from interviews, factors to attract, develop and retain scientific talent in the higher education system were identified and also three phases of open coding, axial and selective coding model in six categories were presented as causative conditions, axial phenomena, action/intraction, context, interventional conditions and outcomes of talent management system of higher education. According to the results, the establishment of a talent management system in Iran's higher education was based on individual, managerial, and dynamic adaptation factors. Furthuremore, it was constructed on the strategic focus, strategic alignment and the adoption of effective strategies for attracting, developing and maintaining. The context providing strategies included organizational factors, job-related factors and extra-organizational conditions thatin interaction with the context and interfere factors, it contained attitudinal, behavioral, and organizational implications.

Among the important and necessary prerequisites for evaluating educational processes; Having a comprehensive tool with appropriate validity and reliability that the purpose of this study was Design and validation a tool for evaluating the quality of teachers' teaching, which is presented virtually in the Navid system. Research team; After analyzing the findings of the literature review, conducted 5 individual interviews with e-learning and medical education specialists and then held three group discussion sessions with experts; Developed a teacher's virtual teaching assessment tool. The opinions of 11 experts were used for content validity index and content validity ratio. To evaluate formal validity; The tool was provided to 10 professors and group managers and 5 students. Evaluators' agreement coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the instrument. According to the results, a questionnaire with 41 items in four sections includes; Students' evaluation of the quality of presentation of each lesson in general [with 5 items]; Students' evaluation in part [with 11 items], faculty evaluation by the department manager [with 16 items] and professor evaluation by colleagues [with 9 items] was obtained. The value of validity index for all sections of the questionnaire was calculated by averaging the questions of each section. Also, the total CVI value of the questionnaire was 0.98. Overall reliability was obtained using kappa coefficient equal to 0.8. Based on the research findings, this tool has appropriate validity and reliability and can be used to evaluate the performance of medical sciences teachers.

The trans-theoretical model is a model that is very sensitive to changes in the minor progress of behavior. Therefore, the trans-theoretical model is more practical than other patterns of behavior change, which have been considered all or no to measure physical activity. This study aimed to standardize and determine the validity and reliability of the tensile movement questionnaire at the University of Medical Sciences employees.

In this study, after searching the texts and the study of the same questionnaires and tools and among the available and related tools, the initial questionnaire was designed. First, the validity and content of the questionnaire were measured using expertschr('39') comments. Then, the ability to understand the questionnaire based on the opinions of 10 employees was investigated. Finally, to determine the reliability with the experimental-open test method, 30 employees, Cronbachchr('39')s alpha, and the correlation coefficient were obtained using SPSS software.

After performing the necessary reforms with expertschr('39') opinions, finally, the questionnaire with increasing the number of questions of the field of self-efficacy from 6 to 7 questions, the reduction of the number of questions of the interests of stretching movements from 10 to 5 questions, increasing the number of questions of the barriers of stretching movements from 4 to 7 questions and increasing the number of questions of In the validation stage, each 40 of the questions had acceptable content validity (8.0 to 99.0). Also, at least 80% of the questions were diagnosed in terms of the target group acceptable. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient and correlation coefficient were 86.0 and 7.0, respectively.

A designed questionnaire based on the trans-theoretical model constructs to assess educational intervention to enhance the tensile movements of employees has acceptable reliability and validity.

Today, mobile phones are one of the cultural components of the young and adolescents. Mobile phones emit a kind of beam called electromagnetic field in the air, which consists of electric and magnetic waves. The purpose of this study was therefore to design and evaluate the validity and reliability of a Preventive Behavior Questionnaire of Mobile Phone usage consequences on female students of Baghmalek County.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 50 female high school students (16 to 18 years old) in Baghmalek metropolitan area. The study included both experimental and control groups through random sampling. The samples were evaluated in three stages using a researcher-made questionnaire. The training was provided in the form of individual counseling with the help of a pamphlet training aid. All stages of the present study were conducted according to ethical standards. Students were assured that the information is confidential. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software.

All 48 questions related to the theory of planned behavior questionnaire had very good content validity (0.79 to 0.99). Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient were 0.88 and 0.84, respectively.

The Preventive Behavior Questionnaire for mobile phone usage based on the Theory of Planned Behavior showed very good validity and reliability and can be used in research activities.

Teachers 'educational behavior is one of the most important factors influencing students' teaching and learning process and its continuous evaluation ensures improvement of the quality of teachers' performance and educational activities. This study aimed to design an Instrument for evaluation of teaching quality of teachers based on classroom-made videos. This study is a mixed method research which was conducted to design and validate an Instrument for evaluation of teaching quality of teachers at Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences from 2018 to 2019. Participants included teachers, students, and medical education professionals. After reviewing literature and relevant questionnaires and as well as receiving expert opinions, 36 questions were designed in the form of a preliminary questionnaire. In order to determine the content and face validity, the preliminary questionnaire was reviewed and approved in four sessions of group discussion by 14 specialists of medical education, health education and promotion, nursing, midwifery, health information technology and psychiatry.
Initial questions about teaching quality assessment included 36 questions. Finally, 24 questions were presented in four domains including non-verbal communication (9 questions), verbal communication (4 questions), interacting with students (6 questions) and classroom management (5 questions). At the validation stage, all 24 questions had acceptable content validity (0.7 to 1.0). The reliability of the instrument was confirmed by the Kappa coefficient (0/8). The Instrument designed to evaluate the quality of teaching based on film, has acceptable validity and reliability.

The aim of this study was to investigate the barriers to learning in view of students of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences (AUMS). This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 230 undergraduate and graduate students of AUMS. A 35-item researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data. The mean and standard deviation of the barriers to learning were; obstacles related to the teacher (52.8 ± 4.9), student barriers (44.2± 4.8), and educational barriers (29.2± 3.9) the skills of the teacher (4.8±0.4), considering education ethics by the teacher (including respect for students and fairness) (4.6± 0.5), up to date knowledge of teacher (4.4 ± 0.6) , adequate motivation of teacher for learning to students (4.4 ± 0.7) and students' depression and other mental disorders (4.4 ± 0.6). Learning barriers were significantly different from the viewpoints of different educational groups (P<0.001). In terms of gender and educational level, there was no significant difference in the barriers of learning from the viewpoint of students of different disciplines. Some of the characteristics of the teachers' teaching including the power of expression, the modernity of the teachers knowledge and the motivation of the student, which reflects teachers' teaching skills, as well as some moral and individual characteristics including fairness and respect for the student, indicating human relationships were found important.

One of the most important causes of nutritional problems is the discrepancy between the performance of individuals on the basis of knowledge and the lack of proper nutritional knowledge. So, the aim of the current study was to investigate effect of targeted educational program based on the transtheoretical model in promoting healthy nutrition behaviors in middle-aged women in Dehdez, Iran. In this semi-experimental study with pre-test post-test design with control group conducted in 2017, 108 middle-aged women referring to Dehdez health center were selected by random sampling and were randomly divided into the experimental (54 subjects) and control (54 subjects) groups. The data were collected, using a nutritional behavior questionnaire in accordance with a transtheoretical model. Educational intervention was performed based on the transtheoretical model within 3 sessions for the experimental group. After 2 months of follow-up, participants completed the research questionnaire again. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software, using t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, Chi-square, and Wilcoxon test. After intervention, the mean scores of benefits and perceived self-efficacy and nutritional behavior in the experimental group was significantly increased compared to the control group (p<0.05). The mean score of the perceived barriers in the experimental group after the intervention was reduced, but this change was not significant in comparison with the control group (p>0.05). Educational program based on the transtheoretical model is effective in promoting healthy nutrition behaviors in the middle-aged women in Dehdez, Iran.

Background Suicide is one of the important health problems. In Iran, like most countries in the world, suicide has considerably increased in recent decades and its reduction is one of the key goals of the health system. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for suicide to provide appropriate strategies and planning of practitioners for better prevention and treatment of people at risk.
Methods & Materials This is a desriptive correlational study. The study population comprised all suicide attempts in 2011. To this end, 545 records were examined in proportional stratified manner. The device of collecting data was a checklist, including age, sex, history of suicide attempt,etc. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive tests using SPSS19.
Results Based on the results, 36.7% of the subjects who attempted sucide were men and 63.3% were women. The majority of suicide attempters were single (53.9%), aged 14-24 years (54.9%) and were city residents (90.1%). Suicide rates were highest in winter (30.6%). Among suicide attempters, 74.3% had used drugs. The most common reasons of attempting for suicide among married persons were marital problems.
Conclusion According to the findings, promotion of healthy marriage, premarital consultation, social and mental support with regard to social problems, promotion of correct urbanization culture, correct use of medication, expansion of hope and recreation among people, especially the young could be helpful and instrumental in prevention of Suicide.

Spiritual health is one of the aspects of human health, in addition to physical, mental and social health and causes the integrated relationship among internal forces. The aim of this study is determination of the spiritual health status in Students of Shahid Beheshti University and Shahid Beheshti University.
This study was a cross-sectional and descriptive - analytic that conducted on 367 students in 2015. The sampling method was quota sampling. Data were collected using valid and reliable measure of spiritual health questionnaire with 48 questions, in the form of two components of cognitive-emotional (insight and orientation) and behavior; and three concept of relationship with God, with oneself and around. The data were analyzed with software SPSS21.
From 367 participants in the study, 59.1 percent were tempfemale and 12.3 percent were married and 66.4 percent of them lived in Tehran. 47.2% of participants were studying for BS and the rest in graduate and PhD. The mean age (standard deviation) ) was reported 22.64 (3.88). The mean (SD) of insight and spiritual orientation, behavior and spiritual health were 79.94 (15.34) 71.96 (14.28) and 76.62 (13.89), respectively.
The mean scores of students were relatively high in the field of vision and spiritual orientation, moral behavior and spiritual health. The average of spiritual health indicators and its performance was more in girls and married students than boys and unmarried. As well as there was a significant relationship between spiritual insight and orientation with behavior.

The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B infections in drug addicts is one of the most important problems of human societies. This study was conducted in order to determine the serologic prevalence of hepatitis B and HIV infections and its relationship with behavioral risk factors in drug addicts in Zamzam Health Center, Southern Tehran, Iran.
This descriptive-analytical survey was conducted during 3 months (from January to March 2011) on 220 drug addicts under methadone maintenance treatment in Zamzam Health Center. The census sampling method was used in the present study. The serological prevalence of AIDS and hepatitis B was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Demographic and behavioral characteristics of participants were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and through face-to-face interviews. Data were analyzed using chi-square and t-test in SPSS software.
Findings: The prevalence of HIV and hepatitis B infections were respectively 1.8% and 4.1%. HIV and hepatitis B infections had a statistically significant relationship with drug injection (P The prevalence of HIV and hepatitis B infections was high among drug addicts referred to Zamzam Health Center, especially among injecting drug users. Therefore, preventive interventions such as providing free consultation and training by professionals, distribution of free sterile syringes, precise and regular screening of blood transmitted diseases, and hepatitis B vaccination are recommended for drug addicts.

Nowadays job burnout is a common problem in all healthcare systems, and it seems that physical factors such as noise pollution play an important role in it. Based on this, we aimed to study the association between noise pollution and job burnout among nurses in Behbahan city in 2015.
The stattistical community of this cross-sectional analytic study included the nurses in Behbahan city in 2015 so 151 nurses were selected from 3 hospitals through systematic random sampling. The data collection tools were Maslach Burnout Inventory and standard questionnaire of noise pollution. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software through descriptive statistics, ANOVA, independent t-test, and Spearman correlation coefficient test.
25.8% of the participating nurses were male and 74.2% were female. The mean age of participants was 33.48± 8.74 years old. The mean score of noise sensitivity was 63.7±22.98 and the mean score of noise pollution was 56.52± 22.68. Most of the nurses were at the low occupational burnout level in subscales of depersonalization (63.6%) and emotional exhaustion (64.2%); but in the subscale of lack of personal success, a higher percentage of nurses (65.6%) were at the high level of burnout. There was a positive and significant direct association between the subscale of emotional exhaustion and noise pollution (P=0.000) and sensitivity to the noise (P=0.002) and also between depersonalization and noise pollution (P=0.004).
The results indicate that with the increase in noise pollution, job burnout tends to increase, specifically in the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization subscales. Therefore, it seems necessary to implement approaches to reduce noise pollution in hospitals to prevent job burnout in nurses.

Iran is one of the most vulnerable communities for the expected disasters and accidents. Each year these disasters result in the deaths and injuries to people. The demand for health care requires permanent preparedness of medical centers and their personnel. The current study set out with the aim of assessing the preparedness of personnel working in the medical centers of Dehloran city towards disasters in 2013.
In this descriptive- sectional research, the preparedness of 66 medical personnel working in the health care centers were assessed using questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS15 software. Written consents were obtained from participants in the study.
The average score of the participant`s knowledge about disasters and disaster-related health preparedness was 3.95±1.22. The mean scores of the respondent`s attitudes and performances were 23.27±2.3 and 1.35±1.5 respectively, demonstrating a poor knowledge and performance and a positive attitude towards the need for preparedness against disasters.
Despite the positive attitude about the importance of preparedness to deal with disasters, awareness and performance of employees were poor. Educational intervention with an emphasis on its repetition and designed maneuvers for various disasters is recommended to improve the staff preparedness.

Recognize and respect the rights of patients is important in improving quality of care and increased reliability and Patient satisfaction. The aim study was Clinical training student's awareness from patient's rights in Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University, Tehran (2013-14). In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 70 Clinical training students in Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University were selected using Stratified random sampling method. Data were gatherers using a Questionnaire which analyzed by descriptive statistics and SPSS 16. Student awareness of patient's rights was 8.5% weak, 90% moderate and 1.4% good. Highest awareness was Access to services (61.07%) and the lowest awareness was personal liberty (44.7%).Discution: In study Ajami Ghaleh Rashidi and Colleagues That examines the relationship between knowledge of patient's rights with respect in rehabilitation experts of Rehabilitation centers in Tehran showed Knowledge of patient's rights in 7/59 percent of the experts were in very good, Ranjbar study and collaborate on different fields of Medical Students student's knowledge was assessed Average Clinical training students communicate with patients (particularly students who communicate with disabilities) is importance, so Planning to improve student awareness about the patient's rights is necessary. To compensate for the lack of information in the field,offering a course Introduction to the patient's rights, workshops, informing through educational journals and introduce the book to students by teachers can be effective.