اکرم ناصری

IntroductionA review of the political and social structure of Iran since ancient times reveals that giving titles was a common practice in various dynasties and continued after the advent of Islam. In different periods, kings often gave titles on individuals based on merit and relationships, primarily to consolidate their power and political authority. Based on historical documents and studies, the granting of titles became particularly widespread during the Qajar period (Vafaei & Firoozbakhsh, 2017, pp. 50, 71). In fact, understanding the key figures of Iran during the Qajar era is nearly impossible without the knowledge of the titles and honorifics prevalent at the time. The administrative structure of the Astan Quds, which was established during the Safavid era, expanded significantly during the Qajar period. Influenced by the government and especially the royal court, this institution developed various positions, each associated with specific titles, shaped by a range of factors. This study seeks to address the following questions:What factors were instrumental in identifying and classifying the titles of the Qajar period within the administrative structure of Astan Quds?What is the relationship between the granting of titles and the occupational and social status of individuals within the administrative framework of Astan Quds?Research MethodologyIn this study, an attempt was made to extract and organize thematic data into tables and charts using a descriptive-analytical method. Relying on documents from the Khorasan region and the administrative records of Astan Quds Razavi, the research aims to offer new insights into the identification and classification of titles—ranging from religious, military, and hereditary titles to governmental titles—within the organizational structure of Astan Quds during the Qajar period.FindingsMost government officials during the Qajar period held titles, which they took pride in, as these titles were granted by royal decree, even though they often did not have stable jobs or regular salaries (D’Allemagne, 1956, p. 29). The administrative structure of Astan Quds during this time, influenced by the royal court, developed various positions, each associated with specific titles. A total of 1,374 titles have been identified from Astan Quds documents, with approximately 200 mentioned in Karim Soleimani’s Book of Titles, while the rest were found solely in Astan Quds records. Among the positions at Astan Quds, the administrator (i.e., Mutawalli) was responsible for managing endowments and overseeing internal security at the shrine (Naghdi, 2020, p. 372). After the administrator, the vice-regent of the custodian (i.e., Naib al-Tawliya) held the highest position in the administrative structure (Souzanchi, 2006, p. 11). Other important positions included those associated with the guards (i.e., Kashiks), who managed the shrine’s operations (Naghdi, 2020, pp. 136-137). Additional key roles within the guards included chief of servants (i.e., Khadem-bashi), chief of the mat-spreaders (i.e., Farash-bashi), chief of the doorkeepers (i.e., Darban-bashi), chief caller to prayer (i.e., Moazen-bashi), chief caretaker of footwear (i.e., Kafash-bashi). The titles held by these individuals can be categorized into three groups: religious titles, governmental and political titles and military titles.Figure 1. Percentage of suffixes used in the titlesDiscussion and ConclusionThe study showed that titles in Astan Quds were highly diverse, with the most frequent being “Etemad al-Tawliya” and similar titles with the “-al-Tawliya” suffix. One notable feature in the documents is the creative use of the “-al-Tawliya” suffix in title formation. The competition for these specific titles, due to their prestigious status in Astan Quds and the associated rewards, led to their widespread use. Another notable finding is the hereditary nature of some titles, which were at times passed down through families, either along with the associated job or solely as titles. Titles were also frequently granted in conjunction with a specific job, although at times, the title did not correlate with the position. The positions most commonly associated with titles were the shrine’s servants across five Kashiks, with the fourth Kashik having the highest number of titles. Most titles were granted through royal decrees or by the Mutawallis of Astan Quds, who often also held the governorship of Khorasan. Titles were only formalized and given official status once they were registered through such decrees. In conclusion, there is not necessarily a meaningful connection between the diverse titles and the administrative roles within the Astan Quds.

Cultural history is an interdisciplinary approach that seeks to interact with the two main fields of the humanities, i.e. history and culture. Cultural history is a thriving branch that has expanded since the 1970s. In fact, it can be said that cultural history is formed in the context of a set of discourse developments in the field of history, social theory and the concept of culture. Research in the field of cultural history of Iran is more difficult than the other fields of study due to the dispersion of the sources and scarcity of the information. The approach of folk literature is a way to recreate the events of cultural history because of its connection with the people's lives and the breadth of its territory and the richness of its social themes. Folk poetry, as one of the important pillars of popular literature, reflects various manifestations of the material and spiritual life of the individuals in society, and therefore has a special place in the study of cultural history. Given this position, the present article, by analyzing the themes and contents of some folk poems of the Qajar era, examines the contribution of these poems in reflecting the levels of thought, ideas and various aspects of social life of the people of that time. The findings of this study indicate the capacity of folk poetry in the Qajar period to recreate events, narrate the neglected aspects of cultural and social life as well as the lifestyle of the people. They also represent the traditional and religious ideas and critical protest actions in the Qajar society.

Holy Aegis thinking of the king in the political history of Iran has an old background. This thinking was brought up as Divine Charisma. This thinking was discussed in historical texts and historians had referred repeatedly to the idea of Holy Aegis (God's shadow) and its related terms. Examples of such narratives can be found in historical texts of Afsharian era. Some of the most important historians of this era that used a manifestation of Holy Aegis thought in their works were Marvi and Astarabadi. In this paper we try to review and analyze the manifestations of Holy Aegis thought between the attitudes of historians of Afsharian era based on an analytical method. The results of this study indicate the direct and indirect use of Holy Aegis term by Nader Shah Afshar in order to legitimize himself and show the overcoming of this thoughts on beliefs and attitudes of the historians of Afsharian era.

Jahangusha-i Naderi is written by Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi and is one of the most important refrences in histography of Afshariye era. The present qualitative study tries to show the social political reflection of writer's life via studying his methods and indices of writing the book. Paying attention to the historian's insight and method is a necessary matter in history clerkship and history criticism area. Insight and method are two unseparatable and related topics in history clerkship. Knowing the historian and his historic work are the first things to know his times and to derstand the historic passages in each period, being familiar with the insight and the method elements of them are necessary. The present writing is allocated to study the Mirza Mehdi Khan-e Astarabadi insight and method , who is the Tāriḵ-e jahāngošā-ye nāderi writer, based on descriptive- analytic method. The historic writing, jahāngošā-ye nāderi, is one of the history clerkship sources of Afshariyeh's dynasty. To search deeply about Astarabadi insight in this writing, the effective tendencies and believes of the historian are discussed in different basises like; tendency to the wish, best part, religious insight and tribal tendencies. There are other elements which are important in method discourse, for example; method specifications analysis, the sourse wich are used by the historian and etc that are studied in Astarabadi method analysis in the history of jahāngošā-ye nāderi. The conclusions from this study show that to product and writing of this, there are some elements that affected on the insight and method of the history clerkship of these passages , for instance; texture, the writer's social situation, and individual tendencies, besides the language specifications, under the conditions and the time situations.

Paying attention to the historian's insight and method is necessary in the realm of historicism and historical critique. Insight and method are two unseparatable and related topics in historicism. The recognition of the historian and his historical work is the basis of knowing his time and understanding the historical texts in any era requires recognition of the elements of the method and insight governing the historical text.
The present paper is based on descriptive-analytical method to investigate Mohamnad Kazem Maravi's insight and method, the writer of Alam Araye Naderi. This work is one of the historical sources of the Afshari era. In the search for Marvoy's insight in Alam Araye Naderi, some effective tendencies, beliefs and desires of the historian have been addressed in several aspects of belief in appreciation, religious insight, elitism and critical insight. Also, important components in methodological discussion such as the analysis of the characteristics of the style, the resources used and some other factors have been analysed in this study. The achievements of this study show that the factors such as the social status and individual tendencies of the author, along with linguistic features, in the light of the circumstances and circumstances of the time have influenced the insight and historiographical method of the texts of this age in this work.

“Silk Road” is an excellent example of the mutual exchange of religious ideas among the countries that lay along this road or among those travelling along it. The role of Indian religions in the mutual exchange of religious ideas and intercultural communication is, for specified reasons, particularly significant. The exchange of religious ideas along “Silk Road” have had various outcomes and, to date, have played a key role in developing the identity of this road. The outcomes of such interactions can be divided into various kinds: artistic, intellectual, social and political. In fact, an analysis of these impacts indicates the various artistic developments in the sculpture and painting and the eclecticism of art and architecture of the cultures of the countries along “Silk Road”. This paper expounds the changes in the artistic styles, religious ideas and the eclectic taste of some denominations resulting from the exchange of different ideas among those who frequently travel on “Silk Road”. Using an analytical method, the paper seeks to investigate the role of India in the exchange of religious ideas, the impact of the confrontations between religious beliefs, the factors affecting them and the dialogue between the religions along “Silk Road”. The research results indicate the impact of the political attitudes and interests of the powers dominating “Silk Road” and the ideological principles and intellectual foundations of religions on exchanging religious ideas.

In the assessment of art history in Qajar era, in addition to their aesthetic elements, the social, historical, and political processes influencing on the formation of the works must be taken into account. These studies never detract from the values of the artworks, but demonstrate the share of ultra-aesthetic elements in them. The historical evidence of Qajar era reveals to us some manifestations of the impact of policies, especially those of the governmental elite1, on the art of this period. The headlines of governmental offices, orders, notifications, circulars, and political themes of the artwork are evidenced. In the second half of Qajar government, the growth of modern ideas created a new discursive space, the development of which had a significant impact on the emergence of artistic styles and appearance of eclectic styles.
Focus on the interaction between art and politics and analysis of the factors affecting the formation of artwork are among the topics that have been less paid attention to by the researchers in this field. Yet, from among the factors influencing on the creation of works of art, governance policies have played a decisive role. The two fundamental questions this paper was formed to answer were what relationship there has been between art and politics during the Qajar era and what factors have influenced on it. This article aimed at evaluating how the governing elite dealt with artists, artworks, and their outcomes by using a descriptive-analytical method. The article has been further theoretically inspired by the relationship between knowledge and power based on Michel Foucault’s thoughts. Therefore, according to Foucault’s theories and viewpoints on the relationship between knowledge and power, the relations between art and politics were analyzed. The results of this study were indicative of the interactions between politics and art in the form of politics supporting art, and in some cases, contrasting it, the manifestations of which could be found in the critical aspects of the works of art.

After renaissance and industrial revolution, Britain launched to influence many nations in order to meet its needs for low-cost raw material and market to sell the products. Besides, through political- economic in India neighbor countries, United Kingdom tried to protect it as its most precious colony. Due to its neighborhood with India, Iran was of particular interest to Britain. The strategic importance, transporting corridor and oil were the reasons of British presence in Iran, which in turn led to the resistance of Iranian troops in Khuzestan so as to defend its territorial integrity. This article focuses on British policies in Khuzestan and the consequent Angelo- Persian battles. Results of the research, achieved through a descriptive-analytical method, suggest that British troops, with the aim of securing India’s borders, attempted to separate this oil rich province from Iran by making unfair pacts, domination on the Karun river and reaching to the Khuzestan oil as well as political and economic influencing and threating to launch military action to make a buffer zone for its colonies in Persian gulf and India regions. For all that, Iranian civilians and armed forces defended against UK troops till their last breath.

Although women in Qajar period were confined to participate in the economical and social events, there are some evidences showing their economical participation in the society of that time. Among the available historical references, travelogues and records of foreign tourists and voyagers tackled this issue more. Research showed that rural, tribal and urban women in Qajar period participated in the economical activities according to their social ranks, abilities, and experiences. Among them, urban women who were influenced by the elites’ ideas and also Modernism expanded the areas of their economic activities. In some cases women in the media expressed their ideas in order to strengthen the local economy and self-sufficiency. The present study is based on a descriptive - analytic method aiming at analyzing various aspects of women's economic participation in urban, rural and nomadic lives in the Qajar era to explain the innovative ideas of urban class women.

Khoosf is one of the oldest rural community in the South Khorasan province. The Khoos County before the Islamic period has been among the settlements of ancient, Ashkanid and Sassanid dynasties. This region also for the reason of its special geographic situation which from one direction is placed in the roadway of different cities and from the other side contained proper and fertile climate and has been taken under the consideration of the ruling governments. This county in the past had contained the required conditions for being a city in such a manner that the municipal texture, ancient castle, the condensed residential center, abundant agricultural products and fruitful commercial in constant and mobile transaction centers has had an influential effect in monetary and merchandise interchanges in the region. It should be said that although the valuable researches in relation to Birjand city and historic geography of this region has been accomplished, but ever now any kind of independent compiling concerning the historic geography of Khoosf has not been collected. So this present paper determined by the use of historic research method and by reliance on documents and historic data with the aim of introducing the geographic, historic, economic and cultural location of Khoosf County and the importance of this region in history and geography bed to take into account the inspection of the historic geography of this city.

Astan Ghods -e- Razavi as an important religious center has a special place in Iranian history and also in local history of khorasan. In the structure of this religious organization, Toliyat (trusteeship) position has the highest place. Beside this position there are other positions like Neyebo toliye (trustee deputy), Ghaem magham-e-Toliyat (vice- chancellor of trusteeship) and Astaneh supervisor. The people who occupied these positions are the main servers of Astaneh. This paper through adopting a descriptive – analytical approach and based on historical data and documents, aims at investigating the changes in development of Toliyat (trusteeship), the ways of designation, and their duties. Besides, the ways of cooperation with governors of khorasan and central government were also studied. Finally, the influential factors in Toliyat position were explored.

Historical events are a great collection of life styles of people in different places through history. All nations try to keep their historical knowledge and transfer it to next generations. The unethical identity of history and the gap between the past and present make the events non empirical for the young generations which makes it difficult to keep the historical events and convey it to young people. The use of films and moving pictures in general is a way to help the transfer of information to people and to depict the past events in their minds. Among different genres the documentary style for its reliance on realities and authentic sources is of great importance for restoration and understanding of historical and past events. In investigating the Honar Haftom (Cinema) and the Razavi culture, one of the researches in this field, making documentaries seems to be a linkage between the two issues. One of the preliminary steps in making these kinds of films is the selection of the ideas and styles of the films and accordingly, there is a need to search for suitable historical ideas for changing into films, and in this regard the biography of Astan e Qods Trustees seems appropriate. In the present study with the emphasis in historical methodology, the selected life of Trustees of Astan -e-Qods put into investigation in order to make them ready for scenarios. The hypothesis of this paper is placed in capability of turning the biography of Astan-e-Qods Trustees into the production of historical and religious documentary films.

In the study of art history Qajar era, In addition to its aesthetic elements, Social processes, Historical and political role in the formation of such books should be considered the contract. These findings in no way detracts from the value of art-not, but the contribution of trans-aesthetic elements and their effects on art shows. Historical evidence can detect the influence of politics in art Qajar era, In particular, we reveal the state's policy elite. Titles public office, royal decrees, and Circulars government institutions and political themes evidenced art. In this paper, based on the evidence, How to deal with the political elite of artists and works of art and the consequences thereof is analyzed. On the theoretical foundation of this paper is inspired by the ideas of Foucault.

In this paper, we favoured a discriptive approach and tried to show the times and situations of women of qajar age and their participation in economic activities, in reliance on the historical sources and the books of some a lient tourist’s travels. In this study, we tried to indicate the different positions of urban, rustic and nomadic women in economic activities. Considering that qajar age was the time of aquaintance with western civilzation and carrying out modernist reforms as wester did, we also tried to indicate its role in women’s participation in economy.

Folkloric resources in big Khorasan province is very rich as a result of existing different tribes having various traditions and proverbs. Khorasan tribes’ folkloric culture is a precious source originating from their ancestors’ thoughts and morals so that this culture has surrounded the peoples’ lives and traditions at present. Proverbs express some pure and rich points as metanomy. Each proverb has two or more meanings including different aspects. Most proverbs express some historical events as well as people’s mental status and include literary, economic, and allegorical aspects written in a polyphonic prose affected by the decent accent of the region. This study tries to consider the proverbs used in Khoosf area in a local accent and to analyse them socially and psychologically.