بدری برندگی

It's been a while that, global warming has been involving the scientific and political circles of the world. Human worries about the effects of climate change have put countries on the agenda of international treaties, including reducing carbon emissions and so on. Since the implementation of commitments in countries requires public participation alongside the actions of governments, the present study has examined the sociological analysis of the relationship between climate change and social capital from the perspective of relevant experts. According to O Niell & Hulme (2009), today individual commitment to the detrimental effects of climate change can provide the impetus for the necessary changes in behavior to provide the required weight to adopt coping policies. But in many cases the detrimental effects of climate change are of little importance to citizens, one of the reasons being the imminent concealment of a spatial threat. The main purpose of this study is to answer the question: What is the relationship between climate change and social capital? The research method used in this study was qualitative and thematic analysis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 professors and experts in sociology, geography and agriculture and water resources. The four main themes of the interviews were extracted from the necessity of cognition, awareness, social trust, social participation, and legitimacy, all of which are key components of social capital. According to interviews with professors and experts, it is clear that the need to be aware of the most important factors in dealing with crises such as climate change is what helps us to achieve this. There is awareness that needs to be addressed through professionals and practitioners, and then there is the discussion of education that should be institutionalized through childhood and through school education and that NGOs can play an effective role in this regard. Another role that can be effective in awareness is the role of the media, especially cyberspace, which can be influenced by the widespread use of it. Another important factor mentioned in the interviews is the lack of social trust in our society. Many of the experts interviewed believed that the reason for such a weakness was due to the way officials handled it because it failed to give people confidence not only in crises such as climate change but also in more trivial matters such as water projects. And the fair distribution of water and so on in society. In addition to their own responsibilities, people and NGOs can be effective in building that trust. This group can increase resilience by thinking about social benefits and training social skills and increasing them in response to natural crises and resource depletion. A third factor that contributes to events such as climate change is the social participation of individuals, which many experts believe is a necessary part of their trust and that officials and public officials are involved in making decisions about local communities. In other words, the role of the authorities in planning to attract people is considered important. On the other hand, the participation of the people and the NGOs in crises such as floods and other issues such as the earthquake war, which is more visible to the public, is clearly evident. In general, involving people in decision-making increases people's sense of responsibility. The fourth topic of the investigation was legalization; which experts say requires compliance by law officials themselves. Gaining people's trust is somehow the result of law enforcement by the upper echelons of society, and the proper conduct of law enforcement and lawmakers leads to law enforcement by the people. In fact, these themes are intertwined and interconnected. These four themes can be linked: informing individuals and cultures about the effects and consequences of climate change phenomena in a long-term way by institutions such as education, the formal media and non-media. Officially, NGOs and professionals with the two target populations of the public and the authorities, will increase the sense of responsibility among the public and authorities. By doing responsible actions, the law will be respected and law enforcement will take its place. It is in this state that social trust and its effects can be seen to increase the participation of people in society. As a result, climate change is a potential threat to water, food, health, and social capital., Is achieved through planning and upgrading the level of knowledge and awareness of individuals, increasing social participation and promoting social capital.

«Tobacco-Free Tehran Programme» was implemented by the Municipality of Tehran with the aim of creating a city-free by building awareness and sensitivity to the dangers of tobacco use. The researcher has analyzed the role of Tehranian citizens' participation in the realization of the «Tobacco-Free Tehran Programme».

The present has been conducted by survey method and questionnaire technique among 384 persons of citizens participating in tobacco control prevention programs in a tobacco-free week in 22 districts of Tehran municipality by convenience sampling method.

Findings showed that 14.8% had complete knowledge about Tehran city without tobacco plan, 30.7% had sporadic information about this plan and 41.9% had no information about it. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that the level of citizen's knowledge and participation in the «Tobacco-Free Tehran Programme» was low. Also, participation rate of non-smokers, women, older age groups and married people was higher than the others, but the participation of different educational and occupational groups was the same.

Findings implies that Tobacco-Free Tehran Programme has failed to achieve its intended objectives in the past few years in the field of tobacco control, and one of the main reasons for this has been the lack or weakness of public participation.

Rumors are part of our everyday life. Sometimes they contain confidential information about public figures; in other cases they have hot news concerning important social or economic issues. Rumors can shape the public opinion of a society or a market by affecting and coordinating the individual beliefs of its members. Rumor is a kind of social phenomenon that a similar remark spreads on a large scale in a short time through chains of communication. The purpose of this research is to find out the level of tendency toward diffusion on news and rumors and to study the impact of variables like importance and ambiguity. In this survey study a sample of 242 students at University of Isfahan have been interviewed. The results indicate that a significant and direct relationship exists between importance، type of new and tendency toward diffusion of news and rumors. However، a significant relationship does not exist between ambiguity and tendency toward diffusion of news and rumors.