ایمان احمدی

The role of animal husbandry in general and dairy industries in particular has been proven in the national economy of the countries. In spite of the fact that only 4.5% of heavy livestock utilization is through dairy industry, it produces 32% of meat and 58% of milk requirements of Iran; therefore, recognition of Iran's dairy industry and planning to increase production capacity of it is essential in dairy industry farms. The aim of this study was to compare dairy industry farms of Iran provinces using the supplied data of Iran Statistic Center in 2015. The economical indicators used in this research were profit per capita, and profit to cost ratio of dairy industry profession, the portion of dairy industry employment from total employment of Iran provinces, and technical efficiency of dairy industry farms. After calculating the economical indicators using the Excel software, the geographic scatter map of the economical indicators was plotted using the t-map package of R software. The main result showed that using the combined equal weight four-factor criterion, Semnan, Alborz, Zanjan, Charmahal & Bakhtiari, and Yazd provinces had better performance compared to the other provinces. Therefore, because the pioneer provinces have experienced better performance in the same economical situation, the other provinces can improve their position after performing modifications in the management of dairy farms.

Didactic stories have had an undeniable educational role in the context of the wisdom-oriented tradition of the past by telling stories about imaginary heroes; Television and cinema are always the arena of fictional heroes' stories; Heroes who entertain and influence. In this article, using the model of Joseph Campbell's hero's journey, we will search for the name-seeking hero in the story of Golestan Saadi's female fister, in order to find out how wisdom and narration are intertwined in the heart of this ancient story. . In this review, the capacities of this story have been compared with films of the hero's journey genre. The purpose of this review is to emphasize that the narration of didactic texts by a storyteller in cinema and television can, on the one hand, revive the present-day capacities of tradition and, on the other hand, connect the young generation to the cultural sources.

According to FAO, gherkin and cucumber have been cultivated in about 2.23 million hectares of farmlands around the globe, and about 78000 hectares of Iran agricultural fields have been devoted to gherkin and cucumber cultivation. However, large amounts of the cucumber seeds required in Iran have been imported from abroad. Fortunately, some Iranian agricultural companies have been focused on seed production recently. Therefore, there is an opportunity to develop seed production equipment such as seed extracting machines.There are two types of cucumber seed extractors: bulk seed extractor and single fruit extractor. The bulk seed extractor is suitable for extraction of large amounts of seed on the farm, while the single fruit extractor is suitable where seed production is limited to greenhouse seed-producing facilities which are mostly used for controlled pollination of the crop.Due to the high price of imported seed extractors, especially after increasing the price of foreign currencies, production of these machines within the country is economically rational; therefore, the aim of this research is to develop and evaluate a single fruit cucumber seed extractor for small and medium-size seed-producing greenhouses.

The cucumber seed extractor was designed semi-automatically. The criteria for designing the machine were as follows: 1- usage of the single fruit seed extraction method, 2- the possibility of simultaneous usage of two operators, 3- automatic discharge of the extracted seeds, 4- the possibility of the height variation of the machine, 5- the possibility of the emergency shutdown of the machine, 6- the possibility of the angular velocity variation of the machine helix.The working element of the machine was the rotating helix that can extract the fruit seeds and leave the fruit's outer skin mostly intact for easy disposal of fruit remains from the greenhouse. A 1 hp, 3 phase electric motor was used to drive the machine via the belt and pulley transmission system. For the smooth start and stop of the machine, and the possibility of angular velocity variation of the machine helixes, an electronic driver was used for the motor.To design the machine helix, the dimensions of the examined cucumber were measured first (i.e., cucumber length and diameter); then, according to the physical and mechanical properties of the fruit, the prime mover and transmission system of the machine was designed. Finally, the fabricated machine was evaluated using some mechanization criteria.

Some of the results are as follows:The total torque required to drive the machine was 3.394Nm.The electric motor power should be higher than 0.284hp; furthermore, in order to have a wider angular velocity span for the rotating shaft, a 1hp electric motor was installed on the machine.The diameter of the rotating shaft was calculated to be 15mm.The seed extracting machine could be used instead of 15 workers of the manual seed extraction method.The rate of seed extraction using the machine was 30781 kg ha-1.The efficiency of seed extraction using the machine was similar to that of the manual method.The emergence percentage of seeds obtained by the machine was similar to that of the manual method.The amount of crop calculated from the concept of economical break-even point was 7 tons.

In this study, an apparatus for mechanized extraction of cucumber seed was designed, fabricated and evaluated. The working element of the machine is the extractor helix that is rotated via the belt and pulley transmission system, which is activated using a 1 hp, 3 phase electric motor. For smooth start and stop of the motor, as well as the possibility of angular velocity variation of the machine helix, the motor was equipped with an electronic driver. Utilizing an emergency shutdown switch, the machine can be protected from unforeseen emergency situations. After using the machine for 6 months, it was recognized that strengthening the extractor helixes was necessary. According to the results of this study, using the machine led to 15 person reduction in the labor needs of the manual cucumber seed extraction method. Moreover, the amount of crop calculated from the economical break-even point was 7.7 tons.

The paper introduces the 3D Cross-Correlation for modeling of total magnetic intensity and its vertical gradient which is the fast way to model data, detect anomalies and estimate their depths and locations. In this approach first, we divide the subsurface space into a 3D regular grid, after computing the correlation value for each node of the grid, these values are plotted. It is noted that the results fall in the range [-1, +1] that represents the mass excess or mass deficit of magnetization (or susceptibility) relative to the magnetization (or susceptibility) of the host volume. This approach is applied to 2 synthetic models. The results show acceptable accuracy of this method in depth estimation and expansion of buried masses. After this method is verified and validated, it will be applied to the Shavvaz mine's total magnetic intensity (TMI) data of Yazd and its vertical gradient, and the results will be discussed.

There are two major approaches for 3D inversion of magnetic data: (i) direct inversion of the density contrast using a linear or nonlinear algorithm, and (ii) modeling of the source distribution in a purely probabilistic sense, in which the results are equivalent physical parameters between +1 and -1. Direct inversion has an inherent problem called Non-uniqueness of solutions and requires a lot of computer memory because of the number of model parameters and data.
In this paper, we introduce and evaluate the 3D Cross-Correlation (CC) method for 3D modeling of magnetic data (or its vertical gradient). This method was applied to 2 different synthetic models and its strengths in modeling of total magnetic field anomaly and vertical magnetic gradient data are discussed and finally, the method was applied to the Shavvaz mine's TMI data and its vertical gradient.
 

Methodology and Approaches:

The 3D cross-correlation approach is a method for modeling the magnetic data (or its vertical gradient) without any external constraints and any linearization.

The results of synthetic examples showed the high accuracy of the CC method in determining the shape and depth of the buried mass. This method is simple and easy to run and there is no need for prior information. In the end, this method was applied to the Shavvaz mine's TMI data and its vertical gradient. These results showed that orebody continues deeper than 40m (estimated from the previous modelling).

Abstract This study deals with the application of the Microsoft Excel for the estimation of the power requirements of some tillage implements. The mathematical formulas embedded in the spreadsheet file have been developed in the previously published papers; however, those formulas were augmented herein in order to contain some agricultural mechanization issues. Another feature of this article is the ability of the spreadsheet to generate trend curves automatically. The comparison of the power expenditure aspects of different tillage implements as well as the inspection of the effect of an arbitrary selected input parameter on the spreadsheet outputs were effectively performed. Numerically, the specific work of the rotary tiller was estimated two times to five times higher than the specific work of drawing implements. Furthermore, as an example of trend curves derived in this article, the increase in disc angle in the range of 25° to 70° reduced the draft and power needs of the disc plow by 66% and 54%, respectively. However, it increased the disc plow specific draft and power by 34% and21%, respectively.

A better understanding of factors affecting competition between wheat and weeds can facilitate the development of more effective crop management methods. In order to quantification wheat- Avena ludoviciana Duriu competition in response to nitrogen and Othello OD herbicide. A field experiment in 2018-19 was conducted as split plots in a randomized complete block design with four replications at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. Nitrogen fertilizer in included five levels of 0, 80, 160, 240 and Unconventional consumption 320 kg ha-1 of Nitrogen fertilizer was considered as the main plot and the herbicide dose of Othello OD herbicide in five levels of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 times the recommended dose (The recommended dose of herbicide is 1.6 L ha-1) was considered as the sub plot. The results showed the dose required for 50% reduction of weed biomass in non-fertilized conditions, was equal to 75% of the recommended herbicide was used. That with increasing nitrogen fertilizer consumption led to lower herbicide dose. So that by consumption 320 kg N ha-1 reached 37% of the recommended dosage of this herbicide. Also, to achieve about 700 g m-2 of wheat biomass, using 185 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer plus 85% of the recommended herbicide dose, or applying 320 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer and 65% of the recommended dose of herbicide.

The aim of this study is to design, fabricate and evaluate a new type of up-cut rotary tiller and to develop correct formulas to estimate its torque and draft force using the laws of classical mechanics. In order to verify the model, a real-sized prototype of the rotary tiller was tested. It was hypothesized that four processes are involved to create the rotary tiller torque, namely soil cutting, soil lifting, soil-metal friction, and soil velocity. Furthermore, it was assumed that the horizontal components of soil cutting and soil-metal friction forces create the required draft of the machine. Based on these hypothesizes, mathematical formulas were developed to calculate torque, and draft requirements of the machine. To facilitate performing necessary calculations, the developed formulas were entered in a worksheet of the MS Excel software. According to the results of this study, the average experimental draft and torque of the machine tilling a silty clay loam soil were 16.8 N and 12.8 Nm, respectively. Furthermore, the average theoretical draft and torque of the machine were 13 N and 11.8 Nm respectively. These promising results can be considered as the accuracy check of the formulas developed herein.

In order to evaluate competition of wheat with wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Durieu) to nitrogen and herbicide, a field experiment was conducted as split plots in a randomized complete block design with four replications at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. Nitrogen fertilizer included in five levels of 0, 45, 90, 180 and 330 kg ha-1 of urea was considered as main plots and herbicide dose of Othello OD (mesosulfuron methyl + iodosulfuron methyl sodium + diflufenican + mefenpyr-diethyl) in six levels of (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % the recommended dose (1.6 L ha-1 the recommended dose)) was considered as sub plots. The results showed that weed and wheat biomass response to herbicide doses were followed by response and sigmoid dosage models, which with increasing of nitrogen fertilizer application, those models were developed. Based on the prediction of the combined model, weed boimass with half of the recommend dose of Othello OD herbicide, and by applying 0, 45 ,90,180 ,230 and 330 kg ha-1 of nitrogen was estimated 105/69, 182/71, 212/61, 128/13, 60/70 and 10/60 g m-2, respectively. Also, 750 g m-2 of wheat biomass, was recorded by 265 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer with 0/80 L ha-1 herbicide dose, and/or by applying of 330 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer and 0/72 L ha-1 herbicide dose.

Weeds are the most important factors in sugarcane yield loss. Successful weed control is essential for economical sugarcane production. Weeds can reduce suercane yields by competing for moisture, nutrients, and light during the growing season. Weed control is most critical early in the season prior to sugarcane canopy closure over the middle rows middles. Herbicides can be useful and economical tools in sugarcane production. Indaziflam is an alkylazine herbicide that is labeled for use in turf, for perennial crops and for nonagricultural situations for preemergent control of grasses and broad leaf weeds. The objective of this research was evaluation of the efficacy of indaziflam on control of Cynanchum acutum in sugarcane fields in Khouzestan, Iran. The experiment was conducted in 2015 growing season in a sugarcane field Shoaeibiyeh, Shoushtar, Khouzestan, Iran. The trial was randomized in complete block design with four replications. Variety and type of culture were Cp69-102 and plant, respectively. Treatments were 1-indaziflam (75 g ai ha-1, as preemergence); 2-indaziflam (50 g ai ha-1 as preemergence); 3- Trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryn (1875 g ai ha-1,as postemergence); 4-2,4-D+MCPA (1687.5 g ai ha-1); 5-glyphosate + Ammonium sulfate 6- weeding and 7- weed infested. The herbicides were applied with backpack sprayer equipped with flooding and T-jet nozzles calibrated to deliver 300 L ha-1. Every two weeks, dry weight and density reduction percentage of Cynanchum acutum were measured and 90 days after herbicide applying, stem length, stem weight, the middle internode diameter and length of sugarcane and also purity, pol and recoverable sugar of sugarcane were determined. Statistical calculations were accomplished through the SAS 9.2 software and graphs were drawn by the Excel software. However, indaziflam efficacy was reduced over time. Other herbicides such as indaziflam as 50 g ai ha-1 and trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryn indicated a good effect in Cynanchum acutum control compared with 24-D + MCPA and glyphosate + Ammonium sulfate. Single stem weight (0.72 kg), the middle internode diameter (1.85 cm), number of internode (18. 2 cm) and cane yield (117.90 t ha-1) were the greatest in indaziflam (75 g ai ha-1). The greatest brix (21.48%), invert sugar (0.533%), recoverable sugar (11.26%) and the lowest fiber content (12.61 t ha-1) were obtained in indaziflam treat (75 g ai ha-1). The present research indicatedindaziflam could control Cynanchum acutum in sugarcane field although indaziflam efficacy was reduced over time. However, there were no adverse effects of indaziflam rates on sugarcane observed; therefore, this herbicide could be used in sugarcane fields. Since highly intensive use of herbicides in fields causes to herbicide resistance, herbicides with different mechanisms of action should be registered for weed control of sugarcane. Because of low volume of indaziflam as compared to current herbicide of sugarcane, this is a good candidate for application in sugarcane fields in rotation or mixture with other recommended herbicides.

Seed vigor is an index of its quality. Seed vigor tests are designed to predict more accurately of seedling emergence in the field In order to predict seedling emergence more accurately, seed vigor tests are designed, depending on their prediction accuracy, each is used for different plants. This study was conducted at the seed technology laboratory in Ramin University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and field Research in 2016. In order to laboratory evaluation of seed vigor tests for predicting seedling emergence in the field, 5 safflower seed lots was used. In this study seed vigor tests include seedling establishment percent in field, standard germination test, seedling growth test, seed germination rate test and salinity test (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mM) The results showed that the standard germination test, seedling growth, germination rate and salinity were not significant correlated with seedling establishment percent for seed lots in the field. Therefore, these tests can not confidently used to separate the weak and strong safflower seed lots. However, the results of the comparison of the two-fold model did not succeed in distinguishing between strong and weak masses The analysis of the same data using the HydroTime model yielded results that could be separated by strong and weak safflower masses these tests can be used to separate the weak and strong safflower seed lots and used for predicting emergence in the field.

In order to evaluation the efficacy of indaziflam on control of purple nutsedge in sugarcane an experiment was conducted in 2015 growing season in a sugarcane field in Shoaeibiyeh, Shoushtar, Khouzestan, Iran. Trial was randomized complete block design with four replications per treatments. Treatments were 1-indaziflam (75 g ai ha-1, as preemergence); 2-indaziflam (50 g ai ha-1 as preemergence); 3- Trifloxysulfuron sodium橧궯 (1875 g ai ha-1,as postemergence); 4-2,4-D〣 (1687.5 g ai ha-1); 5-2,4-D〣샺枭긦 (1350 g ai ha-1힍 g ai ha-1); 6- weeding and 7- weed infested. The results showed indaziflam as 75 g ai ha-1 affected purpule nutsedge growth as dry weight and density reduction percentage of purple nutsedge was reduced 100% until 30 day after treatment (DAT). However, indaziflam efficacy was reduced over time. Other herbicides such as indaziflam as 50 g ai ha-1 and trifloxysulfuron sodium橧궯 indicated good effect in purple nutsedge control compared with 4-2,4-D〣 and 2,4-D〣샺枭긦. Single stem weight (0.70 kg m-2), the middle internode diameter (1.83 cm), number of internode (18. 3 cm) and cane yield (117.88 t ha-1), were the greatest in indaziflam (75 g ai ha-1). The greatest brix (21.40%), invert sugar (25.53%), recoverable sugar (11.0%) and the lowest fiber content (12.60 t ha-1) were obtained in indaziflam (75 g ai ha-1).

With respect to strategic management, strategic management model is designed for a purpose of this study is the parent organization. Such a model has been designed to perform four basic steps: Review the fundamentals of strategic management, comparative study of similar organizations at home and abroad, pathology review the results of the first 5-year strategic plan of the organization, and exploring the characteristics of the studied organizations. The purpose of this research in terms of applied and exploratory data analysis methods. The study consisted of senior managers of the administrative headquarters of the command of Imam Khomeini and the advice that a total of 36 persons. Based on the results, there is no comprehensive model for all organizations. Consequently, comparative study, it was identified two types of organizations in the design and emphasis on the virtues of these organizations is to avoid the negative features. Since the pathology planned, controlled and run by the ideal situation had the largest gap in the layer under the model infrastructure elements that ensure the successful implementation of the organization's strategy, was considered. After designing the prototype, to comply with the Organization, the population of the survey was conducted, followed by an analysis of the opinions, the final version as "strategic management model parent organization" was designed.

Considering the importance of the factors affecting customer satisfaction and loyalty, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between performance and characteristic of a online stores – Digi-Kala in this particular case, as a perfect example of an electronic customer relationship system, and customer's electronic loyalty and satisfaction. As a practical-descriptive, research, electronic questionnaires were distributed among customers of Digikala , In which, functions of internet shopping system have been linked into three stages; before- purchase, during-purchase, after-purchase, and its relations with electronic loyalty and satisfaction have been estimated using structural -equations method. Based on the results, satisfaction of E-CRM's functions affected electronic loyalty and satisfaction. Also, satisfaction of during-purchase and after-purchase functions affected electronic satisfaction. However, the, effect of satisfaction in before-purchase functions in the electronic relation system has not been proven on satisfaction electronic customers. Furthermore, the effect of satisfaction in system's functions in the whole stages has been proven on loyalty electronic.

Measurement of the draft force exerted from agricultural machineries to the tractor and the calculation of the implement power requirements is important for agriculturalists in terms of machine design and tractor-machine matching . Therefore, studies about this issue have been started from the 1950’s. Zoerbet al.,(1983) claimed that the first dynamometers have been made of spring and in reality, users had difficulties reading these dynamometers gauge due to the quick variations of the gauge pointer. Therefore the second stage was the development of the hydraulic-type dynamometers in which the oil pressure inside the hydraulic cylinder-piston set installed between machine and tractor that can be readable with a bourdontube gauge was considered as its indicator. From the first years of the 1960’s development of the strain-gauge pull-type dynamometers started.
In this study, design, fabrication and evaluation of a pull-type tractor dynamometer is considered that can be used to measure and store tractor forward velocity, and horizontal component of draft force exerted from wheel-type towed implements to the tractor. Therefore, drawbar power needed to pull the machine through the soil can be calculated. This dynamometer can also be utilized to measure three-point-hitch implement’s draft force and power requirements in condition that the RNAM (1983) method was used. In addition to measure the tractor velocity with a GPS receiver instead of a fifth wheel, the other particular issue about this dynamometer is that a remote controller is used to order data acquisition commands such as starting, ending, pausing and time zeroing in the process of data gathering.
In this study an S-type strain gauge load cell (model: SS300) and a GPS receiver (model: Micro GPS antenna AGM-10 NEO-6-M-0-001 ublox AG board) were utilized to measure the draft force and forward velocity, respectively. To calibrate the load cell sensor, in an iron material selling store, the load cell was placed between an external force with a known value and roof-type load lifter by steel cables, and external loads with the value of 1-5 ton applied to the load cell in ascending and descending order. In each loading stage, the system and measuring apparatus outputs were booked. After drawing the x-y scatter chart of paired values (system output, measuring apparatus output), regression equation between these two variables were obtained that can be utilized to calibrate this part of the system. Above-mentioned method was used to calibrate the velocity measuring part of the dynamometer with a difference that real velocity was used instead of external load and velocity output was used instead of the load cell output. After performing the calibration of the system, the developed dynamometer was utilized to measure the draft force and power requirements of a three-point-hitch moldboard plow using the RNAM method. Finally, the obtained results were compared with the other researcher’s results, and the ASAE prediction of the draft force of a moldboard plow.
According to the results of this study, the estimated equation and its coefficient of determination for the calibration of the load cell sensor were , and respectively, and the estimated equation and its coefficient of determination for the calibration of the velocity were , and respectively. Moreover, according to the results of the field tests, draft force and the power requirements of a three-bottom moldboard plow in a silty clay loam soil with the forward velocity of was measured to be , and , respectively, that were in agreement with other studies. Furthermore, the draft force results of this study, and other studies were in the range of of the which is the moldboard plow draft prediction according to the ASAE standard.
This study suggests that with the aid of the RNAM method, and the developed dynamometer, the draft force and power requirements of the tillage implements can be calculated. These results can further be utilized to match the implements with the tractor or to design new tillage implements.

Retailers play major roles in retailing sales and profitability. However, in some cases, sellers adopt improper and amoral practices to sale for various reasons. The methods adopted by the retailers dominantly are followed by reactions from customers including: shoplifting, negative word of mouth advertising, boycotting and preventing purchases from the store. In this study, researchers survey the factors influencing on the customer violence, as well as the results of their violence on the retailer condition. The present research is a descriptive study conducted by the survey method. The statistical population contains all retailers in Tehran. A questionnaire was used for data collecting, and 334 respondents were selected as samples. The results show that inequality understanding of ethical has an impact on the lack of verification of ethical norms which triggers boycott of the retailers by the customers. On the other hand, belief in the ethical norm of equality has direct and positive Impact on the violence which results in retailer boycott. In addition, there is no significant difference in response to the amoral behaviors among individuals with various genders, education degrees and ages

Cumulative effect of transmitted vibrations to the tractor driver not only leads to driver health problems, but also reduces the driver working efficiency. Tractor suspension system is one of the methods which is employed to lower the level of transmitted vibrations to the driver. In this study the design and performance assessment of a semi-active suspension model of tractor cabin was considered. Tractor full vibration model was developed first, and subsequently a semi-active ON-OFF damper model was designed. The examination of the model indicated that doubling the piston area and the volume of hydraulic accumulator air chamber, led to 39% increase and 31% reduction of the resonance frequency of transmitted vibrations to the driver, respectively. On the other hand doubling the piston area and the primary air pressure of the accumulator, affected the RMS of transmitted vibration to the driver by 77 cm s-2 reduction and 66 cm s-2 increase, respectively. Moreover, the numerical comparison of the model outputs with and without activation of semi-active cabin suspension, while the model was stimulated with the same input function, led to 43% improvement in RMS acceleration of the transmitted vibrations to the tractor seat. Therefore, the designed semi-active suspension model of cabin was able to attenuate the level of transmitted vibrations to the tractor driver.

Before fabrication of any system, development of its simulation model can improve designer's understanding about strengths and weaknesses of the system. As a result, fabrication phase can be done without trial and error method. In this study a simulation model for alfalfa hay yield monitoring system on the baler was developed. Simulation of the yield measuring section led to the numerical solution of a first order differential equation. Dead reckoning method was used for simulation of the coordinates determination section. According to the results of this study: In the model of yield measuring section, the retardation time was shown. This retardation time is considered to take into account the required time for reaching crop from the ground to the baling channel. There were jagged shapes in the simulated data which coincide with changes in type of data variations. Therefore when the measured data faced a sudden change, a jagged shape will result in the simulated data. It was recommended to use each bale bulk density measuring system on the baler. In order to increase the accuracy of the coordinates determination section, it was essential to use ballast or spring pressure on the ground wheel.

Yield monitoring is one of the essential steps in the implementation of precision farming. Yield maps derived from yield monitoring system, clearly show crop yield variations. Research reports on preparing hay and forage yield maps are fewer in number and extent than those on grain crop. In this research, a method was developed for estimating alfalfa hay yield from a map developed for a small square baler. To obtain the crop yield map, two series of input data are needed namely: location and crop yield. In this research, location of the baler in the field was determined through using a local coordinate system. Since hay into the square baler is gradually accumulated to form the bale, spatial measurement of the hay is done by calculating the fractional volume accumulation. This fractional volume is converted into mass, by using two bulk density scales: bulk density of the forming bale and average bulk density of total field bales. Results of this study revealed that the output of system's shaft encoders were linearly related to the number of shaft revolutions (R2>0.998). By using each bale bulk density to convert volume data into mass, the error of system's yield measuring section was reduced from 22/12% to 1/74%. The error of the coordinate determination system used for length measurement was lower than that of the regular GPS (4.01% versus 14.27%).

The present study has been examined the effect of organizational justice on employee’s performance. after examinating revealed that organizational justice have three dimentions(Distributional Justice, Procedural Justice, Transactional Justice).then with providing a questionnaire concerning the three dimentions of organizational justice and the gathering the performance scores of the Employee's of Tehran state agricultural organization, the impact of the three dimentions on employee’s performance in Tehran state agricultural organization was examined. The research findings indicate that Employee perceptions of the scale of respecting to Distributional and Procedural Justice in this organization will have a longer impact on employee’s performance, but was not found significant relationship between employee perceptions from Transactional Justice in this organization.

Background and objectives Local pain and painful defecation are common patients complaints after anal surgery. Topical diltiazem a calcium channel blocker can decrease the tonicity of smooth muscles of anal sphincter and probably decrease the aforementioned painful condition. This study evaluates the efficacy of topical diltiazem gel on these complaints. Methods In this double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study patients received either diltiazem gel or placebo (a gel not containing diltiazem) in inch at the site of operation twice per day. All patients were followed up on 2nd and 7th postoperative days for scoring of complaints. Results The pain and painful defecation decreased significantly in second day in patients received diltiazem. Pain was completely alleviated in all patients received diltiazem in 7th postoperative day. But in the placebo group pain was reported by some of the patients in this day. No unwanted effect was reported in patients received diltiazem. Conclusion Topical 2% diltiazem gel is effective on alleviation of pain and pain during defecation after standard anal surgery.