فهرست مطالب اکرم مهرورز

Healthy City is a city that is constantly and continuously As part of the creation and improvement of physical and social environments and And expansion of community resources That enables people to All functions are run in the way of life and Achieve their maximum support. This paper reviews the status of the population - 11 communal area of Mashhad The framework approach is a safe city. This research was a descriptive - analytical and Documents and survey data collection was done in two ways.Currently available in 11 Tdadkhanvarhay Mashhad Municipality Approximately 46,810 households in the survey are based on Cochran Sample size of 262 was selected. The research results show that the index set into 3 major groups of environmental parameters, - Economic, social and health are enumerated and The variables examined in this study Results showed that 11 of the Mashhad Municipality Indicators of health status and quality The city is far from the standard normal The healthy city indicators and the need for greater participation of citizens and organizations requiring assistance requiring assistance.

Rural - urban migration is one of the consequences of growing industrial cities. This kind of migration has continued in recent decades, especially toward metropolitan cities. The subjects such as living problems, job finding and employment for the slummers which have been accommodated in slums, is of the great challenges for the governments. The lack of enough education and necessary skills to find a suitable job has resulted in disillusion among young slummers. At the present study, we have illustrated the significance of the impact of manufacturing workshops on population aggregate in one of the slums in Mashhad. Some 254 workshops were chosen, from which 84 workshops were in the Abkuh and the others were located in Ghaleh Sakhteman. The Cochran model was used to define the number of the workshops. The procedure of the investigation is based on questionnaire forms which have been filled by participants in these two case locations.  Our results have shown that one of the most important reasons to choose the work place is the implication distance from living home for both employers and workers. The familiarity relationship between employers and workers is another factor for absorbing the migrant populations to these areas.From the aspect of ethnic texture, the origin of most emigrants to Ghaleh Sakhteman were from small towns in big Khorasan province such as Fariman, Ghoochan, Torbat and etc, while the emigrants to Abkuh were originated  mostly from other cities like Qum, Kerman,  Kashan and Tehran.

Introduction Participatory management is new approach in urban that has emerged in response to the shortcomings of traditional methods of urban management and attempts to participate all urban effective and stakeholder elements، in decision making and its related planning. But it should be noted that participatory management has complex process that is dependent on many variables and many factors affect it. On the one hand، participatory management is an intellectual and cultural phenomenon that opposition to traditional and previous mental forms and causes sidelines persons and who are onlooker، be drawn into group work and commitment to their city and community، so it is largely dependent on culture and on the other hand، get executed requirements for participation are creation of Institutions، NGOs and legal entities and providing the necessary infrastructure at urban management. Also satisfaction of urban management performance and particularly municipalities is one of predisposing factors for Participatory management. So in this article underlying factors for Mashhad metropolitan Participatory management analyzed in 3 factors: A: participation popular culture B: peoples satisfaction of municipality performance and C: Availability of participatory management requirements. 2- Theoretical Bases There are many factors that influence participation. These factors can be divided into two categories: Internal variables that are within one and external factors that are associated with environment and social variables. In endogenous variables can be cited Weber theories that powerlessness is seen as an important factor in participation and are emphasized on beliefs، attitudes and ideas systems. From their perspective، feelings of powerlessness that there are in persons about an organization or institution is effective on acts and respond to that organization. Sense of efficacy and expectations of the success of a business or achieve desired results are within these factors. Thus، if citizens have been positive judged about participation in urban affairs، increase their participation likely. Also to be noted cost–benefit theories of participation that based on individual assessment of participation results، impacts on their performance. The second sets of variables are social or external variables that can include membership in associations، social and economic base، social trust and etc. Therefore participatory management is control of factors influencing participation and effects of participation on other factors influenced by. So participatory management have responsibility to explain factors influencing participation، influence mechanisms، necessity، results and reflect contributions of these factors، control their intensity on participation and measure other set of factors that affect participation. So، social organizations to build participation، should do actions such as citizenships education، informing citizens، motivation، material and incentive requirements، facilities، legal requirements، change of attitude، management practices and infrastructure provision. 3- Discussion People''s participation is low and there is Significant differences between the mean of region 6 (region of low-income) with regions 1 (high-income) and 8 (average income). Culture of Mashhad citizen participation is equal to 2. 45 and lowers than average and there is no significant difference in the regions of Mashhad. Average satisfaction of the City is 2. 65، less than expected average and average in region 6 is lower than 1 and 8 regions. About availability of participatory management requirements، the mean value obtained 3. 0124 that are more than testing value only 0. 012 and can say that the «availability of participatory management requirements has provided by city managers». 4- Conclusion Study of underlying factors for Participatory management in three regions of Mashhad Municipality (1: high-income، 6: low-income and 8: average income) indicate that participation of citizens in Mashhad is low and people do not have much sense of duty and responsibility about issues and urban affairs. Also their satisfaction with current performance of municipality is low and according to significant correlation between satisfaction of municipality performance and participation rate (coefficient of 0. 155)، it is necessary to improve performance and increased satisfaction to increase participation rate. Study the availability of participatory management requirements provided by city managers based average test showed that although participation mechanisms has been involved in their supply but needs more notification and informational acts. 5- Suggestions -Given that people''s participation in different areas has been low، and culture rate is lower than average، In the first step، municipality and city manager should take steps about training and necessary action for create participation culture and sensitize people to their urban affairs. -Municipality should have more care in their actions and performance; more attention should be pay to public comments and suggestions and provide background information and more awareness for peoples and citizens'' trust and satisfaction. Use of urban good governance in municipality is useful tool for build confidence of the people. -Municipality needs to focus more on low-income areas، to by satisfaction and therefore increase participation can help to development of these regions and spatial justice. -In general، given the low rate of citizens participation and inappropriate conditions underlying factors in Mashhad، To promote public participation and participatory management، urban managers should Act first for creation of participation culture، improving their performance and satisfy citizens and after providing underlying factors for participation، It can be expected that obtained effective outcomes of participatory management in Mashhad.