بلال صادقی

High ambient temperature (HT) and heat stress has negative impact on physiological functions. L-tryptophan, serotonergic and kynurenine pathways, has calmative effect during different stress status. This Study was designed to investigate intraperitoneal administration of L-tryptophan (50 mg/kg body weight) during either HT (39 °C) or normal temperature (NT; 31 °C) for 5 hours on cumulative food intake at 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours and diencephalic NPY and CRF gene expression with qPCR method at 5 hours after tryptophan administration. In both two heat stress groups, NPY gene expression significantly was increased in compare with normal temperature groups. Cumulative food intake was increased in heat stress group by tryptophan injection. These results showed that NPY increased to compensate reduced food intake, as anti-stress factor, in heat stress condition and tryptophan maybe involve to improve this effect. Heat stress significantly increased CRH gene expression but tryptophan administration significantly reduced it during heat stress. These results showed, tryptophan modulated Hypothalamus-Hypophysis-Adernal axis by changing in CRH gene expression and tryptophan has buffering effect on stressful states.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone with modulatory roles. The anti-inflammatory effect of this hormone has been reported on different animal tissues. Immediately after spinal cord injury (SCI), neuroinflammation causes neuropathic pain and locomotor impairments. We investigated the impacts of ABA as an anti-inflammatory substance on an acute SCI model. The weight-drop contusion injury model was applied for inducing SCI in rats. The solvent, ABA (10, 15 μg/rat, IT), and MP (30 mg/kg, IP) were administered after injury. For the evaluation of proinflammatory gene expression, a real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied for the two inflammation markers tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Moreover, the tail-flick and Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) tests were performed to determine the effects of ABA on the neuropathic pain and locomotor function in the chronic phase of injury, respectively. Our data showed that ABA reduced the gene expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in the spinal cord of injured rats. It also increased the latency response to nociceptive thermal stimuli and improved locomotor function. Our findings showed the anti-inflammatory impacts of ABA in improving neuropathic pain and locomotor functional recovery after SCI.

Listeriosis is a zoonotic disease in humans and a wide range of domestic and wild animals and also some birds. The main purpose of the current study is to determination of anti-Listeria monocytogenes sero-prevalence in horses by latex agglutination test in southeast of Iran. A total of 163 serum samples were obtained from apparently healthy horses of equestrian clubs in Kerman and Yazd provinces - Iran. Listeria monocytogenes antibodies were found in 34 out of the 163 sera (20.85%). The latex agglutination test can be considered as an appropriate screening test in the early stages of diagnosis.

This study aimed to evaluate C-type lysozyme gene expression in the liver, spleen, pancreas and head kidney of breeding Acipenser persicus based on gender with real-time PCR method. For this purpose, sampling of liver, spleen, pancreas and head kidney was done after artificial breeding from 16 fish including 8 males and 8 females. The tissues were transported to the laboratory in liquid nitrogen. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, quantitative real-time PCR was done to examine the relevant gene expression in different tissues. The finding as the first record in this species showed that the C-type lysozyme gene was expressed in all investigated tissues and the expression rate between different tissues had a significant difference (P<0.01). The highest and lowest expression level of mRNA was observed in spleen and pancreas tissues, respectively. The expression of this gene in different gender of these species showed a significant difference (P<0.01). So, the expression rate of the C-type lysozyme gene in male tissues was significantly higher than females. Generally, according to the results, it can be stated that the expression rate of the C-type lysozyme gene in different tissues and genders of breeding A. persicus can be influenced by different factors whose potential effects may require further laboratory studies on this filed.

Increasing of industrial fermented foods consumption instead traditional products causes the elimination of many lactic acid bacteria (LAB) especially bacteriocin-producing strains from our diets. Chal (fermented product of camel milk) is one of the best known traditional resources for isolation bacteriocin producing LAB. The aim of this study was evaluating the antimicrobial properties of bacteriocin-like substances produced by lactobacillus fermentum isolated from Chal. For identification of LAB isolates, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with specific primer for the detection of bacteriocin-producing strains was used. Then, antimicrobial properties of the LAB isolate and its supernatants obtained from logarithmic and stationary phases as crud, naturalized and treated forms were investigated against some foodborne indicator bacteria and toxigenic fungi based on microdilution and fungal spore spot methods, respectively. Sequencing results of PCR products lead to identification of bacteriocin-producing Lactobacillus fermentum. The antimicrobial effect of the LAB isolate against gram positive indicator bacteria especially Listeriamonocytogenes was significantly (pL. fermentum had respectively more effect on growth of indicator bacteria and toxigenic fungi. Bacteriocin-like substances produced by L. fermentum isolated from Chal because of reduction in growth of foodborne indicator microorganisms showed high potential for using as a bio-preservation agent in food and medicine industries.

Lysozymes are important proteins of the innate immune system for the defense against bacterial infection, especially gram-positive bacteria in fishes. According to the ability to transfer this gene from breeders to the next generation, as well as recent advantage-ground in molecular genetics on applying novel methods in the field of mRNA analysis using real time RT-PCR to measure the expression of the different genes, the present study was conducted to evaluate the expression of the C- type lysozyme gene in tissues of liver, head of kidney, pancreas and spleen in breeding of Acipenser persicus. For this purpose, tissue sampling was done after artificial breeding from 16 fish (8 males and 8 females). The tissues were transported to the laboratory in liquid nitrogen. Total RNA was isolated and cDNA synthesis was performed from resected tissues. The mRNA expression of the C-type Lysozyme gene in different tissues were detected by real time quantitative PCR with β-actin gene as an internal control. Expression of the c-type lysozyme gene was detected in all tested tissues. The maximum copy numbers of the mRNA expression of the C-type Lysozyme gene were detected in spleen tissue and the lowest expression of this enzyme was determined in the pancreas tissue (p

Oral disorders can negatively influence the health and productive efficiency of livestock. This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence for soft tissue, jawbone and dental disorders of small ruminants in South of Iran and analyze the effect of risk factors including age, sex, species, breed, diet, herd size, herd management and diet on these disorders. Data were analyzed by 95% confidence interval for prevalence index of oral disorders. To evaluate the associations between suggested risk factors and oral disorders, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used. Based on our results, clinical disorders of tooth, jawbone and soft tissue were observed in 523 (39%), 123 (9.2%) and 81 (6%) subjects, respectively, of 1342 sheep and goats. Several factors including age, sex, herd management and diet were significantly associated with disorders of oral cavity in sheep and goats. The odds of oral diseases increased as the age of animals increased. Moreover, Pakistani goats were more likely than Saanen breed to develop oral disorders. In logistic regression analysis of dental disorder, females had 1.7 times higher risk than males. The odds of traditional herds and roughage diet were 3.5 and 2.5 times more than dairy herds and roughage-concentrate diets in tooth disorders, respectively. Therefore, it is important to inform the herders that choosing the proper breed and maintaining a young flock as well as good management and diet can decrease costs and improve economic efficiency.

The aims of this study were evaluating the probiotic properties and phylogenetic relationship of dominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from whole barley sourdough. At the beginning, dominant LAB isolates were identified by specific PCR. Then probiotic properties of the isolates including survival in simulated conditions of gastrointestinal tract, antagonistic effects against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coliand Salmonella enterica as foodborne indicator bacteria, ability of aggregation with E. coli and S. enterica as infection agents of intestine and resistance of these LAB isolates against some of routine antibiotics were investigated. For determination of phylogenetic relationship between LAB isolates, maximum likelihood method was also used. Sequencing results of PCR products lead to identification of Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus curieae, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Weissella cibaria as dominant isolated LAB from whole barley sourdough. Among mentioned isolates, L. brevis had significantly (P

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that have functional roles in post-transcriptional modification. They regulate gene expression by an RNA interfering pathway through cleavage or inhibition of the translation of target mRNA. Numerous miRNAs have been described for their important functions in developmental processes in numerous animals, but there is limited information about sheep and goat miRNAs. Sheep and goat are ideal model organisms for biological and comparative genomics studies in ruminants. Identification of miRNAs is crucial to understanding their biological mechanism. Computational identification approaches can supplement experimental approaches to quickly identify ncRNAs in novel genomes, chiefly miRNAs that are transcribed under particular conditions in specific cell types. Currently, machine learning approaches have been employed to predict novel miRNAs. In this study, we present a new SVM-based classifier. It demonstrated high accuracy, balanced sensitivity and specificity for the miRNA datasets, thus representing an ideal tool for miRNA identification from transcriptome sequencing data. In this research, we generated an optimized feature subset including 20 features using a support vector machine, and we developed a c # program to compute the features in the training sequences. In this study, an intelligent SVM model with RBF kernel and the SMO learning algorithm was the best classifier for predicting microRNA genes in sheep and goat. Sensitivity and specificity of this model were 88% and 85% respectively. Then, expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis was performed for finding sheep and goat mature miRNAs. Chromosome 1 was scanned for finding miRNA potential region. In sheep 23 miRNA genes and, in goat 15 miRNAs had been discovered by homology searching. Our finding demonstrate that the Sheep and goat miRNA sequences can be supplied useful information for investigating biological roles of miRNAs in ruminants.

Usually identification and characterization of ecosystems isolates of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) which have been rarely studied lead to obtaining LAB with unique characteristics. The aims of this study were molecular characterization and evaluation of the antibacterial properties of dominant LAB isolated from whole barley sourdough.
In this experimental study, first the sourdough was prepared from the whole barley flour, and subsequently its dominant LAB was isolated. LAB isolate was identified by sequencing of PCR products. Antibacterial properties of the isolate and its cell free culture filtrate (CCF) which was obtained from logarithmic and stationary phases as crud and naturalized form were also investigated for some food-borne indicator bacteria using well diffusion and microdilution methods, respectively.
Sequencing results of PCR products lead to identification of Pediococcus pentosaceus as the dominant LAB in whole barley sourdough. This LAB isolate had more antagonistic effect (p Whole barley sourdough P. pentosaceus isolate and its CCF have proper antibacterial properties against food-borne indicator bacteria used in this study. Therefore, P. pentosaceus has high potential to be used as microbial starter or adjunct culture in processing fermented foods instead of chemical preservatives or antibiotics in order to increase shelf life and safety of these products.

In order to compare the effects of different weaning strategies on feed intake, structural growth measurement and health, blood metabolites and economic efficiency of young dairy calves, twenty four female Holstein calves were used. Calves after birth were randomly assigned into one of three weaning strategy as follow: 1) weaning based on feed intake, 2) weaning based on weight gain (30 kg weight gain compared to the birth weight), and 3) weaning based on age (at 90 days of age). Starter intake measurement and fecal scoring conducted daily. Calves were weighed weekly and blood samples were obtained on days 21, 42, 60 and 90 after birth. Results showed that there were significant differences among different weaning strategies on average weaning age and milk consumption (p

Prediction of MicroRNAs (miRNAs) targets has a major importance. Development of calculating methods and also cost-effective and time-saving laboratory researches, has great effect on the production of therapeutic medicines like anti cancerous drugs. Since miRNAs have been recently identified, the researches trend was slow at first but by development of biologic databases and understanding its importance, scientists enhanced the speed of studies and paid more attention to this field. Until now, several computerized methods have been developed for prediction of microRNAs (miRNAs) targets but most of these methods have high false positive and further studies are required to improve these methods. Since, recent studies show that miRNAs have different targets in several tissues, this study aimed to provide a computerized method for prediction of miRNAs target in breast cancer.
In this study, at first, all types of features were extracted, then, dominant features were selected via CFS and Relief methods. Smart models such as nervous network, Support Vector Machine with three different cores, Naïve Bayes algorithm and Random Forest decision tree using ten cross accreditation method were tested and its results compared and analyzed. In order to validate the results, gene expression profiling was used.
Analyzing miRNA and gene expression profiles, the classifier predicted 124 functional interactions involving 21 miRNAs and 38 mRNAs in breast cancer.
In terms of bioinformatics, this approach was validated for breast cancer but for further validation, experimental methods also should be used.

Aflatoxin B1 is the most toxigenic aflatoxin and one of the most liver carcinogenic agent produced by some of the Aspergillus species. Successful control of this mold growth would be an important step in the prevention of cancer. This study was carried out for evaluating the effect of isolated Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus brevis on growth of Aspergillus flavus and reduction of aflatoxin B1.
In this laboratory study conducted in 2014, after identification of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from a traditional sourdough using polymerase chain reaction, the effect of these isolates on growth of Aspergillus flavus and reduction of aflatoxin B1 was studied by direct competitive ELISA. The effects of incubation time and heat treatment on residue of aflatoxin B1 in present of mentioned isolated LAB were also determined. Results were analysed by using t-test and one way ANOVA followed by LSD test.
After incubation period, the diameter of Aspergills flavus colonies in present of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis and control sample were 1.50, 3.46 and 9.00 cm, respectively. The amount of aflatoxin B1 residue, after 0, 24 and 48 h incubation in present of Lactobacillus acidophilus were 50.60%, 48.93%, 41.24% and in present of Lactobacillus brevis were also 66.26%, 64.40% and 55.61%, respectively. Furthermore, non-viable cells of mentioned isolated LAB reduced the amount of aflatoxin B1, more effective than their viable cells (P By considering the high potential of LAB studied in this project for growth control of Aspergillus flavus and reduction of aflatoxin B1, it is possible to use their biopreservative ability for reduction of cancer risk.

Sourdough has been used since ancient times and sourdough fermentation has been studied for its effect on the sensory, structural, nutritional and shelf life properties of bread. During fermentation, biochemical changes occur in the carbohydrate and protein components of the flour due to the action of microbial and indigenous enzymes. The rate and extent of these changes greatly influence the properties of the sourdough and ultimately the quality of the final baked product. From a rheological point of view, it is well established that as fermentation progresses, there is a change in nature of the elements contributing to dough structure such as the decrease in the viscosity. During sourdough fermentation, lactic acid bacteria produce a number of metabolites which have been shown to have a positive effect on the texture of bread. In addition to the direct impact of decreasing pH values on dough characteristics, secondary effects of acidification and fermentation time may include changes in the activity of cereal or bacterial enzymes associated with changes in the pH of the environment during the fermentation period. Further to the impact of sourdough on the structure and rheology of the constituent gluten proteins making up the framework of the dough, its effect on gas formation must also be considered in view of the fact that gas formation by microorganisms is necessary in order to obtain leavened bread. The application of sourdough to wheat breads has also a positive impact on bread volume. The rate of application is important, however, because optimum levels of sourdough must be applied to achieve optimal bread quality. The nature of the acidification process may also be a key. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of different fermentation conditions on sourdough consistency and properties of Iranian main breads.

In this research the fermentation temperatures (28 and 32 ºC) and fermentation times (16 and 24 hours) effects of two specific starter cultures including Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC 43332) and a mixture of this starter with Lactobacillus brevis (ATCC 14917) on consistency of sourdoughs produced from flours of Iranian main breads (Barbari, Taftoon, Sangak and lavash), were investigated. An inoculum of mentioned strains was added to the mixture of water and wheat flour. The mixture was allowed to ferment at different fermentation temperatures and times without agitation for sourdough preparation. Then an amount of 0.5% active dry yeast extract, containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 25% sourdough samples (w/w) were added to each 100 g flour and mixed. The dough was left for bulk fermentation and at the end of the fermentation time; each piece was rounded before moulded by hand. The moulded dough pieces were proofed for 1.5 h at 30 ± 1 ºC and 85% relative humidity before baking at 220 ± 5 ºC for 15–16 min in a heated oven and then cooled in aseptic conditions for 1 h. The effect of fermentation conditions on pH and total titerable acidity of sourdough and also specific volume (rapeseed displacement method), firmness, aroma and flavour (based on organoleptic analysis) of sourdough breads prepared from the mentioned flours, were evaluated. Sourdoughs consistency were also estimated by Adams consistometer and compared with control samples. In these experiments a completely randomized design with four replications were conducted.

Based on the results, some models were developed. These results showed that, fermentation conditions had significant effect (p≤0.01) on sourdough consistency prepared from flours of main Iranian breads in comparison with control samples. Moreover the produced samples with L. plantarum compared to other starter culture and the samples processed with Barbari flour in comparison with other flours had higher extensibility values. In most treatments, total titerable acidity in Barbari and Sangak sourdoughs and also Taftoon and Lavash sourdoughs were the same. The consistency of Taftoon and Lavash sourdoughs were also similar, but consistency of Barbari and Sangak sourdoughs were completely different. The maximum amount of specific volume was observed in sourdough bread, produced with L. plantarum in highest amounts of fermentation temperature and time and using of Barbari flour, but the changes in firmness, aroma and flavour of sourdough breads did not follow a specific pattern. There exist a myriad of microbial, technological and processing dimensions that must be considered in order to produce cereal products of optimum quality. Significant advances have been made in understanding the contributions made by the presence of acids, the fermentation period and the role played by cereal and bacterial enzymes in terms of sourdough and bread characteristics.

process requirements for optimum quality were strain-specific and different for textural improvement which should be taken in to account in designing future sourdough baking processes.

Small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have acquired various functions in plant and animal’s development. These riboregulators moderate the growth and development through regulation of other genes at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and translational levels. Basically, these genes act through DNA regulation levels like methylation, conversion of euchromatin to heterochromatin and at other levels they act through mRNA target cleavage or inhibition of translation. RNA interference is a sequence-specific gene silencing phenomenon in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can trigger gene transcriptional and posttranscriptional silencing. Given the critical role of these molecules in biological systems, understanding the mechanism of gene silencing in cells can be very helpful in theoretical and practical aspects. In addition, application of these molecules in genetics and specific drug design is highly dependent on binformatics. This review provides a basic explanation of miRNA bioinformatics and their therapeutic challenges. Bioinformatics progress in the development of computational methods to analyze and discover small RNA Noncoding in oncology using high throughput sequencing technologies has been demonstrated. Interfering RNA recognition and awareness of their performance and the identification of the target requires the use of bioinformatics. Access to methods for identification, design and delivery of interfering RNA, can be promising for Development of next-generation drugs in the near future.

Although the strongest lentiviral carriers are derived from the most pathogenic human viruses like HIV, but there are special features in lentiviral vectors such as their ability in entering into cells with or without ability for cell division, long expression and low levels of the induction in host immune system, making these vectors as one of the most ideal carriers for gene transfer and gene therapy. Therefore, research and study on biosafety issues relevant to these Vectors, for laboratory personnel and patients should be carried out. On the other hand, safety assessment of final lentivirus carriers-based products is very important. Development of standard methods to assess safety of these vectors is inevitable since expansion of gene transfer techniques based on lentiviral viruses and suggestion of new methods for applying these vectors in gene therapy is increasing. This review, attempts to survey safety issues relevant to application of lentiviral vectors and their draw backs for genetic engineering.

Evaluating and detection of genetic disorders is very important in both human and animal communities.Blood samples were prepared from 162 cows from Sarabi cows’ research station in Sarab, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. DNA extraction was done based on guanidine thiocyanate – silica gel method. The aim of this study was to identify the CVM and DUMPS carriers in Sarabi native cows of Iran. Standard polymerase chain reaction was applied to amplify a 177 bp and a 108 bp fragments from exon 4 in SLAC35A3 gene and exon 5 in UMPs gene using specific primers pair. The SLC35A3 gene PCR products were analyzed using single stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) to reveal their mutations on polyacrylamide gel. In order to identify DUMPS carrier animals, a RFLP assay was conducted and the UMPs PCR products were digested by AvaI restriction enzyme. Results indicated that no G→T mutation at position 559 in exon 4 of SLAC35A3 gene and C→T mutation at position 405 in exon 5 of UMPs gene in examined cows respectively and subsequently no carrier was identified.