فهرست مطالب اکبر خوش

In the study of Barati documents (checks, Barat and promissory notes) in this research, we came to the conclusion that they follow principles and rules such as "principle of non-hearing of objections" and "abstract description". Despite the great importance of these principles, most jurists have examined them briefly without specifying the relationship between them, which has caused many questions and ambiguities. In this study, to answer the questions, we have used descriptive and analytical methods as well as explanatory and inferential methods, and it was concluded that the principle of non-hearing of defects in Barati documents, in addition to basic relational defects, is necessary. Also apply to your transaction defects. In addition, the exceptions to each of these are different. It was also found that only the principle of not listening to the objections of these documents regarding the basic relationship is the result and fruit of the abstract description and not the mentioned principle regarding your relationship.

Commercial documents follow principles and rules such as the "principle of non-hearing of objections" and the "abstract description". In spite of the great importance of these principles, most jurists have given a brief overview of them, and some have tried to interpret and explain them according to the jurisprudence and principles governing civil rights. This has led to many questions and ambiguities. In this study, in order to answer the proposed questions, we have used descriptive and analytical methods as well as explanatory and inferential methods, and it was concluded that the principle of non-hearing of objections, in addition to basic relationship problems, should also be applied to objections of commercial transactions. In addition, we pointed out that the exceptions for each of these cases are different; because while the direct holder as well as the holder who has no good will are the only exceptions to the above principle regarding the basic relationship. The exceptions to this principle regarding the objections of commercial transactions can be divided into two parts: first that leads to absolute decline of commitment of the committed and second that causes relative decline in commitment.