اکبر علیپور

In order to investigate the reduction of water deficit stress by using Priming and foliar application of anti-stress materials on the yield and yield components in Barley, an experiment as split plots in RCBD with 3 irrigation regimes and 6 Priming and foliar application in three replication in 2018-19 was implemented. Irrigation regimes include optimal irrigation, moderate and severe irrigation in the main plots and the application of anti-stress substances in the form of seeding and foliar spraying, including chitosan with a concentration of 500 mg/liter, epibrassinolide with a concentration of 1 micromolar, folic acid with a concentration of 50 micromolar and glutathione with The concentration of 150 mg/liter, distilled water and control were randomly placed in sub-plots. The results of the statistical analysis of the data and the comparison of the average traits showed that the effect of the application of anti-stress materials in different irrigation regimes was the same, so that in all the irrigation regimes, chitosan topped the rest of the seeding and foliar treatments in terms of improving the measured traits, and the maximum yield traits and yield components and also obtained the morphological and physiological traits in basil variety. Therefore, the use of anti-stress materials can be fruitful in optimal irrigation and increase most of the desirable traits in the climate of the basil variety.

The growth and development of crops are permanently affected by various environmental factors, and environmental stress is one of the most important factors that reduce the yield of crops in the world. Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses in plants. Drought stress also aggravates the effect of other stresses or causes them to appear. Considering that Iran is one of the dry and semi-arid regions, water management in the agricultural sector is of particular importance. In this regard, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and foliar application of amino acid on some morphological traits and grain yield of soybean.

The experiment was carried out in the two years of 2018 and 2019 in the farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University. This research was designed and implemented as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors include three irrigation levels (full irrigation, moderate deficit irrigation and severe deficit irrigation), which were placed in the main plots, and foliar spraying of amino acids with five levels (leucine, valine, cysteine, commercial amino acids, without foliar spraying) as sub-plots were considered. The number of experimental plots was 54. In each repetition, three main plots were created at a distance of one meter from each other and 6 sub-plots were created inside each main plot. The distance between the plants on the cultivated rows was 8 cm. Some morphological traits and grain yield of soybean were measured.

Based on the results of the interaction of the year in the irrigation regime, the height of the plant decreased in each year with the decrease in irrigation, but this decrease was not significant in the first year. The results showed that by spraying the plants with amino acids, the height of the soybean plant increased significantly compared to the control, and among the amino acids, commercial amino acid (91.77 cm) and cysteine (91.06 cm) had the greatest effect on the height of the plant, although there was no significant difference with other amino acids. The highest leaf area was related to the plants sprayed by valin in the second year. The results showed that in each year, with the application of amino acids, the leaf area of the soybean plant increased significantly compared to the control. Valine amino acid with the greatest effect on leaf dry weight increased it by 29.57% compared to the control treatment. The results showed that foliar spraying of all four types of amino acids had a significant increasing effect on the dry weight of the stem compared to the control, and cysteine had a 34.6% increase in the dry weight of the stem compared to the control, although there was no significant difference with other amino acid treatments. The results showed that in both years, with the application of amino acids, the wet weight of pods increased compared to the control, and it was significant in the second year. The three interaction effects of the year in the irrigation regime in amino acids had a significant effect only on the characteristics of stem wet weight and pod dry weight.

The results indicated that foliar spraying of amino acids had a positive increasing effect on morphological traits. Valine and cysteine amino acids had the most significant positive effect on grain yield of soybean.

A split-split plot field experiment using the randomized complete block design with three replicates was carried out to investigate drought tolerance of wheat inoculated with mycorrhiza fungi and its interaction with copper nanoparticles. The factors included two irrigation levels (optimum irrigation and deficit irrigation), two levels of fungal symbiosis (with or without a symbiotic relationship), and three spray concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles (50, 250, and 450 ppm).The results of ANOVA revealed that Analysis of variance showed that proline content and spike/m2 were significant in irrigation regime, mycorrhiza, foliar application, and all the interaction effects of double and triple factors.The effect of irrigation regime, mycorrhiza and foliar application of copper nano oxide was effective on grain yield, but the effects and interactions of irrigation regime×foliar application, mycorrhiza×foliar application and irrigation regime×mycorrhiza×foliar application have no significate effect on that characteristic;Comparison of mean traits showed that the maximum number of spikes/m2 in mycorrhizal fungi application with50ppm copper nano oxide foliar application in optimum irrigation was780numbers.The highest hectolitre weight of wheat was related to triple interactions,optimum irrigation with fungus and foliar application of450ppm copper nano oxide that was not statistically significant effect with triple interactions,optimum irrigation without fungus and foliar application of 250ppm copper nano oxide.Maximum proline content was obtained in non-mycorrhizal fungi treatment with50ppm foliar spray under deficit irrigation (23.8mg/g fresh weight) which was statistically significant at least at5%level with other treatments. The highest grain yield (309.61g/m2) belonged to optimum irrigation treatment and minimum grain yield was observed in severe deficit irrigation.

The increasing of urbanization and the increase of impervious areas in cities has as a consequence extreme flooding events, with increase in citizens’ problems and economical losses. In order to be able to overcome mentioned problems, computer models are an appropriate solution. The use of hydrological- model to simulate the runoff necessitates the proper calibration of the different parameters involved in the routed hydrograph. Therefore, In the present study, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM5.0) was chosen to simulate quantity of runoff of an urban subcatchment, located in Neyshabur. Data from nine rainfall events were collected. the model was calibrated using six rainfall events and validated using three new events.  The model performance was evaluated based on the Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (NRMSE), Coefficient of Residual Mass (CRM), and EFFiciency of model (EFF). The results showed that the SWMM model could simulate accurately the shape of the hydrograph, the peak discharge and the time of peak. For validation events, values of NRMSE, EFF and CRM were 29.4%, 80% and -0.16 m3/s, respectively. Overall SWMM model was found to be a very useful modelling tool, which can be used for the simulation of urban runoff hydrographs. finally, the evaluated model used to simulate 2, 5 and 10-year return period flood.

Groundwater is the largest source of freshwater available on Earth, which has been threatened with extinction in many countries due to overdraft. Determining the optimal cropping pattern along with a reduction in water resources allocation that does not lead to a reduction in farmers' income can be an appropriate strategy for groundwater sustainability. In the present study, a method has been proposed that, in addition to the sustainability of groundwater, minimizes farmers' loss of income. For this purpose, four groundwater use scenarios were first defined and groundwater level changes were calculated for each scenario using Neyshabur Decision Support System model. Also, economic productivity of water was estimated using a questionnaire for 242 agricultural wells and 9 dominant plants in Neyshabur plain, in 2016. To minimize farmers' income reduction, water was reallocated to different crops and the areas of cultivation were determined based on the ratio of economic productivity percentages of each crop. Due to changes in groundwater level and existing conditions, the scenario in which groundwater use was set equal to renewable water (414.9 M.m3) was selected as the best scenario. Implementation of this scenario would reduce the allocation of 227.5 M.m3 for groundwater sustainability. The results showed that the reduction of water allocation would result in a decrease of 27061 hectares of cultivated land area and a decrease of about 83.5 billion Tooman (local currency) in revenue. In order to compensate for the decrease in income, alternative crops of pistachio and saffron were suggested due to their higher economic efficiency and lower water consumption. In the proposed pattern, 18,000 hectares of saffron or 4473 hectares of pistachio replace the current crops that have the highest percentage of cultivated land in summer vegetables and sugar beet.

One of the major issues that residential and industrial zones encountered is lack of stormwater management for these areas that can lead to inundation problem. This research aims to solve the problem of inundation as well as the shortage of water sources in Neyshabur City. Following the identification of the executable stormwater management actions and developing 32 management scenarios for the city, the impacts of implementing the scenarios were predicted considering technical, environmental, hydrologic, economic and social criteria. The scenarios were prioritized using a multi-criteria decision making technique. The analysis based on the weighs elicited using the Delphi method among participants having tertiary education, indicates that scenario 24 (combination of bioretention, infiltration basin, and underground detention) is considered as the preferred scenario. But for the case of the participants under tertiary education, scenario 28 (combination of bioretention, infiltration trench, infiltration well, porous pavement, infiltration basin, and underground detention) is considered as the best scenario. The outcomes of the current research, explicitly assist the managers and planners in Neyshabur City to manage urban stormwater more effectively and can also implicitly provide suitable research model for other urban watersheds to be adopted by researchers and practitioners.

Groundwater is a vital source of water supply in Iran. Sustainable utilization of groundwater is an inevitablenecessity. But overdraftand neglecting the reasonable criteria for sustainable use of groundwater led to groundwater-dependent ecosystems destruction and many other inevitable losses.In addition, reduced groundwater recharge by climate change, have increased unsustainability. In fact, groundwater withdrawal licenses do not have the ability to adapt to climate change and adapt to socioeconomic changes, and cannot be taken into account the undesirable result of groundwater withdrawal. In this paper, in order to address undesirable result of groundwater withdrawal, the total freshwater in aquifer analyzed in the three scenarios included excellent, reasonable and minimal scenarios. By attention to extended undesirable result of overdraft groundwater, we anticipated majority of aquifer cut off sustainable level and are now in the third (minimal) scenario.So, this scenario has become more attention and describe requirements to maintain existing conditions and to move towards sustainable groundwater management have been suggested and analyzed.

Barley is one of the most adapted cereals cultivated in favorable weather conditions, in fertile soils with high water retention potential, as well as in soils with acidic properties of between 7 and 8. This plant is more resistant to wheat than drought and therefore in a climate where water limits the production of cereals, barley can produce the highest yield, and in rainfed conditions, barley performance is higher than wheat and rye. The phenomenon of dryness in Iran is one of the most important factors limiting agricultural production. A large part of the cultivated land is located in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. In these areas, yields are drastically reduced due to lack of water resources. The use of water stress strongly reduces the components of yield and biological functions and grain. The use of nanofertilizers leads to increased nutritional efficiency of nutrients, reducing soil toxicity, minimizing the negative effects of excessive use of fertilizer and reducing the frequency of application of fertilizers. Fertilizer particles can be scaled with membranes Nano-coating that facilitates the slow release of nutrients. Covering with nanoparticles, makes it possible to regulate the release of nutrients from the fertilizer capsule, which causes the fertilizers to release nutrients regularly and prevent their general fixation. To evaluate the effect of foliar application of iron and manganese in the form of nanoparticles on yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under drought stress at different growth stages in the plot field experiment with a randomized complete block design with water stress factor in barley varieties of basil in the main plot factor of iron and manganese fertilizers with manure micro nano iron and manganese (as usual) in the sub-plots and three replications 95-94 conducted in Tarbiat Modarres University. Foliar fertilization of iron and manganese nano-silicates (in the usual manner) with the application of manganese nitrogen fertilizer application of 11 levels, including concentration of one per thousand manure of iron nano-chelate, three per thousand manure of iron nano-chelate, one and a half per thousand nanoseconds Manganese chelate three per thousand manganese nanoclat manure, one per thousand manure of nano chelate of iron and one and a half per thousand of nano manure Manganese chelate, one in a thousand manure of nano-chelate of iron and three in a thousand manganese nano-manganese manure, one and a half per thousand manganese nano-manganese manure and three in a thousand manure of iron nano-chelate, three in a thousand manure of iron nano-chelate and three in a thousand manure nano Manganese clath, without spraying (control), pure water dispersion and recommended iron and manganese nano chelate fertilizer, as a substrate and And irrigation regimes at three levels: 1) No stress and irrigation time when the amount of water available for use in the plant was at 50% FC level; 2) Water deficit at irrigation and vegetative stage was performed when the amount of plant water available on the surface 30% FC of the field was in the vegetative stage, and 3) dehydration in the reproductive and irrigation stage was performed when the amount of plant water available at the level of 30% FC in the reproductive stage was the main factor. Findings:
The results showed that application of nano-iron and manganese levels in vegetative and reproductive stages, increased the yield, especially in the vegetative growth stage, while the control foliar application (without spraying) had the lowest yield. The interaction of nano-iron and manganese and different levels of water deficit stress was significant on all measured traits. The results showed that withholding irrigation at reproductive stage, reduced the yield and the use of nanoparticles cause to increase the yield and yield components. Therefore, the harmful effects of water deficit on plants can be reduced by foliar application of nano-iron and manganese micronutrients.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important and strategic products in the world with 217 million hectares of the world's highest cultivation area and a total production of 651.4 million tons with an average yield of three tons per hectare (Anonymous, 2015) and more than any other product that supplies calories to the world (Ahmadi Lahijani & Emam, 2013). Drought is one of the most important environmental stressors in crop production around the world (Omidi et al., 2012). One of the most important environmental stresses that most plants face is drought stress (Afzal et al., 2006). Fathi Amirkhiz et al. (2010) also observed that the iron absorption and iron concentration increased significantly with iron nitrous oxide compared with iron oxide in wheat. Pahlavan Rad et al (2007) reported an increase of 21% yield in wheat grain in the study of the effect of iron plowing in wheat.
To study the impact of nano iron and manganese chelates foliar application on mitigating the effects of water deficit and foliar application of nano iron and manganese chelated on yield, yield components of wheat an experiment was carried out in 2014-2015 in the Agricultural Research Farm Station of Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran as split plot in a completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Iron and manganese nano-silicate fertilizers with iron and manganese micro-chelate fertilizers include 11 levels of concentration of 1 in 1,000 nanoclusters of iron (F1), 3 in 1000 nano chelate iron (F2), one and a half per thousand nano chelate of manganese F3), three per thousand nano chelate of manganese (F4), one per thousand nano chelate of iron, one and a half per thousand nano chelate manganese (F5), one per thousand nano chelate of iron and three per thousand nano chelate of manganese (F6), one And half a thousand nanoclat of manganese, and three in a thousand nano chelate iron (F7), three in a thousand nano chelate of iron, three in a thousand nano chelate of manganese (F8), without spraying (F9), purification of pure water (F10), and Recommended micro-fertilizer complex (F11) as a substrate and drought stress At three levels without irrigation cut (S1), irrigation cut off at vegetative stage until a 70% crop was unloaded (S2) and irrigation was discontinued at the reproductive stage until the 70% crop was unloaded (S3) as factor The main one was examined.
The results showed that factors interaction on Seed yield, Spike number, Grain number in spike, Leaf, Shoot and Spike dry weigh and Leaf area (P≤ 0.01). The results of the comparison showed that the highest Seed yield (2611 Kg/ha) and Grain number in spike (number 52 per m2) was obtained the Three in thousand nano-iron and thousands and a half nano- manganese in without stress treatment. According to Movahdi Dehnavi (2001), drought stress at reproductive stage limits the transfer of iron and manganese to grain. The stress in grain filling stage reduces grain yield by reducing the length of the period (Alizadeh et al., 2010). The number of seeds per spike decreases with drought stress and the number of seeds per spike in vegetative stage is more sensitive than the reproductive stage. In fact, drought stress reduces the growth period of vegetative growth. By reducing the length of this period and passing the plant faster than this stage, the number of nodes and the length of the internode decreases in the plant, and subsequently the plant height decreases (Daneshian, 2000). The cause of lower plant height due to water stress can be due to the reduction of thoracic pressure and prolonged cell growth (Upadhyaya and Panda, 2004).
The results showed that drought stress reduces yield and Application of nano iron fertilizer with magnesium reduces the negative effects of drought stress. Therefore, in case of drought stress by using nano iron and manganese fertilizers to reduce stress.

In order to investigate some qualitatives indices of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. var. Azargol) with zeolite application and different levels of irrigation، an experiment was carried out in Varamin، Iran، on 2012. Field experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with factorial split-plot arrangement each at three replications. Irrigation factor was chosen at three levels including: normal irrigation، drought stress at flowering stage and drought stress at seed filling stage in main plots. Zeolite was used at three levels، no application، 6 ton per hectare and 12 ton per hectare in sub plot. Germination percentage، germination rate، seedling dry weight، radicle، plumule dry weight and oil percentage were measured. The results showed that normal irrigation increased all of the traits and drought stress at flowering and seed filling stages decreased all of the traits. The highest values of the measured traits related to normal irrigation with 12 ton per hectare zeolite application and the differnence was not significant with 6 ton per hectare zeolite treatment.

Epidemiologic data of LBPand NSPare sparse from developing countries for example iran. This prospective cohort study was conducted with 1 year follow - up to assess incidence and recurrence of disabling low back (LBP) and neck-shoulder pain (NSP) in Iran khodro industrial group. and to investigate the association with sex and job title during follow- up. All employees (18.031) were invited to participate in a baseline survey Nordic questionnaire and followed for 1 year regarding new episodes of sickness absence due to LBP or NSP(disabling pain). The 1- year incidence LBP was 2.1% and of NSP 0.1% Although the prevalence of LBP in females was higher than in males. The incidence disabling LBP were higher in males. Both prevalence and incidence of disabling LBP were high in unskilled workers. For NSP managers had the highest reported prevalence. but incident cases happened only among office workers and unskilled workers. The incidence. especially for NSP. is much lower than from developed countries. To study prevalence. Incidence and recurrence of LBP and NSP simultaneously leads to a better understanding of the natural pattern and distribution of LBP and NSP in a working population.