بهاره رفاهی

The main purpose of this study is to compare the beliefs of Ibn Arabi and Rumi on the issue of religious differences according to Chapter 66 of the book of the conquests of Mecca by Ibn Arabi entitled " In the knowledge of the secret of the law, outwardly and inwardly, and in the knowledge of the divine name which created the law " and the story "The king of the Jews who killed the Christians is clear" was based on the intertextual approach. Intertextuality can exist not only in the structure and plot of stories but also in the thought and content of texts. The Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) have Semitic roots; they have been mixed together throughout history. Ibn Arabi and Rumi are also contemporaries of each other and the possibility of Rumi being influenced by Ibn Arabi is worth considering, therefore, the existence of intertextuality in these texts is possible at the level of thought and content. In order to achieve this, the narration of Ibn Arabi to explain the issue of differences of religions was compared with the narration of Rumi to express the same theme. This research can be said that Ibn Arabi and Rumi are of the same opinion on the issue of religious differences. Both believe that religions are in principle and do not differ, and if one is seen in religions, it is only in form and appearance. They consider the differences of religions and divisions among the ummah as the result of the oppression of the utilitarians.

"Lamia" is one of the Greek myths who changed to a monster because of an event. Then she lived in remote places and damaged children. In this study, "Lamia" has been investigated as a woman-monster based on Jung theory and the "Lamia"‘s antagonist has been analyzed on basis of A Jungian theory which is modeled by Carol S. Pearson in her book titled: Mapping the Organizational Psyche: A Jungian Theory of Organizational Dynamics and Change. The cases of studies are the Tangled and White Forehead Deer. The reason for selecting of these two cases is that Lamia is presented properly. Mainly questions of this study including Why does Lamia appear in these stories? And how can the protagonist overcome her? The purpose of this essay is also to show the connection between stories and deep human issues that may appear as monsters in the story. According to Jungi's psychological perspective "Lamia" in these two stories is a symbol of Mother Complex. In these two stories, Heroine after "Facing Lamia", which here symbolizes "human defect," enters the path of heroic journey and eventually achieve happiness.

In this research, the main objective was to enumerate the types of euphemism in the novels of the Constitutional period and to compare them with the literary works, and cultural and social situations in addition to analyzing their evaluation through time. For this target, three novels “The orphan’s story”, “The interview”, and “The black trick”, which are considered as social novels of the Constitutional period, have been studied. In this research, the words based on the context, the narrative situation, and the concept they contain were examined and consequently were analyzed regarding the euphemism construction mechanism. Based on this study, it is argued that euphemisms, in addition to their main concept, include certain implicit meanings. These implications can be constructed in a particular community, or in a historical period and can also carry a certain emotion and ideology. Moreover, they can be used for taboo words and concepts. In this article, it has been shown how novels express social, cultural and moral concepts of the Constitutional period through euphemisms. The mechanisms of euphemism are verbiage, brevity, metonymy, metaphor, irony, descriptive phrase, adduct, use of non-Persian words, use of ancient Persian words, and repudiation questions.   

In this research, three novels namely“The orphans’ story”, “The interview”, and “The black trick” that belong to the Constitutional period were carefully studied. Euphemisms are words that have certain semantic load and can convey the author's intentions through specifically semantic, emotional, sentimental, and even ideological burden. Euphemism is the best word that can, to the best form, convey the author's intent. The most important criterion in choosing euphemism is the amount of knowledge and awareness of the audience. In this regard, the author, according to the collective and ideological consciousness of the target community, tries to use the best words to express her/his intention. This choice, if done correctly and accurately; at first, attracts the audience’s attention to the story; and then will be able to influence her/his social, cultural and moral bias. According to this, euphemisms are categorized in three categories namely historical-social, emotional-ideological, and complimenting words against taboo words.   

Euphemism is the use of polite and respectful instead of unpleasant or offensive words or phrases. Euphemism can be considered as “a purely lexical phenomenon which is used to replace taboo words and expressions for polite language applications” (Mousavi and Badakhshan, 1395: 56). The use of euphemisms causes explicit and unpleasant meanings to appear in a new pleasant format. In this new context, words will be more engaging and effective. Therefore, we can assume Euphemism as “a form of creation, literary invention, or even semantic aberration” (Norouzi and Abbaszadeh, 1389: 152). It is noteworthy that we can claim “This is euphemism” only when the audience understand the indirect use of words or phrases which are indicating the speaker's desire to refer to an implicit meaning in a polite manner. Therefore, the meaning of the words will be determined by the context (Warren, 1992: 132). 

In order to study the Euphemism, three novels belonging to the Constitutional period namely “The orphans’ story”, “The interview”, and “The black trick were selected. To cultivate theoretical foundations, the library method was used. In this article, the study of euphemism was performed within the framework of lexical approach and was limited to the level of lexical items. Ironic expressions, descriptive or additional expressions, metaphors, and repudiation questions which were used in the form of complex words bearing a single meaning were considered as euphemism.   

According to the present study, euphemisms were verifiable in three categories namely historical – social, emotional – ideological, and complimenting words against taboo words. Historical – social euphemisms used by native speakers emerge according to the social conditions and characteristics and also the historical period. Emotional – ideological euphemisms contain the emotions, feelings and ideology of the language and can express people's approach to a particular issue. Next to these two groups are euphemisms that are used in contrast to taboo words. The mentioned types of euphemism can be transformed crossing a historical era or stay the same. It can be said that the evolution of words depends on the social and cultural evolution of the target society.   5. Conclusions & Suggestions Based on this study, it was argued that euphemisms are tools of significance which provide the writer with a variety of expressive possibilities. In this regard, it can be observed that using this tool by the writer accurately and intelligently and in order to express social, cultural and moral ugliness in an aura of ambiguity, can have a deeper impact on the audience. In other words, if the authors of the novels under survey in this research did not use euphemism, they could not express their personal opinions. Euphemisms in addition to the semantic load, bear historical noteworthiness and carry social, cultural, ethical, emotional, or ideological burdens. Therefore, it can be claimed that they represent the features of social attitude, historical development, and the way culture and ethics flow in society. Moreover, they include the author's personal feelings and emotions and can convey these feelings and emotions to the audience so that they can have a deeper impact on the audience than what the neutral words may have.   

Multiple character is a disintegrated character made up of bits and pieces of other minor characters to form a unified fictional personage. The present study focuses on the emergence of such a character, its characteristic features and its function in the modernist novel Let Your Ruddiness Be Mine (sorkhy-e to az man) and postmodernist novel Azade and her Writer (Azade khanoom va nevisandehash). This techniques in characterization is a popular one in modernist and postmodernist works. However, there is one main difference: while in the modernist novel the aim is to reveal the disintegrated nature of the character’s mind, in postmodernist novel it tries to probe into the ontological nature of the character. The focus in modernist novel is on the mind of the character using interior monologue and stream of consciousness techniques. In other words, each minor character in the novel tends to represent one of the mental features of the protagonist. In postmodernist novel, however, reality and fiction intermingle: fictional and real characters are treated in the same way.     

The main concern in the present research is examining the notion of multiple character in the two novels namely the modernist Let Your Ruddiness Be Mine and the postmodernist Azade and her Writer.  Previous studies on these novels do not refer to multiple character. In addition, our search before the study did not show any reference to the same concept. Hence this study seems to be unprecedented in this respect. It should be noted that the technique of introducing multiple character is mainly found in modernist and postmodernist novels and can be considered as playing an important role in epistemological frameworks of these novels. Azade and her Writer (1995), a postmodernist novel by Reza Baraheni, has been the subject of many critical analysis.   
Among the works written on the subject, one can refer to the following: “What is postmodernist novel? Examining narratological features in Azade and her Writer”, “Reversing the

Postmodernist Creativity in Azade and her Writer” both by Hossein Payandeh. The same writer has also written a critique on both Azade and her Writer and Let Your Ruddiness Be Mine in his book Unveiling the Novel. Tadayyoni and Sadeghi have also discussed Azade and her Writer in “The Emergence of the Last Literary School in Iran with an Emphasis on Azade and her Writer” and “Functions of Silence in Reading Persian Literary Texts” respectively.   
Other related works include: “Examining Postmodernist Elements in Azade and her Writer”, by Pirooz, Moghaddasi and Fotovat; “Examining Postmodernist style in Iranian Novels” by Rhimbeigi, Barati, and Nasr-e Esfahani; “Documentary Features and Blurring the Borderline between Reality and Fiction in Postmodernist Narratives with an Empahsis on Azade and her Writer” by Yaghoobijanbehsaraee and Mohammadi; “Society as Reflected in Secrets of my Land and Azade and her Writer before and after the Revolution” by Azadarmaki and Zamanisabzi; “Myth and Demythification in Azade and her Writer” by Shahpar-rad in French; “Having the Future World Ring” by Gooran; “Of a Different Kind” by Hajizadeh as well as Sangi’s “Contextual Analysis of Persian Metanarrative” in her Ph.D. dissertation. Farzad Karimi devotes one whole chapter to Azade and her Writer in his book Postmodernist Fiction in Iran.       
The second novel studied in the present research is Let Your Ruddiness Be Mine by Sepideh Shamloo published in 2006. Our search for related studies yielded two hits: “Feminine Writing Features in Let Your Ruddiness Be Mine” by Ghasemzadeh and Aliakbari and “Identity Analysis in Let Your Ruddiness Be Mine” by Oskouee.
The abovementioned works have shed light on the dark points of the novels especially Oskouee’s article which has fully addressed the psychological aspects of one of the novels. The article by Yaghoobi Janbeh Saraee and Mohammadi has also proved to be of great help in studying the blurred borderline between fiction and reality.
 

The study deals with the concept of multiple character and the way minor characters have contributed to the formation of the protagonist. The results show that the fragmented parts of the multiple character are mental figments. In postmodernist fiction, the multiple character mingle reality and fiction and divers personality features are borrowed from other texts and are intertextually linked to one another.   

Possessing other character features in modernist and postmodernist novels, the multiple character contributes to epistemological and ontological features of modernist and postmodernist novels respectively. Multiple character can be viewed as an innovative way used for characterization among other modernist and postmodernist features. 

Based on the present study, introducing multiple character into Persian modernist and postmodernist novels can enhance the stylistic features of the work. The multiple character in Let Your Ruddiness Be Mine is imaginary in nature resulting from disintegration of the identity. The mental problem can happen in reality although it is not a common one. However, in the mentioned novel it turns out to be a reality and contributes to the dominant epistemological aspect of the work. In Azade and her Writer the multiple character is intertextual in nature. The borderline between reality and fiction is blurred and the real world of the novel has been treated the same as the fictional worlds of other texts. The multiple character here contributes to the dominant ontological aspect of the novel.