ایوب محمدی

Although there are many expectations of the role of tourism in the development process of the local and rural economy, tourism in rural settlements has not played its main and key role as a tool to achieve sustainable rural development. Weak attention to the appropriate approaches of rural tourism marketing is one of the most important factors of little success and sometimes the lack of success of tourism in the process of sustainable rural development. Meanwhile, marketing is one of the important elements in the sustainable development of rural tourism. By applying tourism marketing methods, while identifying and selecting target markets, it is possible to introduce the village and its unique features, along with creating competition for the sale of local, cultural products and other services. Also, with the increase in the number of tourists in tourist destinations, he used the many economic and social benefits of tourism in a favorable way.Palangan village, as the center of one of the exemplary tourism areas of Kurdistan province and also one of the target villages of Kurdistan province, is one of the most spectacular villages of Kurdistan province. This village, with its amazing and unique staircase architecture and beautiful and pristine natural landscape, has been registered in the country's national heritage list and has been given the titles of "Lost Paradise" and "Kurdistan Masuleh". According to the results of the last population and housing census of Kurdistan province, this village has 809 people (405 men and 404 women) in the form of 215 households. Because of the natural and human attractions of this village, thousands of domestic and foreign tourists visit this village every year. Considering the important role of marketing in the development of tourism as well as rural development, studies in this field can provide the basis for the prosperity and prosperity of tourism in the studied area. Surveys show that so far, few studies have been conducted regarding the state of rural tourism marketing and the factors affecting it, and this has received less attention from researchers. Meanwhile, rural tourism marketing is one of the essentials of sustainable tourism development. Therefore, the main questions of the current research are: What is the state of rural tourism marketing indicators separately and also the general state of tourism marketing in rural Palgangan? And what are the most important factors affecting the development of tourism marketing in Palangan village?

The main purpose of the present quantitative and applied research, which was carried out with a combination of descriptive-analytical and exploratory methods, is to evaluate and measure the state of rural tourism marketing and identify the factors affecting it from the point of view of tourists. This research has been conducted as a case study in Palangan village (located in Kamyaran county). Considering the time constraints and high costs of questionnaire distribution, as well as tourists' unwillingness to cooperate with researchers, 165 questionnaires were distributed among tourists in the study area. Due to the distortion of 15 of them, the data collected from 150 tourists have been analyzed. The main research tool for data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire, which is designed in three main parts. To check the validity of the mentioned questionnaire, the opinions of tourism researchers and experts were used, and to check its reliability, a pre-test with 30 questionnaires was used. To analyze the collected data according to the main purpose of the research, one-sample t-test, frequency distribution table and exploratory factor analysis have been used.

The results showed that among the 11 key indicators of rural tourism marketing, the average indicators of attractions, infrastructure, environmental situation, culture, travel cost and skilled manpower are respectively with the values of 3.54, 3.35, 3.8, 3.588, 3.381 and 3.981, more than average and The average indices of accessibility to facilities, rules and regulations and investment are at the average level respectively with values of 2.938, 2.945 and 2.937 and The average of the two indicators of promotion and training with the values of 2.491 and 2.304, respectively, has been lower than the average. The results of factor analysis showed that the most important factors affecting rural tourism marketing are: Efficient advertising and marketing (20.677 percent), attractiveness of the destination and improvement of infrastructure quality (16.807 percent), Financial support and incentives (10.33 percent), Active participation of the local community (9.014 percent) and entrepreneurship development in tourism (8.859 percent).

Despite the large number of domestic and foreign tourists from Palangan village, which is one of the most important tourist target villages in Kurdistan province, no study has been conducted on tourism marketing and its influencing factors in this geographical area. Dealing with this category can provide the background and platform for the development of rural tourism and through that the local community can benefit from the benefits of rural tourism. According to the results obtained in order to strengthen and develop the marketing of rural tourism in the studied area, the implementation of strategies such as Effective and efficient advertising in local media (Kamiaran city) and Kurdistan province regarding the attractions and tourism capacities of Palangan village, Formation of groups/channels specific to the development of rural tourism in various internal and external virtual networks, Holding specialized workshops to familiarize the local community with rural tourism marketing, Respecting tourists as capitals for the sustainable development of the village, Forming a staff to welcome tourists at the entrance of the village, Holding various local festivals such as fish kebab festival, Nowruz Eid, taking into account effective information about them, Launching as many tourist tours as possible and welcoming and serving them properly, providing a platform for tourists to use free internet, Construction of ecotourism residences, Considering the opinions and tastes of tourists in the design of accommodation spaces and their decoration, Improving the quality and variety of welfare and health services in accommodation places, Repair and widening of communication roads to Palangan village, Variety in the price of services and products offered to tourists, Providing discounts to tourists in various fields, All-round support of the government sector for the development of rural tourism, especially in the field of allocating loans and credits and physical infrastructure, Holding local competitions among tourists and allocating cash and non-cash prizes to the winners of the competitions, etc., Along with the development of rural tourism marketing, they can provide the basis for the sustainable development of tourism and rural development.

Morphometric study of a watershed plays a very important role in land structure. Remote sensing methods provide a good tool for studying and extracting stream networks. One of the common methods for extracting waterway networks and conducting a morphometric study of watersheds is the use of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) with a high spatial resolution. The purpose of this study was to extract stream networks by using the DEMs of high spatial resolution, such as ALOS-1 and Sentinel-1, and those of medium spatial resolution like SRTM and TanDemX. To produce the DEM by using Sentinel-1 images, the InSAR method was applied. Finally, to validate the accuracy of this DEM for checking Sentinel-1 ability to extract stream networks, the ALOS-1 DEM with the spatial resolution of 12.5 m was used. The results revealed that the produced DEMs by using Sentinel-1 images had a high correlation of about 0.99 with the reference data of ALOS-1, thus showing the high capability of the DEM for extracting stream networks. The results of extracting the waterway networks demonstrated that each of the two DEMs of Sentinel-1 and ALOS-1 with high spatial resolutions could extract 9 waterway networks, while the digital models of SRTM and TanDemX with medium resolutions could only extract 7 and 6 stream networks, respectively. The studies indicated that the baseline parameters, as well as the time difference between the two Master and Slave images in InSAR, had to be highly considered by researchers to improve the quality of the Sentinel-1 DEM.

In recent years, as modern communication media has developed, human societies have faced social phenomena in the context of their social communications, which have become a source of information in the field of communication. One of the consequences of this kind of information is to provide mass movements and create social crises. These networks create or exacerbate social crises by using their ability to exchange information and actions, such as the transfer of specific subjects and gossip to the public while guiding public opinion. Therefore, this research aims to explain the role of informing mobile-based social networks in social crises.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and nature, and is a survey in terms of its implementation method.

The results of the study show that "the speed of information transmission by the perturbing agents" has a 40.4 average of the most important role in the communication of mobile-based social networks in the creation of social crises.

The aim of the current study was to estimate the genetic parameters of growth traits at the late ages (25-45 days of old) as well as humoral immune responses in Japanese quail. Therefore, the studied traits were growth traits (body weights (BW) at 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 days of age, average daily gain (ADG) in 5 day periods as well as the immune system responses against SRBC (IgT) and Newcastle vaccine (IgN)). To estimate genetic parameters, a multivariate analysis was utilized using Gibbs sampling through Gibbsf90 software. The heritability for BW and ADG were varied between 0.303-0.437 and 0.053-0.338, respectively. Moreover, heritability estimates for IgT and IgN were 0.252 and 0.015, respectively. Genetic correlation between growth traits with immune responses were negative and ranged from low to moderate (−0.218 to −0.483). According to the results, genetic selection based on BWs might to result in higher genetic response than ADG and immune system performances. Among body weight traits, the BW30 based on its higher genetic correlation with BW45 (0.809), moderate heritability (0.406) and negative and relatively low genetic correlation with IgT (−0.226) and IgN (−0.235) would be consider as an appropriate criterion introduce applicable breeding program to improve growth traits with lower decreasing in the immune system performance.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feed bunk space and forage particle size on feed intake and nutrient digestibility in growing Holstein female calves. Fourty Holstein female calves with an average age of 8-12 months (295.6 ± 32.8 kg) were used in a 2×2 factorial change-over design (with four treatments, four periods and four stalls), in which 10 calves were allocated to each stall. The current experiment lasted 4 months as one month allocated to each period. The experimental treatments were included: 1) 24 cm of feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 4.6 mm (24/fine); 2) 24 cm of feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 7.1 mm (24/coarse); 3) 48 cm of feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 4.6 mm (48/fine); 4) 48 cm of feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 7.1 mm (48/coarse). The results of this study showed that the apparent digestibilities of DM, CP and NDF for the 48/Coarse treatment was the highest, the treatment of 24/Coarse had an intermediate state, and for the treatment of 48/fine and 24/fine were the lowest. Also, apparent digestibilities of DM, CP and NDF were higher for treatments including coarse forage particles than treatments with fine forage particle size. Finally, it seems that feeding growing Holstein heifers with diets containing coarse forage particle size could result in better nutrient digestibility.

Gambling disorder (GD) and substance use disorder (SUD) have mutual impact and each couldaggravate the effects of the other. This is the first study on GD among Iranian substance users to develop andvalidate a GD Screening Questionnaire-Persian (GDSQ-P). Iranian male adults (n = 503) with SUDs were recruited via clustered sampling. Problem gamblingscreening instruments and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th Edition (DSM-5)criteria for GD were used to develop the tool which was sequentially assessed for face validity, contentvalidity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR), and reliability (Kuder-Richardson coefficient). To establishconstruct validity, interviews based on DSM-5 as a gold standard method were used. A receiver operatingcharacteristic (ROC) curve was conducted to determine sensitivity and specificity. After removing items with low CVI values, 27 final items remained in GDSQ-P with impact scoregreater than 1.5. Card games (33.8%), dice gambling methods (26.6%), betting on sports teams and players(24.1%), and betting on horseback, rooster, pigeon, dog, or other animals (16.7%) were common gamblingmethods among participants. Overall Kuder-Richardson coefficient was 0.95. Cut-off threshold for GDSQ-Pwas calculated as 4.5 with 98.9% sensitivity and 98.3% specificity. The interviewers confirmed GD forparticipants based on DSM-5 as the gold standard. The prevalence of GD among participants was 17.9%based on GDSQ-P and 19.1% based on DSM-5 criteria. GDSQ-P is a valid and reliable tool to screen for GD in SUD treatment centers and probably inthe general population.

Cyberbullying is one of the most common results of information and communication technologies' development. Cyberbullying victims may experience various consequences which will effect on different aspects of their well-being. In this investigation the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral social work intervention on preventing cyberbullying revictimization was studied.

This is a clinical trial study and convenience sampling was conducted to select forty-two members of the Red Crescent youth organization of Tehran participated who were cyberbullying victims. Participants were allocated randomly to intervention and control groups twenty-one persons for each group. Cyberbullying Victimize Checklist was used to collect data. The intervention group received cognitive-behavioral social work intervention and control group received entrepreneurship education as placebo. The posttest was performed two months after the intervention. Chi-square, Fisher's exact test and ordinal regression were used to analyze data. 

Forty-seven percent of the participants were male. Sixty-six point six percent of them were in the age group of eighteen to twenty-one years old and seventy-six percent were single. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference between the amounts of participants cyberbullying victimization before and after the intervention. The intervention group significantly revictimized in cyberbullying less than control group. The cognitive-behavioral social work intervention could predict cyberbullying revictimization duration and frequency. 

So this study showed that conducting cognitive behavioral social work intervention could be an effective strategy to reduce the risk of cyberbullying revictimization.

Physical attributes of feeds and Feed bunk space can affect feeding behavior of replacement heifers. The distribution of particle size can affect feed intake, feeding behavior, and feed sorting. Research on adult dairy cattle has focused on preventing rumen acidosis by varying particle size, but less work has focused on rations for replacement heifers. On the other side, the trend in the dairy industry has been toward fewer but larger herds and a concurrent change toward group feeding and handling in the larger herds. Where herds are expanded within existing facilities, competition at the feed bunk could increase. Ad libitum feeding of complete feeds reduces this competition between lactating cattle. However, ad libitum feeding of replacement yearling heifers could result in wasted feed, overeating, and fatty infiltration of the mammary gland with a reduction in future production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction effect of feed bunk space and forage particle size on growth and performance of Holstein female calves. This experiment was performed on 40 Holstein female calves with an average age of 8-12 months and an average weight of 295.6 ± 32.8 kg in a factorial design with four treatments, four periods and four stall, in which 10 calves were allocated to each stall. The length of each experimental period was 25 days and the calves were group fed in this experiment. The diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The only difference between diets was related to the forage particle size (alfalfa and straw). Treatments included: 1) treatment with 24 cm of feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 3 cm (24/fine); 2) treatment with 24 cm of feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 6 cm (24/coarse); 3) treatment with 48 cm of feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 3 cm (48/fine); 4) treatment with 48 cm of feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 6 cm (48/coarse). Sampling from feed and feeder was carried out at 15, 17, 19, and 21 days in each period. The dry matter intake of each stall was also carried out on days 15, 17, 19 and 21 in order to determine the intensity of feed consumption at 2, 4, 6, 8 hour after morning feed delivery, as the feed in the feed bunk was weighed and then returned to the feed bunk and the amount of feed consumed by every stall and for each calf was also calculated. To determine dry matter, collected samples was dried by placing them in an oven at 65-70 ° C for 48 hours (AOAC, 1990). Then the feed intake and intake intensity at different hours were corrected based on dry matter. Results of the current study confirmed the synchronize of feed consumption behavior in growing calves, which during the first 2 hours after feed delivery, calves consumed about 50-45% of the daily intake of dry matter. Also, about 90-80% of the dry matter was consumed within the first 8 hours after the feed delivery, and in the next 16 hours only 10-20% of the feed intake occurred. The results for the main effects showed that feed bunk space has no effect on daily gain, dry matter, and feed intake, while the forage particle size affected both of dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio (P <0.05), so that the feed conversion ratio was significantly higher for the treatments with fine forage particle size in comparison with treatments with coarse forage particle size (9.75 vs. 8.52). Also, daily dry matter intake for treatments with fine forage particle size was higher compared with the treatments with coarse forage particle size (7.93 vs. 7.65 kg/day/calf). Also, the amount of daily dry matter was higher for treatments with fine forage particles compared to treatments with coarse forage particles, but this higher consumption was not necessarily equal to higher daily gain. Also, there were not any significant differences between treatments containing fine forage particles and treatments with coarse forage particles for average daily gain. Finally,particle size in the growing Holstein female calves can be used as a means of controlling the dry matter and to economize the feed cost in this group of livestock. Considering the importance of controlling the dry matter intake of replacement calves, it can be stated that regarding the high proportions of forage to concentrate in growing female calves, forage particle size can be used as a management solution for controlling the dry matter intake and growth of this group of livestock. Therefore, supply of diets containing coarse forage particle size can help to economize the cost of replacing calves.

The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effects between feed bunk spaces and forage particle size on feeding behaviors of female Holstein calves. This study was done on 40 Holstein heifers aged 8-12 months and average mean weight 295.62±32.86 kg in a factorial change over design 2×2 (four periods with a length of each period of 25 days). The sole differences between treatments was related to forage (alfalfa hay and wheat straw length) as these forage were cut off by cutter with 3 cm pore size sieve (fine diet) and 6 cm pore size sieve (coarse diet) before adding to feeder mixer wagon. Treatments in this experiment included: 1) treatment with 24 cm of feed bunk space and forage with fine particle size (24/fin), 2) treatment with 24 cm of feed bunk space and forage with coarse particle size (24/coarse), 3) treatment with 48 cm of feed bunk space and forage with fine particle size (48/fin), 4) treatment with 48 cm of feed bunk space and forage with coarse particle size (48/coarse). The results showed that the feed intake time was higher during 24 hours for treatments with free bunk space (48 cm) compared to treatments with a limited bunk space (24 cm) (p<0.05). The results showed that in case of access of calves to free bunk space, the feed particle size did not affect the intensity of competition, while in the case of a limited bunk space, the intensity of competition for coarse particle size was greater than that of fine particle size (p<0.05).

Health is a multi-dimensional concept, and the WHO has pointed to its four physical, psychological, spiritual and social dimensions. Social health is one of the most important health indicators of each country and can be influenced by different factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy and social dimensions of nurses.
The research method was descriptive-analytic, correlation type. The statistical population was nurses working in Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah in 2016 . A sample of 100 were selected using randomized sampling method. Data were collected using the Key Health Social Questionnaire and Sherer Self-efficacy Questionnaire. Data were entered into SPSS-22 software and analyzed using Pearson correlation, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA.
The results showed that there was a significant relationship between nurse's self-efficacy and their social health (p 0.05).
This research shows that there is a meaningful relationship between self-efficacy of the population studied and their social health. However, through self-efficacy-based interventions and education, the nurse's social health status was promoted.

Comorbidity of gambling disorder as a the first recognized nonsubstance behavioral addiction, with substance use disorder is common. The aim of this study was developing a Persian version of Gambling Addiction Screening Questionnaire to screen the Gambling addiction among substance use disorders in Tehran.
This study was a methodological investigation. The item pool was generated based on gambling addiction questionnaires and validity of the GASQ was evaluated. Clients of substance use mid-term treatment centers in Tehran participated in the study through the clustered sampling and reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and Interclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC).
The S-CVI was 70% for clarity, 81% for relevancy, and 100% for comprehension. The face validity of the scale were appropriate. The scale was inter-rater reliable and the Cronbach's alpha for GASQ (last year) was 0.960 and for GASQ (for life) was 0.938. The internal consistency GASQ (last year) was 0.386 to 0.778 and for GASQ (for life) was 0.416 to 0.740.
GASQ is a valid and reliable scale for screening gambling addiction among substance users.

In recent years, human societies have faced the emergence of a new phenomenon called social networks. One of the consequences of their appearance is providing the context of collective movements and generating social crises. This study has been conducted aiming at explaining the role of virtual social networks in social crises generation.

In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and in terms of methodology it is a descriptive study. The statistical population of the study consisted of 160 managers and experts of Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guards Cyberspace Observatory Center, the Ministry of Intelligence, Police Cyberspace Observatory Center, managers and experts of Security Police Department, and Cyberspace Police. All individuals completed the questionnaire. The required data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire (Cronbach's Alpha α=87.73) and analyzed via Regression analysis. Findings and

The research showed that virtual social networks have significant and direct role in creating social crises and along with the development of these networks they will have a greater role in the creation of social crises and the spread of critical conditions in society. In this regard, planning for the management of these networks is essential, especially for the police.

Reconstruction of the landscape response to climate change in the long-term geological scattered data due to the lack or shortage of sediment and age sediment controls is very dificult. Grain size analysis can be used to identify sediments in environments and different facies, that this in turn gives us some information about sedimentation processes and flowing type. Recognizing the many economic and environmental aspects of early humans due to their dependence on natural factors is not possible without knowing the environmental elements.in this paper we try to study Karaj and Shadchay regime changes and its effects on Meymanatabad and Mafinabad settlements.
Due to analyzing and reconstruction of depositional conditions in both Karaj and Shadchay rivers (a branch that is connected to the Karaj River), Sampling was attempted. Considering that the aim of the study was to examine two ancient hills Meymantabad and Mafynabad. Therefore, the sampling location after repeated field visits to the region, a situation that was chosen to be the width of the cluster. We considered in sampling of river terraces the Sediments resize and change colors. Shadchay River terraces in height of 4:40 m 11cases and from Karaj River terraces in height 7 m 12 cases Samples were taken. Firstly, all samples were analyzed by using a screening device, the second step to obtain deposition below 63 microns in size, moving the pipette method was used.
Based on granolomtry results for samples of Tow Rivers, Karaj River in two cases were changed and has left the floodplain sediments. In most cases the particle distribution between classes is above 1000 and below 63 microns. The mean average of particle is 410.76 microns. Depositional environment is constantly changing from calm to energetic; On the one hand it can be because of increase and decrease the power of the river and on the other because of the bed movement. Against the distribution of Shadchay sediments is mostly above 63 microns and rivers has high discharge by then. The average of particle diameter is between 1001.12 microns. campared to Karaj River bed changes not occurred, and are entirely river sediments. Overall, all samples were evaluated for high-energy depositional environment.
•Calcymetry
In general, a process diagram for Karaj River is approximately constant. Only layer of 3:40 to 5:60 have the greatest amount of calcium carbonate. According to survey data, we see in this layer, there is only clay and a sand particle was not found in this layer. In a depth that mixtures of clay and sand particles are deposited (in flooding cases) the amount of calcium carbonate is more. Based on Klsymtry data ersults for the Shadchay River, calcium carbonate has not favorable conditions to be deposited, but an increasing or decreasing trend from low to high exist, in other words, carbon dioxide pressure was high, in general the environment was acidic. In Meymanatabad Hill the most of calcium carbonate belongs to latest ancient layer.
•Color
According to Clay Mineralogy sample results that indicate wetter conditions, and due to the location of the study area and the current situation to the first theory, based on warm and humid conditions it is appearance that brown and red precipitates were exist. According to the latest Mineralogy of clay that is related to LN108 is belonging to chlorite samples so that this mineral belongs to moderate condition and mild leaching conditions. In fact in temperate conditions and mild leaching rate and location of the inner part of the premountain is somehow confirming the theory of hot and humid condition in the South West of Tehran plane in the Silk period.
Based on granolumetry results of samples from two rivers, Karaj river bed changed in two cases and has left sediments of floodplain type. In most cases the particle distribution between classes is above 1000 and below 63 microns. The average particle is between 410.76 microns. Depositional environment is constantly changing from calm to energetic; On the one hand it can be because of increase and decrease the power of the river and on the other because of the bed movement. Considering that the main channel of the river in the mafinabad cluster has not much changed so Cluster residents have long been living in margins of rivers. Seems to suddenly abandoned these settlements have not been effected by devastating floods because residents were deployed with greater distance. Against the distribution of Shadchay sediments is mostly above 63 microns and rivers has high discharge.

According to the fact that the information and communication technologies change the business rapidly, Managers and entrepreneurs need to understand, evaluate and change the business model of their organization continuously. In this regard it would be necessity to doing a research about the business model components. Several points of the views are introduced up to now, however the concept of the business model components remains unclarified. Therefore using the system thinking approach, this paper aims to clarify the components of the business models based on content analysis. The contributions of this article is literature review thoroughly to proposed components which create better understanding in this area and help managers to be able to evaluate and change their business models. Results show that revenue model, value model and activity model are most important components of the e-business models that should be considered in the evaluation and changing of e-business models.