فهرست مطالب بابک خیرخواه

Background &

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide. Annually more than half of all new cases occur in Asia, and about 80 percent of all cases are detected in developing countries (1-3). Viral infections are the cause of one-sixth of human cancers, including certain types of human papillomavirus, which play a major role in the development of almost all cervical cancers (4). Recent studies on the prevalence of HPV in Iran have shown that HPV16 along with genotypes 18, 31, and 53 are the most common genotypes in the female population. These studies have confirmed that the presence of high-risk and carcinogenic genotypes as well as multi-type infections are common among patients, which may be associated with an increased risk of cancer progression (5-10).
Since the effects of age and multiple HPV infections on the progression of lesions are more important than other risk factors in invasive cancers (11). The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of the human papillomavirus genotypes. The relationship between age and multiple HPV infections as well as the interaction of these two important parameters in the progression of lesion deterioration in women with abnormal cervical cytology result was investigated in order to understand the role of these factors in the incidence of invasive cervical cancer and providing effective and preventing actions.

In a period of six months, a total of 110 women with abnormal cytological and histological results of cervical liquid smear samples were collected. Cytopathologic characterization was categorized by the Bethesda 2014, a global system for Reporting Cervical/Vaginal Cytologic findings including atypical squamous cell of unknown significance (ASCUS), low‑grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), high‑grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), squamous cell carci noma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ACA). In the present study, cytology results of ASCUS were considered abnormal. Genomic DNA from cervicovaginal liquid-based ThinPrep samples was extracted using the DNA Extraction Kit. The purity of the extracted DNA was evaluated by a NanoDrop spectrophotometer. The PCR assay for the β-globin gene was carried out as an internal control for each sample. Samples with positive results of β-globin were then amplified in PCR assay with general consensus GP5+/GP6+ primers, subsequently genotyping analysis of different HPV types was performed using INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra II Amp assay. The relationship between age and the multiplicity of HPV infections on the progression and deterioration of lesions were analyzed using statistical tests in SPSS 23.

In the present cross-sectional study, all subjects had an infection with at least one human papillomavirus genotype. A total of 27 different genotypes were identified in the sample population, including 18 high-risk and 6 low-risk HPV genotypes.
Among all 110 samples, 74 patients (67.3%) had ASCUS cytology results, 24 patients had LSIL results (21.8%) and 12 Patients had HSIL results (10.9%). 52 out of 110 patients, had one type of HPV infection (47.3%) and 58 patients were co-infected with several different HPV genotypes (52.7%).
The mean age of all subjects was 36.2 years. The minimum age was 22 and the maximum age was 50 years. The mean age of women with ASCUS lesions was 35.9 years, 36.4 years in women with LSIL results, and 37.7 years in women with HSIL results.
A significant relationship observed between aging and the progression of the severity of the lesions. On the other hand, the present study did not show a significant relationship between multi-type HPV infections and increased severity, as well as the cooperative relation of age and multi-type HPV infections with increased severity of lesions.

Iran has a population of 25 million women over the age of 15 who are at risk for cervical cancer. The prevalence of cervical cancer in Iran is 6.64% and this cancer accounts for 34.2% of all cases of female cancer in Iran(12).
Nearly a decade interval between HPV infection and invasive cervical cancer incidence provides a golden opportunity for women to prevent the progression of precancerous lesions with early diagnosis and effective treatments(13). Significant relationship between age and increasing the severity of lesions, proves that lack of general awareness of cancer screening and timely detection among young women will lead to progression of invasive cancer, which could have been easily prevented.
According to the results of the present study, HPV infection has 100% prevalent among women with dysplastic lesions and all 18 high-risk HPV genotypes that could be identified by the relevant test were observed in the sample population. Multi-type HPV infections are common in cervical liquid samples of HPV-positive individuals, especially in women with severe intraepithelial lesions.
Rates of HPV infection and the incidence of cervical cancer in developing countries remain high, therefore, it is necessary to optimize HPV DNA-based diagnostic tests at lower costs so that they can be performed with routine Pap smear tests. With regular screening, HPV diagnostic testing, and considering the age factor and the type of HPV infection in terms of risk factors of carcinogenesis, it is possible to prevent the progression of cervical cancer by providing appropriate health services for all women (14).

Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is one of the most common pathogens that produce an array of toxins that are secreted in the body which cause economic losses in the livestock industry. C. perfringens has four major toxins: alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota. A total of 84 isolates of C. perfringens from various types that originated from sheep and goats' isolates that were identified as C. perfringens by microbiological, biochemical, and toxin typed by PCR method were evaluated for production of alpha, beta, and epsilon toxin by ELISA method. Results showed that out of 84, 64 isolates showed the presence of at least one toxin in ELISA test, 31, and six isolates were positive for only alpha and only epsilon toxin, respectively, 17, six isolates show the presence of both alpha and epsilon and both alpha and beta toxins, respectively furthermore four isolates positive for the presence of all three toxins, meanwhile, 20 C. perfringens isolates didn’t show any of the toxins. The results were compared with the results of toxinotyping by PCR method. The frequency and distribution of toxins in different strains were evaluated, so type C isolates showed the most positive cases of alpha and beta toxin and type B isolates showed the most positive cases of epsilon toxin, which could be related to the pathogenicity of these types in the isolates studied

Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRs) take part in post-transcriptional gene regulation. MiR-155 regulates hematopoiesis, oncogenesis, and immunologic and inflammatory processes. We investigated the expression levels of miR-155 in sera of patients with Burkitt’s lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and rheumatoid arthritis.

In this cross-sectional observation, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate expression of miR-155 in sera of 92 Iranian adults who were healthy or had Burkitt’s lymphoma, DLBCL, or rheumatoid arthritis. The relative quantification of gene expression was calculated in terms of cycle threshold values (Ct). We conducted Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlations, Fisher's exact test, and one-way analysis of variance and Games-Howell post-hoc test, with the level of significance of 0.05.

The expression of miR-155 was independent of sex and age in each study group. In comparison with healthy subjects(-ΔCt: -2.29 ±SD: 1.92), miR-155 expression increased in DLBCL (2.49±1.01), and rheumatoid arthritis (2.30±1.34) patients, but did not change in adults with Burkitt’s lymphoma (-1.29±2.11).

MiR-155 was significantly elevated in the sera of patients with DLBCL, and rheumatoid arthritis. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to assess the diagnostic, and therapeutic applications of miR-155 in these patients.
Practical Implications. The expression of miR-155 increases in sera of patients suffering from DLBCL, and rheumatoid arthritis. The expression of miR-155 was independent of sex and age of patients in this study.

Any change in food that reduces its quality value or reduces its popularity and marketing is called food spoilage. Ethylene gas is one of the gases produced from ripe fruits that causes high ripening and spoilage of the fruit during storage. Solutions have been suggested to absorb this gas during fruit storage. The aim of this study was to apply bio-filters to remove ethylene gas to increase the life of banana fruit after harvest during storage. Various samples prepared from agricultural wastes containing natural environmental microorganisms were evaluated in biological filters designed to remove ethylene gas and prevent spoilage of banana fruit compared to control samples. The gas chromatograph showed that the amount of gas passing through column 4, which contained peat soil substrates, poplar wood chips, enriched organic substrate, leaf soil, straw and creamy organic fertilizer was equal to 0.6528 ml of ethylene per liter of air. It had the highest ability to remove ethylene gas compared to other columns and showed a significant difference with the control sample. In addition, this filter was observationally effective in terms of shelf life of immature bananas compared to control samples, and biological filters containing Pseudomonas putida have the highest amount of ethylene gas absorption. Based on the findings, the use of biological filters is recommended to increase the shelf life of fruits in storage.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen, and the main target of this bacterium is the lungs, upper respiratory system, and their mucous membranes leading to acute or chronic infection of the respiratory tract. The purpose of this study was to investigate the microRNA 21 (miR-21) expression levels in the patients suspected of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The present study was a case-by-case study, and the results were compared between the two groups of patients and healthy individuals. The serum samples were collected from 200 patients suspected of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during a 3-year period in the hospitals of Kerman, Iran. The expression level of the extracted miR-21 was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

There was no significant difference in the serum miR-21 gene expression in the symptomatic patients with negative smear and negative purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test. However, the patients with positive smear and negative PPD, positive PPD and negative smear, and positive smear and positive PPD showed a significant increase in the miR-21 gene expression (P<0.05).

The obtained results confirmed the need for more accurate diagnostic methods, especially molecular techniques, for the detection of M. tuberculosis infection as late detection of infection can eliminate the possibility of effective treatment and endanger the lives of individuals. Due to the correlation between miR-21 and this infection, the miR-21 inhibitors can also be used for the treatment of the disease.

Salmonella is a Gram-negative intestinal organism and causes food poisoning in human. Salmonella has five virulence genes, stn, Phop/Q, spvc, slyA and sopB. These genes encode proteins in different parts of the bacteria that can confront with immune system, and the complement system and can cause death in the cell. The aim of this study was to detect slyA, stn, sopB, Phop/Q and spvc genes in Salmonella typhimurium strains isolated from clinical samples by the multiplex PCR method and to determine antibiotic resistance patterns.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, in 2016, 60 stool samples in order to identify Salmonella typhimurium from Alborz-Karaj Hospital were collected. After confirmation of the strains by using standard biochemical and microbiological tests, an antibiotic susceptibility test was performed on a Muller Hinton Agar medium and based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Multiplex PCR assay was performed to detect virulence genes using specific primers.

The results of the antibiotic susceptibility test showed that all isolates were sensitive to imipenem, gentamicin and amikacin. Also, molecular findings showed that the prevalence rates of Phop/Q, slyA and stn genes were 100%, 98.3%, and 91.6%, respectively. While sopB and Spvc genes were not observed in isolates of Salmonella typhimurium.

The results of this study indicate that the prevalence of virulence genes in clinical Salmonella typhimurium isolates can serve as an alarm for the prevalence of these genes to the other Salmonella serotypes.

CALR mutation has recently been identified in myeloproliferative neoplasms, but little is known about the occurrence of this mutation in Iran. This study was performed to molecular study of CALR gene mutations in children with leukemia hospitalized in Kerman hospitals.

The present study was an experimental study. In this study, the mutation of calerticulin was evaluated by simple random sampling in 50 children or in the treatment of myeloproliferative malignancies. To determine the mutation, genomic DNA was first extracted from peripheral blood buffer and mutation was determined by polymerase chain reaction with specific allele. The samples were then sequenced. The results were correlated with demographic factors using SPSS software.

1.2% of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms had CALR mutation. The rate of CALR gene mutation in the study group is comparable with previous reported results.

Therefore, according to WHO criteria, polymerase chain reaction with specific allele can be used to identify this mutation in Iranian patients with suspected myeloproliferative neoplasms.

Many new studies related to peri-implantation period and maintenance of pregnancy suggest that microRNAs have fundamentally role in regulating critical pathways in early pregnancy loss and implantation failure. This study was performed with aim to evaluate the possible association between has-miR-125 T>C polymorphism and susceptibility to idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).

In this case-control study, 116 females with at least two or more recurrent pregnancy loss and 89 healthy women with a history of two successful pregnancies and without a history of miscarriage were evaluated. DNA molecule was extracted by RGDE method and genotyping was performed by ARMS Tetra method. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) and Chi-squared test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The frequency of TT, TC and CC genotypes of rs12976445 polymorphism were 50.86%, 42.25% and 6.89% and in women with RPL and were 58.43%, 39.33% and 2.24% in healthy women. There was no significant relationship between rs12976445 polymorphism and recurrent pregnancy loss (P=0.238).

No significant association was found between rs12976445 polymorphism and RPL.

Salmonellosis is the most important form of bacterial infection in humans and animals caused by the non-typhoid salmonella family. Salmonella infection is the most common cause of foodborne infections. One of the most important sources of Salmonella contamination is poultry and meat products. In the last two decades, the emergence of Salmonella resistant to common antibiotics has increased the problems of Salmonella contamination in meat products. Transmission of these resistant bacteria to humans makes the treatment process difficult and lengthy. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella bacteria and tetA and tetB resistance genes from poultry stores in Zahedan. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, Salmonella isolates were isolated from 130 poultry stores in Zahedan based on standard methods published by OIE and FDA. The results of this study show that only 6.15% of the samples were Salmonella and 3.07% were Salmonella typhimurium strains. Examination of the frequency of resistance genes in isolated samples in the present study shows that in 50% of Salmonella isolates, none of the tetA or tetB resistance genes was detected, while in the other 50%, only the tetB resistance gene was identified. The presence of tetracycline resistance genes in Salmonella isolates suggests that the use of antibiotics in the poultry industry should be controlled and more carefully used to reduce the frequency of these genes.

Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria causes septicemia in saline and fresh water fishes. One of the most important problems in the field of health management in some fish farming centers is controlling the bacterial septicemia syndrome caused by this bacterium. The purpose of this study was to find a way to control and eliminate the bacteria using bacteriophage to increase the survival rate of rainbow trout, infected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. In this research was carried out in the years 2018-19, 360 rainbow trout weighing 15±2 grams in 24 aquariums were selected in 15 groups with 3 replications. They were contaminated with a concentration of 10-4 and 10-8 Aeromonas hydrophila (prepared from stock containing 1.5× 108 CFU / ml, both intraperitoneally and immersed in water. Then they were exposed to 10-3 PFU/ ml AHɸ3 bacteriophage isolated from rainbow trout farming pools of Kerman province. Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Salinity was controlled for all treatments. There was a significant difference between the control group and the treatments in both cases (intraperitoneal injection and immersion) (P <0.05). The results indicated that the highest effect of bacteriophage on survival rate and reduction of rainbow trout losses was observed when the concentration of 10-8 bacteria and 10-3 PFU/ ml bacteriophage AHɸ3 were immersed. The data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software and Duncan statistical test. Suitable and applied to increase the survival rate of rainbow trout against disease bacteria is the use of bacteriophages.

Heavy metals enter the environment through industrial activities and contaminate natural ecosystems. Identification of heavy metal-resistant bacteria plays an important role in environmental pollution and ultimately cleansing it. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to isolate the resistant genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the effects of nanoparticles on gene expression using real-time PCR.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 60 isolates of P. aeruginosa were studied. Frequency of czr gene was determined by PCR. Also, the effects of iron nanoparticles on czr gene expression were evaluated by real-time PCR after RNA extraction.

In this study, 25 isolates were carriers of czr gene. Also, iron nanoparticles could reduce the
expression of the heavy metal resistance gene in P. aeruginosa in vitro.

This study showed that the resistance of different species of P. aeruginosa to the heavy metal cadmium is different.

Salmonella is a gram-negative intestinal microorganism that causes food poisoning in humans. The genus Salmonella has five virulence genes stn, Phop / Q, spvc, slyA and sopB. These genes encode proteins in different parts of the bacterium that can counteract the immune system, complement, and death within the cell. The aim of this study was to identify virulence genes in Salmonella typhimurium strains isolated from clinical specimens using Multiplex PCR and to determine their antibiotic resistance patterns.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 60 stool specimens were collected from the patients with acute diarrhea and vomiting in Karaj hospitals and hospitals during 2017. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed on Muller Hinton agar medium (CLSI). Multiplex PCR was also performed to detecting virulence genes using specific primers.

The results of antibiotic susceptibility test showed that all isolated samples were susceptible to imipenem, gentamicin and amikacin. Also, the frequency of Phop/Q, slyA and stn genes were 100%, 98.3% and 91.6%, respectively. Also, sopB and Spvc genes were not detected in Salmonella typhimurium isolates.

The results of the present study indicate on the high incidence of virulence genes in Salmonella typhimurium clinical samples which can be considered as an alarm signal for the spread of these genes to other Salmonella serotypes.

Nanoparticles are widely used in medical, pharmaceutical and health sciences. The aim of this project was to evaluate the mesophilic bacteria isolated from the Gulf coast in the production of silver nanoparticles and investigate the antimicrobial effect of these nanoparticles on some pathogenic bacteria.

This descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed over a period of 8-month from April to November 2017. The isolates were purified from water and sediments samples of the coasts of Hormozgan Province - Iran, after that the purified isolates were cultivated in Zobell Marine Broth medium. The obtained supernatant of the medium was added to the silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution (0/001 M) with (1:5) ratio at the light condition in order to the reduction of AgNO3 to metallic silver. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was investigated by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Transmission electron microscope(TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was evaluated against 6 microbes.

The results indicated that supernatants of all isolates are capable of producing silver nanoparticles. The surface plasmon resonance of AgNPs showed a maximum peak near 420 nm, which UV–vis spectra correspond to the absorbance of AgNPs. The results of TEM micrographs image of silver nanoparticles produced by dominant strain showed spherical shapes and size of 2/88 to 19 nm. The synthesized AgNPs showed the antimicrobial activity and inhibitory effects on the growth of tested microbes. 

The desired isolates have a potential ability to producing AgNPs, and to summarize, this is a low cost, ecofriendly, and quick method for the synthesis of AgNPs.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a germ-negative pathogen and a common cause of nosocomial infections. Increasing the emergence of multi-drug resistance in Klebsiella pneumonia has limited therapeutic options for this bacterium. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of iron nanoparticles on expression of TEM and SHV genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical samples using Real- Time PCR.

A total of 50 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were collected from patients admitted to the intensive care unit of hospitals in Kerman on 6 months. The isolates were identified as K. pneumoniae, based on the biochemical tests embedded in the API-20E system. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by disc diffusion method. For molecular identification of TEM and SHV genes, PCR was performed. To determine the effect of iron nanoparticles on the strains, a dilution broth method was used according to CLSI standard and finally, Real-Time PCR was performed.

In this study, 46 isolates were positive for ESBL producing phenotypes. In the 46 isolates of ESBL producing, 48% (22 cases) had the SHV gene , 13% (6 cases) had the TEM gene and 39% (18 cases) had both SHV + TEM genes. Iron nanoparticles could degrade the expression of TEM and SHV genes in the clinical medium in Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Due to the effectiveness of iron nanoparticles on positive beta-lactamases Klebsiellas, can use iron nanoparticles as a medicine dose.

Mycoplasma are from cell culture the main polluters. Mycoplasma hominis is one of the most important human mycoplasmas are associated with infections of the genitourinary system in women and men. The aim of this study compare methods of detection of mycoplasma contamination in the genital secretions of men and women referring to infertility center is Kerman.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 100 women and 100 infertile men referred to Kerman Infertility Center during 6 months. Samples that were sent to the laboratory in the PPLO Broth filter 0.45 micrometers were passed and in accordance with the instructions, they were cultured in PPLO solid liquid and solid media and stored at 37 ° C, Co2 incubator. After the extraction of DNA by using PCR method and especial primers, the species and genus of Mycoplasma hominis were determined and studied.
Findings: Of the 200 samples examined by culture method, 17.5% of mycoplasma colonies were positive and using biochemical tests were mycoplasma hominis 6%. By PCR method, 44% of samples were infected with mycoplasma and 16.5% contaminated they were mycoplasma hominis.
Discussion &

The results of this study show that PCR is a sensitive and rapid method for detecting Mycoplasma huminis in infertile women and men