بابک فرزانه

In the late 20th century, new historicism based on the ideas of an American thinker Steven Greenbelt replaced the traditional critical approaches in literary studies. In new historicism, literary texts are treated as historical texts: if history is a kind of narrative, then narratives are the same kind of historical texts, hence it is referred to history text and text history. In new historicism, there is no boundary between history and literature, and readers can re-read the texts to discover the hidden layers behind the original text. Sometimes political and social restrictions deny the author the freedom of expression forcing him to use another way to express his intentions. Najib Mahfouz encoded language in his novels to express social realities and reinforce the spirit of anti-colonialism against the authoritarian policies of the rulers. In Aabaso Al-Aqdar, he used the ancient history of Egypt as a pretext to express nationalist and anti-colonial ideas. This study examines the hidden layers of the novel from a new historicist angle.

The concept of freedom is one of the most frequent concepts of modern epic poetry, which has found different meaningful dimensions due to the extensive social and political developments. With the growth of philosophical schools, especially the philosophy of existentialism, the concept of freedom became one of the most important categories in contemporary life, and the humanistic and existentialist approach provided the ground for intellectual and social revolutions. Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher, one of the founders of existentialism had crucial role on the existential thoughts and had deep effects on the thoughts of literary writers. Mahmoud Darvish, Palestinian resistance poet, and Ahmad Shamloo, Iranian contemporary modernist poet, are prominent poets whose poems reflect the concept of freedom, the study of their poems reveals their philosophical an existential dimension. The present study with a glance to Sartre's theories, tries to do a comparative study of Darwish and Shamloo's ideas about freedom, in order to analyze the similarities and differences between their poems and express the manifestations of Sartre's thought in the viewpoint of these poets. According to the present study, the concept of freedom in the attitude of Shamloo and Darwish has a philosophical dimension that is not limited to individual freedom and includes the whole society. The concept of freedom in their worldview, is consistent with the categories of precedence existence over the nature, apprehension and responsibility, negation of metaphysical forces, the instability of nature, and the relationship between death and freedom in Sartre's theory.

The language of poetry is the language of apparent and implied relations and significations between words and meanings. And the poetic construction is a vehicle for the transition of words towards meanings in different levels and layers. Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani conceives this construction as a set of signifying linguistic signs and relations. What is most notable in al-Jurjani's Theory of Construction is the interrelation of the words in a coherent signifying texture for the purpose of conveying meaning. This interrelatedness, in Hefez's poetry, allows to new combinations and employment of floating signified and has brought about a new language, a language in which meaning is never fixed and thus references to the interrelations of the words become inevitable and necessary. In the current study, with regard to Jurjani's views about the combinations and intimate relations of the words and the consequent meaning of them, and with regard to the diversity of meaning in Hafez's poems which is found both in the juxtaposition of the words and the paradigmatic axis, the floating character of the signified (meaning) will be studied in his poems through a series of citations in an analytic-descriptive way. The findings of this study will show in a new way that the different meanings are floating in Hafez's poems in different levels like Mesra', Beyt, and the whole Ghazal.

The application of guide blades is an appropriate method for improving the aerodynamic performance of Savonius wind turbines. Guide blades gather wind energy around the turbine and guide them into the concave side of the Savonius rotor. In this paper, a numerical investigation is conducted to evaluate the effect of the guide blades on the performance of Savonius turbines. ANSYS Fluent 16.0 software is applied for the simulation of turbulent and transient flow around the turbine. Suggested designs for guide blades are 4, 5, and 6 blades which are located in the angles of 30, 40, 50, and 60 degrees. The numerical results of power and torque coefficients show that guide blades have significantly improved the performance of Savonius turbines.  For a turbine with 5 guide blades located at the angle of 30 degrees, maximum power coefficient is 0.51, which indicates an increase of 183% compared to a single Savonius turbine without the guide blades. For turbines with 4 and 6 guide blades, maximum power coefficients are 0.42 and 0.49 respectively; this finding shows an increase of 133% and 171% in comparison with a single Savonius rotor without guide blades.

Time is a major structural element upon which stories are formed. In classics, time structure relied on a logical and causal relationship, but with changes in reality time movement went through transformations. Using this element for their narrative objectives, writers decided to experience other forms of time. This led to abandoning time linearity and a split between narrative and story times. Contemporary novels do it by the techniques of order and time rhythm. Khalifeh, returning to the past in "Hobbi Al Awal", retells Palestine's history through a romantic story. Adopting a descriptive-analytical method, this research examines time structure in the novel without attention to the concept of repetition using Genette's narrative time and through temporal distances between the story and narrative. As the present interferes with the past, the novel has a scattered structure of time, with the reader moving between the present and the past. This happens by various techniques for strengthening the story's objectives, which either accelerate or decelerate the narrative and include summary, deletion, stream of consciousness, internal dialogue and rendition, making time longer in some scenes and shorter in some others.

The Arab tribes inhabited throughout the Arabian Peninsula and had a sedentary life. Some of them were sedentary tribes while others were nomadic tribes seeking for water and food in the desert. Undoubtedly, the nomadic tribes who lived in the desert had their own way of pronouncing words, which were different from the way of sedentary tribes and had a great effect on the variety of Arabic accents and the characteristics of each one. Some pronunciations were included in the elements of the language of the tribe and in the lexical domain of the Holy Qur'an, and in a region the pronunciation of a word was with a letter which was other than the letter used in another region. In the framework of historical linguistics and in order to determine the role of culture and region in the phonemes of the Arabic language the goal of this study is to scrutinize the phonetic changes of Arabic language in the context of the Holy Qur'an according to Ibdāl which is a phonological process.
Research methodology is descriptive. First, we peruse the Arab motives to pronounce a letter in a different way. Then by assessing the human geography and Arabic language Tajweed, we try to find the origin of the phenomenon of Ibdāl, and thereafter, examine the phonetic system of Arabic language vowels that have same place of pronunciation or common characteristics. Then, we will study the phenomenon with regard to the former and latter letter. By giving examples of Ibdāl, we will understand the role and contribution of the tribes in such processes.

Statement of Problem: Total removal of tissues and remnant microorganisms as well as canal shaping are the essential objectives of endodontic therapy. A successful endodontic treatment is obtained through Shilder’s principals, however complete observation of this technique using stainless steel files manually is problematic and time-consuming. Modern technology, in order to eliminate such problems, has presented new facilities such as Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) files and engine driven instruments. The aim of this in-vitro study was to compare the canal debridement efficiency of three engine driven instruments: Rotary, Reciprocal and Vertical. In this experimental study, 60 mesial roots of human first and second mandibular molars were divided into three groups randomly. In each sample, one canal was considered as case, the other one as control. Files used in Reciprocal and vertical groups were of handy Ni-Ti type and in rotary group, rotary Ni-Ti files were used. After debridement, the roots were sectioned at 3mm and 5mm from anatomic apex, stained and examined under light microscope. Comparison criteria between case and control groups were based on residual debris and predentin and the level of root canal preparation and shaping after debridement. Data were subjected to kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test. There was no significant difference between the efficiency of debridement at 3mm and 5mm sections between all groups. But difference in time consumption was significant ranked from the shortest to the longest as rotary, reciprocal and vertical. The efficiency of debridement between the three automated instruments was approximately equal, however the instrumentation time was different between three groups. Rotary system was the fastest one, as compared with reciprocal (second) and vertical (last). It may be concluded that rotary system has a superiority over the other two groups in conventional root canal therapies.