فهرست مطالب برزان بهرامی کمانگر

The Lakes and surface water reservoirs are considered as the most important sources of freshwater. These ecosystems are used for different purposes and create an important habitat for aquatic organisms, especially plankton and fish. In this regard, this study was carried out to investigate biological communities of phytoplankton and zooplankton from the Garan Dam Lake, Marivan. Sampling was done seasonally during 2016-2017 at 4 stations in different situations. According to the depth of the station, only the surface layer was sampled in the entrance stations including stations 1 and 4, and three layers (surface and middle layers and 1 meter above the bed) were sampled in stations 2 and 3 located in the body of the dam lake. Then, the water samples were fixed in 4% formalin and transferred to the laboratory for further studies. Mass density calculation and identification of phytoplankton and zooplanktons was done based on valid identification keys. A total of 31 genera, 28 families and 6 branches were identified. The results showed that the highest frequency of phytoplankton was observed in spring  and their lowest in autumn. Totally, 2 branches, 9 families and 16 genera and species were identified from zooplankton communities, 9 species and genera belonging to Rotifera and 7 species and genera belonging to Arthropods. Also, the highest and lowest density of station 1 was observed with 59.5±4.5 and station 2 with 16.36±1.44 (cells/ml). The results of the presence of large zooplankton i.e. Ascomorpha saltan, Daphnia magna and Cyclops sp. (high filter feeding power) showed, they can be a serious competitor for planktivorous fishes and the primary production of the lake, and it is necessary to balance their population with zooplanktivorous fishes.

The effects of dietary nucleotide supplementation on growth performance, some serum biochemical parameters, and muscle proximate composition of 240 stellate sturgeons with an average weight of 206.03 g were evaluated during 52 days. Four levels of nucleotide (0, 1, 2, and 3 g/kg diet; T0-T3) were used in three replications. Body weight and length were measured on days 0, 26, and 52 of the experiment in order to evaluate growth performance. Some serum biochemical parameters and muscle proximate composition were also measured at the end of the experiment. The results showed that nucleotide supplementation influenced the growth performance and enhanced some serum biochemical compounds in stellate sturgeon. Body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate in 26th day were significantly higher in T2 than in T0. At the end of the experiment, these parameters were also higher in all treatments than in control group (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the T1, T2, and T3 groups (p>0.05). The total serum protein and glucose levels were not significantly different (p>0.05) in T1-T3 than in T0 at the end of the experiment. Serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were higher in the T2 and T3 than in T0 (p<0.05). The results of comparing the mean percentage of protein, fat, moisture, and ash in muscle tissue showed no significant difference at the end of the experiment (p>0.05). Based on the results, using 2 g dietary nucleotide supplement per kg is recommended in the stellate sturgeon farming conditions.

Genetic variability of longspine scraper populations from the Choman, Shui, Garmab (Baneh region), Gheshlagh, Sirvan, Gaveh-Rud (Sirvan region), Rowar (Marivan region) of Kurdistan province were examined using Inter-Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism markers (IRAP) method. IRAP molecular markers data analysis showed the highest and the lowest number of bands, polymorphic bands, percent of polymorphic bands, number of different bands, number of private bands, number of effective bands, Shannonchr('39')s information index and expected heterozygosity in the Rowar and the Garmab populations, respectively. The highest and the lowest genetic distance was observed between the Rowar and the Shui populations and between the Choman and the Garmab populations, respectively. The molecular variance analysis results revealed that 9% of genetic variance was between geographic regions, 16% among and 75% within the populations. The highest and lowest gene flow rates (number of migrations per generation) were observed among the Choman, Garmab, Rowar and Shui populations, respectively. Phylogentic relationships of the populations were evaluated using the maximum parsimony methods. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Marivan region is in a sister clade with the regions of Baneh and Sirvan. The results of this study showed that although the longspine scraper population of Marivan region was different from other populations, the existence of similarities prevents its complete separation. However, fish belonging to each population of the studied geographical areas can be distinguished by their private bands. The results of this research showed that the IRAP marker has high reproducibility and greater power in detecting genetic diversity and can be used effectively to study the genetic diversity of fish, including the longspine scraper species.

Continuous quality monitoring of water resources are important tools to manage and protect these valuable resources. Kurdistan province is one of the most important provinces in Iran in terms of surface and underground waters, and the Garan reservoir (Marivan) has important rules in drinking water supply, agricultural and industrial activities. For this purpose, 9 water physicochemical and microbial characteristics were studied to determine water quality using NSFWQI index at four sites of Garan reservoir from July 2017 to August 2018. Results showed that the average temperature of water was 11.13 ± 6.7 °C and the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration was 8.44 and 3.87 mg/l for surface and deep layers respectively. Also the annual mean value of Nitrate, Phosphate, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Solids (TS) and pH were 0.66, 0.052, 1.32, 156.91 mg/l and 7.99 respectively. The mean of fecal coliform was 20.15 MPN so that the minimum of value was seen in October (0.25 MPN) and maximum of value was observed in March (208 MPN). As well as Lake Water had good quality according to NSFWQI index value (70.72). In general, although temporal and spatial variations were observed in some of the measured parameters, but based on the results of the physico-chemical characteristics and NSFWQI index, the Garan reservoir is categorized in having middle to good levels therefore, it was evaluated as desirable for agricultural, industrial activities and even drinking water after regular treatment.

The operation of fish ponds washing increases the risk of using these wastewater in drip irrigation by raising the amount of suspended solids and organic matter in the wastewater. In this paper, three drip irrigation treatments were performed. For each treatment, Netafim and Microflapper emitters were used with 4, 8 and 12 l/h discharges. During a season, 42 irrigation events were conducted with conventional water (as control) and fish farming effluent (with depletion and without depletion of tubes). Several samples were collected from wastewater, in the usual mode and in washing the fish ponds, in three replicates. The physical, chemical and biological properties of all samples were measured and compared. The filtered materials by sand and grid filters of the control and wastewater systems were analyzed by Master Sizer device. The results showed that washing has a significant effect on the concentration of suspended solids (P<1%) and the concentration of organic matter (P<5%). But the effect of washing on the concentration of nitrate and the number of bacteria in the wastewater is small and negligible. The results also showed that the discharge of 8 L/h Microflopper emitters had a significant correlation (P<1%) with pond washing in both effluent treatments, and the discharge rate of Microflapper emitters was more correlated with the washing operations compared to the Netafim emitters. The results also showed that the efficiency of grid filters are more than sand filters when fish farm effluent is using, and the presence of these filters is more necessary.

The Zrebar Lake is a most important natural freshwater Lake ecosystem in the Kurdistan Province, west of Iran.  Since Decembeer 2019, there has been reports of an unusual fish species sighting in the Zrebar Lake. This has led our efforts to set traps, capture and identify the species as Esox lucius Linnaeus. Consequently, we made further, field assessments and conducted biological study in the laboratory. The preliminary results showed that the captured E. lucius from Zrebar lake have in average a body weight of 630.3 ± 182.1 gr, total length of 418.4 ± 41.3 mm, and age of 2.7 ± 0.5 year. Further we observed that the number of eggs per gram in females was 171.9 ± 26.3 and females sexual maturation stage is 5.13 ± 0.35 years(lowest stage 5 and 6 at most) and sexual maturation stage of males is 2.5 ± 0.57 years (lowest stage 2 and 3 at most). According to the RLG index (0.98 ± 0.12) this fish has a carnivorous diet with observation of Carassius carassius (Crucian Carp), Squalius cephalus (Common Chub), Alburnus sp. (Bleaks) and frogs (adult) in their Gastrointestinal tract. . Based on these observed diets, this invasive fish can have a direct and indirect impact on the population of many aquatic species in particular fish and amphibians. Our first observation on the reproductive organs of the male and female specimens obtained showed that they have an established mature and reproductive population in Zaribar Lake. This means that if they enter the downstream freshwater systems they can pose a serious threat to native fish populations and overall freshwater ecosystem.

In order to determine the age and growth of Chub in the Gheshlagh River of Sanandaj, two areas were selected; one in upstream of the river (Naysar; high water quality) and the other in downstream (Soaryan; impaired water quality). A total of 280 fish specimen were caught during four seasons. The overall male to female ratio was 1:1.86 in Naysar and 1:0.61 in Soaryan. Both ratios were significantly different from the expected 1:1 ratio (P<0.01). The age of individuals was from 0+ to 5+ in both areas. The overall length-weight relationships were calculated as negative allometric in Naysar and isometric in Soaryan. The fork length and body weight of fish samples in Soaryan were significantly larger and heavier than those in Naysar in most of age classes and in both sexes. The average asymptotic length was calculated as 28.2 cm for male and 35.5 cm for female based on von Bertalanffy growth equation for all fish samples in Gheshlagh river system. The overall condition factor was estimated as 1.53 and 1.5 for male and female, respectively. In most of age classes, the condition factor was significantly larger in Soaryan fish samples in comparison to Naysar samples. Results showed that some Chub biological parameters were different between two study areas. These differences could be due to the entrance of Sanandaj wastewater into Gheshlagh River in Soaryan area.

Water scarcity is a serious problem for agricultural production in arid and semi-arid. Furthermore, development of new water resources in these areas is too expensive. Now, treated wastewater (TWW) is commonly used as an alternative source for irrigating to alleviate freshwater use. One of the most nutrient-rich wastewaters for plants is aquaculture effluent which contains appropriate nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. The aquaculture effluent which is often drained to rivers causes both an environmental challenge and an agricultural opportunity. The integration of aquaculture with agricultural systems has been identified as a way to increase food production, protect the environment and enhance food security. On the other hand, emitter clogging is the main problem with use of wastewaters in drip irrigation systems which reduces the emitter discharge, emission uniformity, irrigation efficiency and increases maintenance costs. Time and location of partial clogging of emitters, under wastewater using conditions, is an important issue. Thus, in the present study, the mentioned problem was investigated particularly about aquaculture effluents.
For this purpose, three separate drip irrigation systems were established. Netafim and Micro-flopper emitters were used in each treatment, with both 4 and 8 l/h discharges. During a season, 42 irrigation events were done using fresh water (as a control), and aquaculture effluent (with and without ending drainage of pipes). Emitter discharges was measured for each emitter type by volumetric method, through all irrigation events for the all study treatments. Then, clogging percentages were calculated. To perform statistical analysis of data, all the laterals were divided into three hypothetical of elementary, middle and ending one-third parts. Each of these parts included four loops of lateral pipe. The emitter location (on the lateral pipe) factor, along with others (time, type of water, emitter type and emitter discharge) considered in the analysis. Emitter's clogging percentage data were analyzed in the form of combined analysis, based on randomized complete block design with the mentioned factors. MSTAT-C and SAS software was used for statistical analyses.
The results of present study showed that the clogging of Micro flopper 4 l/h emitters has increased sharply over the time in both effluent treatments (with and without ending drainage of pipes), and it has even passed the critical point at the fourth time interval in this study. Therefore, use of these emitters is unsuitable for irrigation with aquaculture effluent. Also, , clogging in Micro flopper 8 l/h emitters has increased passing time in all treatments, and it has even passed the critical point at the fourth time interval; But, in the third and fourth time periods, the role of ending drainage of pipes was obvious and positive. Therefore, using these emitters for irrigation with aquaculture effluent will be more appropriate compared with Micro flopper 4 l/h emitters, if the proper management is applied, such as ending drainage or full washing of lateral pipes. Clogging percentages of Netafim 4 l/h emitters have not any significant differences between three treatments in all of the time intervals. It means that these emitters had the least dependent on water quality and irrigation management compared to the other experienced emitters in this study. Also, the clogging percentages for these emitters never reached the critical levels during the irrigation season, both in the case of fresh water and wastewater usage. Therefore, use of these emitters is very suitable for irrigation with aquaculture effluent. The results showed that for all studied emitters, using aquaculture effluent caused emitter clogging mostly in the ending one-third of lateral pipes. This problem was more acute in the emitters with 8 liters per hour discharges. Therefore, using these emitters with application of aquaculture effluent, ending drainage of lateral pipes or full washing of them is more necessary.
The results of present study showed that the effect of elapsing time on the emitter clogging was in acceptable range in Netafim emitters but not in Micro flopper emitters, when aquaculture effluent was used in drip irrigation. And in both effluent treatments (with and without ending drainage of pipes), Netafim emitter's performance was significantly (P

Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) analysis was performed to evaluate genetic diversity and genetic structure of six Capoeta trutta populations from two main watersheds in the Kurdistan province. Fish samples were caught from the Choman, Shooei, Garmab Rivers in the Choman watershed and from the Gheshlagh, Gavarood, Sirvan Rivers in the Sirvan watershed. From six used dinucleotide primers, three ((AG)9C, (GA)9C and (AC)9T)) generated discernible bands. Fifty six clear and repeatable bands were generated throughout six populations. The percentages of polymorphism were 80.00, 82.98, 82.61, 85.71, 79.60 and 80.49 within the Sirvan, Gavarood, Gheshlagh, Choman, Garmab and Shooei populations, respectively. The average values of heterozygosites were determined as moderate to high within the studied populations. The intrapopulation genetic diversity indices were significantly higher in the Choman population than others. The analysis of molecular variance revealed 89 percent variation within populations whereas only 11 percent between populations. Population comparisons based on fixation index (Fst) revealed low to moderate differentiation between six studied populations. However there was no significant differentiation between populations as testified by exact test. The results showed that environmental conditions to maintain genetic diversity of Capoeta trutta populations in two watersheds are moderate.

In this study, we divided 300 goldfish (average weight: 12.30 ± 2.11 g) into 4 groups. Fish were fed diets that contained 4 levels of thyme extract: 0 (control), 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg (Thyame, LN23IN, France) for a period of 2 weeks. At the end of 2 weeks, each group of the mentioned treatments was divided into 2 groups: nanosilver-exposed group and control. In the aquarium of the nanosilver-exposed group, we prepared 0.04 mg/L of nanosilver until the end of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, body weight (BW), condition factor (CF), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate and serum biochemical parameters of glucose (mg/dl), triglycerides (mg/dl) and uric acid (mg/dl) were measured. The results showed that the nanosilver-exposed group that consumed the diet with 800 mg/kg of thyme extract had the highest percentage of weight gain (21.46 ± 0.15) and specific growth rate (0.46 ± 0.01). All nanosilver-exposed groups had lower survival rate than non-exposed groups. The condition factor (CF) in treatments that contained thyme extract in the diet was significantly higher compared with the control group (P

Emitter clogging is the main problem in the use of wastewaters in drip irrigation systems which reduces the emitter discharge, emission uniformity, irrigation efficiency and increases maintenance costs. Aquaculture effluents contain appropriate nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) that can be used by plants. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aquaculture effluent on hydraulic performance of Netafim and Microflopper emitters with different discharges. For this purpose, two drip irrigation systems were established to use inflow water and wastewater of a fish farm in Kurdistan province. Also, adding a management treatment, the effect of drip irrigation laterals discharge at the end of each irrigation event was studied when using this type of waste. The relative discharge, emission uniformity, Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient, statistical uniformity and discharge reduction rate were used to compare the hydraulic performance of the emitters. The results showed that in both fresh water and wastewater cases, the hydraulic performance of Netafim 4 l/hr and Netafim 8 l/hr emitters were better than the Microflopper 4 l/hr, Microflopper 8 l/hr and Netafim 12 l/hr emitters, respectively. Also, Netafim 4 l/hr emitters had the least dependence and sensitivity to water quality and irrigation management compared to the other studied emitters. In addition, the use of management treatment, for lateral pipe flushout, has a great impact on improving the performance of Netafim 12 l/hr and Microflopper 8 l/hr emitters.

Assessment of biodiversity and providing phytoplankton checklist of a water body can be used in all subsequent studies. Such studies provide information on physical, chemical and biological conditions of aquatic ecosystems. The present study aimed to provide a phytoplankton checklist for the Zerebar Lake (Kurdistan province, Iran) and also investigate the distribution of phytoplankton community at different months. Sampling was carried out every two months from September 2010 to July 2011 in three different parts of the lake. A total number of 53 genera of phytoplankton were identified belonged to 9 classes and 14 orders. Genus richness and Shannon-Weiner indices indicated that the Zerebar Lake had high phytoplankton diversity. Cyanobacteria (the genera Lyngbya, Cylindrospermopsis and Microcystis) in September and November, diatoms (the genera Synedra and Cyclotella) in other months, green algae (the genera Chlorella and Scenedesmus) in March and July and Chrysophyceae from the genera Gonyostomum in May and July and the genus Dinobryon in January constituted the major parts of phytoplankton communities. The present genera indicate high concentrations of nutrients in the lake. A further study using phytoplankton species is needed to depict clearer image of phytoplankton community in the Zerebar Lake.

Some hematological indices and plasma biochemical parameters were determined in two Capoeta; C.trutta and C.damascina from Gheshlagh Dam Lake, Sanandaj based on seasonal changes and thier age and gender dependent.There was no gender dependent significant difference in hematological indices of both species. Comparsion of indices between the two studied species showed that neutrophil and monocyte percentages, erythrocyte count, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were significantly higher in C.damascina however, the percentage of lymphocyte was higher in C.trutta than C.damascina. Total leukocyte count, monocyte percentage and plasma total protein of C.trutta were significantly different among 2-4 years old classes, however there was no significant difference between indices of C.damascina for the same age groups. The effect of season on blood indices of C.damascina showed that the highest total leukocyte count and plasma phosphorus concentration were attained in summer, while the highest values for monocyte percentage and hematocrit were observed during winter. Erythrocyte count and hematocrit of C. trutta were raised in winter and mean corpuscular hemoglobin was decreased in this season. The study has provided baseline haematological and some biochemical data of C.damascina and C.trutta which could be used in health monitoring and future comparative surveys of these species.

In teleosts the insulin-like growth factor-I، a member of IGF system، play an important role in the control of growth and reproduction including metabolism، cell division، oogenesis، final oocyte maturation and secretory activity. This system is controlled by several hormones and metabolic status. Serum IGF-I، thyroxine (T4) and cortisol levels were studied in two female brood stocks (caught from sea and from river during their up stream migration) during their late stage of sex maturation. Blood samples were taken from 6 individual in each brood stocks، and at three ovarian developmental stages (brood stock capture، pituitary injection and artificial propagation) based on their polarization index (IP). A heterologous radioimmunoassay system which used polyclonal anti-human IGF-I and human IGF-I as antigen، was used for IGF-I serum measurements. T4 and cortisol concentrations were also measured by radioimmunoassay. Our results did not show significantly differences in IGF-I، T4 and cortisol levels between two brood stocks. However، in both brood stocks the mean IGF-I serum concentrations were higher in the second and third sampling stages than the first one (p<0. 05). In the river brood stock، T4 serum level was significantly higher during ovulation than the second stage، but it was not observed in sea brood stock (p< 0. 05). Cortisol serum levels had not showed significantly differences between three sampling stages in both brood stocks، except at second sampling in sea water brood. These results could provide evidence for a possible role of IGF-I during final oocyte maturation of Persian sturgeon. The up regulation of serum IGF-I may have a role in the resumption of meiotic arrest during late stage of sex maturation. However، we could not found any relationship between IGF-I، T4 and cortisol serum levels in both brood stocks.