فهرست مطالب بهرام رشید خانی

A few studies have assessed associations between the number of eating occasions (EOs) and energy intake from meals and snacks with metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate EOs and energy intake from meals and snacks and their relationships with metabolic syndrome in 20–60 year-old employees of Bandar Mahshahr Petrochemical Company, Bandar Mahshahr, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, 293 petrochemical workers were selected using census method. Food record were collected for three days [fixed workers:two days of working days (Days 1 and 2) and one day of rest (Day 3); and shift workers:one day of working (Day 1), one night shift working (Day 2) and one rest day (day 3). Demographic and socioeconomic information and chronotype were collected using valid questionnaires. In this study, eating occasion was defined as energy intake of 50 kcal or more per hour of the day. Differences and associations between the number of EOs  and the portion of energy from the main meals and snacks with metabolic syndrome were investigated using Mann-Whitney test and logistic regression analysis, respectively.

The mean and standard deviation of the number of eating occasions of shift workers were significantly higher than fixed workers (p < 0.01) and the meals frequency of fixed workers were significantly higher than shift workers (p < 0.01). The mean and standard deviation of total energy intake at Day 2 (night working) of shift workers were significantly higher than fixed workers (p < 0.01) and energy intake of meals at Day 3 of fixed workers were significantly higher than shift workers and energy intake from snacks at Days 2 and 3 and average of 3 days of shift workers were significantly higher than fixed workers (p < 0.01). After adjusting for the effects of confounders, shift workers with a higher proportion of energy intake from meals (main meals and snacks) were more likely to suffer from metabolic syndrome and its complications. Furthermore, one unit increase in the number of EOs, meals and snacks was associated with increasing the chance of hypertriglyceridemia and high waist circumference. In fixed workers, possibility of metabolic syndrome and high waist circumference was increased with the increases in the number of EOs  and snack and energy intake of meals and snacks. Moreover, the likelihood of hyperglycemia was rised with an increase in the portion of energy intake from snacks. Chances of hypertriglyceridemia and high LDL-C was increased with increasing in the number of snacks and energy intake of snacks (p < 0.05). 

This study revealed the importance of paying attention to nutrition in shift workers through training and nutritional interventions and diagnosing the risk factors linked to working conditions in decreasing risks of metabolic syndrome and its complications.

Endometriosis is a multifactorial disease. Limited studies have been published on the relationship between nutritional factors and endometriosis. This study was performed with aim to determine the association between dietary intake and anthropometric indices with endometriosis.

This case-control study was performed in 2020-2021 on 317 women aged 18 to 49 years in Tehran. Endometriosis was diagnosed using laparoscopy and women were divided into case (n=107) and control (n=210) groups. Food intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative and reliable food frequency questionnaire including 168 food items and analyzed with N4 nutrition software. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) and logistic regression test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The probability of endometriosis was significantly lower for women in the highest tertile of body mass index than in the first tertile (OR=0.5, CI: 0.20-0.92, P <0.001). After adjusting for confounding variables, women in the upper tertile of intake for vegetables, fruits, fish, legumes, seeds and nuts and liquid oils had a lower likelihood of endometriosis (P <0.05). However, women in the upper tertile of intake for dairy products, red meat, processed meats, organ meats, and solid oils and fats were significantly more likely to be suffering from endometriosis (P <0.05).

A significant inverse relationship was observed between endometriosis and intakes of vegetables, fruits, fish, legumes, seeds and nuts and liquid oils. However, intake of dairy products, red meat, processed meats, organ meats, and solid oils and fats had a significant direct association with endometriosis.

Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age. Identifying nutritional risk factors as a potential therapeutic target can be important. This study was performed with aim to determine the relationship between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and bacterial vaginosis.

This case-control study was performed in 2020 on 144 women with bacterial vaginosis and 151 healthy women aged 15-45 years referred to the gynecology clinic of Imam Hossein Hospital in Tehran. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed using the Amsel criteria and participants were divided into case and control groups based on it. Food intake of participants during 1 last year was collected using a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire with 168 food items. Ultra-processed foods were classified according to the NOVA classification system. A logistic regression test was used to investigate the association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods with bacterial vaginosis, and then the odds ratio was calculated. P< 0.05 was considered significant.

After adjusting for confounding variables, it was seen that participants in the upper tertile of intakes of the ultra-processed foods (OR=2.13, CI: 1.19-3.8, P=0.004), processed meats and fast foods (OR=2.27, CI: 1.23-4.2, P=0.008), oils and sauces (OR=2.47, CI: 1.34-4.54, P=0.004) and sweets (OR=2.82, CI: 1.5-5.3 P=0.001) were significantly more likely to be suffering from bacterial vaginosis than the group in first tertile.

There was a direct relationship between the intake of ultra-processed foods, processed meats and fast foods, oils and sauces and sweets with bacterial vaginosis.

Some of the etiological factors of hyperemesis gravidarum are increased fatty acid peroxidation and deficiency of vitamins and antioxidants. This study was performed with aim to determine the relationship between pre-pregnancy food group intakes and severe hyperemesis gravidarum.

This case-control study was performed in 2020-2021 on 171 pregnant women aged 18-35 years referred to the hospitals of Tehran. Hyperemesis gravidarum was diagnosed using the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology criteria, and participants were divided into the case and control groups. A semi-quantitative valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire containing 168 food items was used to assess food intake of participants in the past year before pregnancy. Data analysis was performed by SPSS statistical software (version 22), using Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and logistic regression tests. A p-value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant

The case group had significantly higher total fat and saturated fat intakes compared with controls. Median intakes of vitamin B groups, vitamin A and vitamin C were significantly higher among controls than cases. After adjusting for confounding variables, participants in the upper tertile of intakes of vegetables (OR=0.39, CI: 0.19-0.43) and fruits (OR=0.51, CI: 0.31-0.83) had a lower possibility of hyperemesis gravidarum. However, participants in the upper tertile of intakes of processed meats (OR=3.93, CI: 1.04-6.11) and organ meats (OR=2.39, CI: 1.23-5.03) were significantly more likely to be suffering from hyperemesis gravidarum.

There was a significant inverse association between intake of vegetables, fruits, fish and seafood, whole grains, legumes, nuts, olives and olive oil with hyperemesis gravidarum. However, intake of high-fat dairy products, processed meats, organ meats, sweets, solid fats had a significant direct association with hyperemesis gravidarum.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy among women and insulin resistance is one of the clinical features in this syndrome which plays an important role in improvement of lipid disorders. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load can affect blood lipid disorders. Because of limited studies in this field, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the relationship between dietary glycemic index/glycemic load and serum lipids level in women with PCOS.

This case-control study was conducted on 45 PCOS women and 45 healthy controls in Moheb Yas Women hospital of Tehran in 2016. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-h recall questionnaires, and glycemic index and glycemic load were calculated by standard methods. Lipid profile was measured and insulin resistance was calculated by the formula. Anthropometric measurements were conducted in all participants. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16), and Independent T-test and correlation test. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Mean of serum total cholesterol, insulin resistance and mean of glycemic index was significantly higher in the patients group than the control group (P<0.05). There was a significant relationship between glycemic load and insulin resistance, triglyceride and HDL-c in patients (r=0.388, r=0.401, r= -0.371, respectively (P<0.05). No significant relationship was found between glycemic index with biochemical markers in patients and controls (P>0.05).

Lifestyle modification like correct nutritional status and management of carbohydrate intake and reducing the dietary glycemic load may be effective in prevention or reducing the complications of disease such as lipid abnormalities.

The pattern of dietary intake reflects the preferences and dietary habits of individuals and their socio-economic and demographic status such as ethnicity and place of residence. So far, various studies have examined the dietary patterns of different populations in Iran, but the information on eating patterns of rural areas is limited in comparison with urban regions. The aim of this study was to identify major dietary patterns and to compare the scores of these patterns in women living in urban and rural areas of Dashtestan County, (Bushehr province), 2017.

In this cross-sectional study, 302 women (168 urban and 134 rural) aged 20_59 years old living in Dashtestan county were sampled with multistage sampling method (stratified cluster sampling). Dietary intake was assessed by filling the standard semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire in face-to-face interviews. Factor analysis method was used for identifying major dietary patterns. The Mann-Whitney analysis was used to compare the extracted pattern scores in urban and rural women.

Three major dietary patterns were extracted: Healthy, western and traditional. The score of western pattern was significantly higher in urban women (p<0.05). The score of other patterns was not significantly different between urban and rural areas.

The findings of this study showed that although Dashtestan  county is not a metropolitan area, the rate of compliance with the western food pattern is notable in urban women. Educational programs should be adopted for promoting nutritional status of the study population.

Food choices in autistic children are problematic and nutritional deficiencies is spotted in them. The purpose of this study is to compare anthropometric indices and dietary intake of autistic children with healthy children.

In this case-control study, the frequency of food intake and anthropometric indices for 90 autistic children and 93 healthy children aged 5 to 12 years were collected by food frequency questionnaire and general information questionnaire.

Only 23% of children with autism had a normal body mass index, compared to 63% for healthy children. Autistic children were in higher tertile for whole and refined grains, solid and liquid oils, simple sugars, honey and jams, beverages, snacks and desserts and salt and lower percentile of consumption for fruits and vegetables compared to healthy children.

Body mass index in children with autism due to weight gain in these children should be taken into consideration. The dietary intake of autistic child is different from that of a healthy child and the dietary intake of these children should be investigated.

: Executive Functions are high-level cognitive functions that affect learning, behavior and school achievement. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and behavioral indexes of executive functions in 6-8 years old children.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in 374 students from 24 schools of Qom, Iran. The mothers were asked to provide the demographic, semi-quantitative food frequency, Physical activity and behavior rating inventory of executive functions (BRIEF) questionnaires. Then Children's height and weight were measured and dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis. Binary logistics regression was used to estimate OR for having weak executive functions.
Two major dietary patterns were identified. The "healthy" dietary pattern characterized by high intake of vegetables, beans, red meat, fruits, nuts, low fat dairy, plant oil, fish, potato, doogh (yogurt drink) and olive. The second dietary pattern was high in mayonnaise, sugarydesserts, industrial juice, tomato, soda, snacks, pickles, refined grains, high fat and processed meat, tea, coffee, fried potato and low amounts of plant oil and was named the "unhealthy" dietary pattern. After adjusting for potential confounders, children in second median of healthy dietary pattern had significantly less odds of having weak performance in inhibit, emotional control and behavior regulating index (BRI). Greater adherence to "unhealthy" dietary pattern was significantly associated with a higher risk for having weak performance in emotional control.
There was a significant relationship between the healthy dietary pattern and some behavioral indexes of executive functions. Also this study showed that adherence to an unhealthy dietary pattern may be associated with problems in emotional control.

Background and Despite studying the relationship between breast cancer and dietary factors in previous studies, ignoring the cancer phenotype can affect the association between diet and breast cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the association between dietary patterns and HER2 among Iranian women.
In a case-control study, 150 new cases with ductal or lobular in situ or invasive breast cancer and without a previous history of the disease were selected. Also, 150 age-matched controls were included in the study. Data including demographic characteristics, food frequency, and physical activity were recorded using relevant questionnaires. Also, the information regarding HER-2 factor was obtained from patients records. Factor analysis was used to identify major dietary patterns. The association between these patterns and breast cancer was examined by logistic regression analysis.
Two major dietary patterns were identified. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants who had higher scores for unhealthy dietary patterns (mayonnaise, French fries, soft drinks, pickles, red or processed meat, potatoes, sweets and desserts) and healthy dietary patterns (fruits and fruit juices, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, spices, nuts, fish, egg, legumes and low intake of hydrogenated fats) were more (OR: 4.12, 95%CI: 2.31-7.3) and less (OR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.30-0.95) prone to develop breast cancer, respectively. A healthy dietary pattern reduced the risk of HER-2 positive breast cancer (OR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.04-0.25).
Healthy dietary pattern reduced the overall risk of breast cancer and was inversely associated with HER-2 positive tumors, indicating a poor prognosis of the disease.

Several studies have indicated the protective effect of Mediterranean Dietary Pattern (MDP) in psychological disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between adherence to the MDP with depression, anxiety and stress among adolescent girls in Tehran.
In this cross-sectional study, 280 high-school female adolescents aged 15-18 years in Tehran were selected using the multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method. Usual dietary intake during the past year was assessed by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and adherence to the MDP was characterized using MSDPS (Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Score). The subscale scores of psychological disorders were determined by DASS-21 (Depression Anxiety Stress Score-21 items) questionnaire. The Post Hoc Bonferroni test was used to compare the mean score of each psychological subscale between the highest and lowest quintiles of MSDPS.
After adjusting for potential confounders, depression subscale score in the fifth quintile of MSDPS was significantly lower than in the first quintile (the difference between the first and fifth quintiles = -4.72, 95% CI= -9.67-0.22, P=0.04). However, no other significant relationship was found between the first and fifth quintile of MSDPS regarding to the anxiety and stress subscale scores.
Adherence to the MDP can be associated with a reduced risk of depressive symptoms.

Due to high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Iran and the socio-economical burden of obesity, diagnosis of a healthy diet that can prevent weight gain is essential. This study aimed to determine the relationship between adherence to Mediterranean Style Dietary Pattern Score (MSDPS) with overweight and obesity in female adolescents aged 15-18 years in Tehran. In this cross-sectional study, 280 female adolescents from high schools in Tehran were recruited by multi-stage stratified cluster sampling. General information, physical activity and food frequency questionnaires were completed. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HP) were measured. BMI and Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) were calculated. MSDPS was calculated. Relation of MSDPS with BMI, WC and WHR was analyzed using Bon-Ferroni. Statistical analyses were done on 280 female adolescents. The results indicated that prevalence of overweight and obesity was 13/3% and 12/5%, respectively. Mean ± standard deviation of MSDPS was 15/99 ± 5/64, and generally, it was low in this population. MSDPS was positively associated with mother's education level and energy intake (p<0/05). No relation was observed between MSDPS and overweight and obesity among the adolescents. MSDPS among adolescent females in Tehran is low. There is no association between MSDPS and overweight and obesity among the participants though mother's level of education has a positive effect on compliance.

Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses. Few studies have investigated the association between dietary patterns and depression in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms in adult women living in Tehran in 2013. This cross-sectional study was carried on 217 women aged 20-45 years attending health centers in the north and west of Tehran in 2013. The subjects were selected by systematic cluster sampling method. Data were collected through demographic, food frequency, and physical activity questionnaires and the beck depression inventory. Major dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis and their association with depressive symptoms was assessed by logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 63.2% in the studied women. Two major dietary patterns were identified (healthy and unhealthy). After adjusting for confounders, subjects with higher scores in the unhealthy dietary pattern had higher odds (OR=2.21, P=0.01) of depressive symptoms; but the healthy dietary pattern was not associated with depressive symptoms. With regards to the results, it seems that the unhealthy dietary pattern is associated with the risk of depression in women.

Dietary patterns and psychological health have strong relationship. People with unfit body may experience few mental problems. The present study examined the association between dietary patterns and anxiety in middle school students. The research is descriptive and correlational. The study population included guidance school students who were studying in the academic year 2013-14 in the Baharestan city, in Tehran province. The population sample of 220 students from schools was chosen by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Research measurements including, Spence Children's Anxiety Scale, and food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were utilized. The Data were analyzed using inferential statistics factor analysis, logistic regression, and Spearman correlation coefficients. Factor analysis showed that both healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns among subjects had the highest dispersion Justifying 34.11 percent of the total Variance of consumption. Spearman correlation showed a significant positive correlation between anxiety and unhealthy eating patterns (P<0.0005). Logistic regression analysis showed that most students with unhealthy eating patterns are more likely to suffer from anxiety (P<0.0005). The other part of the logistic regression model showed that students who show unhealthier dietary pattern have a worse body image. the present results indicated that there is a relationship between dietary patterns, body image, and anxiety. Furthermore, people with unhealthy food patterns have a poorer body image and are more anxious.

Prostate cancer is the most p-revalent cancer among males in econo-mically developed countries. Among the several risk factors suggested for prostate cancer, only age, ethnicity, and family hist-ory of prostate cancer are well- Prior stu-dies have shown that dietary intake can change cancer risk. Most data in this area was drawn from Western studies and dev-eloping countries have limited data in this regard. This study examined the association between black tea and coffee intake and the risk of prostate cancer in Iran. Cases were patients who were admitted to ‘Labbafi-Nejad Hos-pital’. Controls were patients admitted to the emergency service of the same hospital. The control and treatment group members were matched in terms of age (10years). A total of fifty patients with prostate cancer and a hundred controls underwent face-to-face interviews. We assessed participants’ dietary intakes during the past year by using a valid and reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). SPSS version 16 was used to analyze the data. a significant positive relationship was observed between consumption of bla-ck tea and prostate cancer risk (above medi-an vs. below median: OR = 2.9, 95%CI 1.0-3.0). We could not find a significant relat-ionship between coffee intake and prostate cancer risk (p=0.07) Discussion & The results of the present study suggest that high consu-mption of black tea might be positively related with an increased risk of prostate cancer.

The role of nutritional quality of the diet in the development and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not yet well understood. The aim of the present study was to determine the association between index of nutritional quality (INQ) and MS. In this case-control study, 70 patients with a definitive diagnosis of MS in the preceding year and 140 frequency-matched hospital controls were selected from among 20-50 year-old patients referred to Sina and Lolagar hospitals in Tehran. The subjects’ dietary intakes were assessed using a valid and reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. INQs for all the nutrients were then calculated for every participant, and logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios for having MS in relation to every nutrient’s INQ. After adjusting for potential confounders, it was seen that subjects who had higher INQs for alpha-linolenic acid, vitamins A, D, K, B1, B2, B5, B6, folate, B12, and C, and minerals calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and potassium were less likely (p<0.05) to have MS as compared to subjects with lower INQs for these nutrients. The findings of the present study show inverse associations between the INQ of many nutrients and risk of having MS. Therefore, it seems that overall improvement of the nutritional quality of the diet might be an appropriate approach for prevention of this disease.

Cataract is among the major causes of vision impairment and blindness worldwide. The current study was done in the city of Tehran with the purpose of determining the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and the dietary intake of some macronutrients، carotenoids، vitamins C، E، A، selenium and risk of cataract in >40 Tehranians. In this case-control study that was conducted in 2013 in the city of Tehran، the factors such as socio-economic، life style and nutritional intake of 97 cataract patients and 198 controls with the same age and gender were collected through interview and questionnaire. Cataract was diagnosed using a slit-lamp examination، and defined as any lens opacity in either eye. Dietry intake was estimated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The association between the risk of cataract and quartiles of macro- and micro-nutrient intake was investigated using logistic regression models. After modifying the effects of confounding variables، the risk of cataract was significantly lower in the highest intake quartile category relative to the lowest quartile category for total fruit (OR= 0. 15; 95%CI= 0. 05-0. 3)، total vegetable (OR= 0. 20; 95%CI= 0. 08-0. 4)، and soluble fiber (OR= 0. 27; 95%CI= 0. 11-0. 6). We found significant inverse associations of cataract with higher dietary intake of vitamin C (OR=0. 22; 95% CI=0. 09-0. 54)، alpha-caroten (OR=0. 24; 95%CI=0. 1-0. 5)، beta-caroten (OR=0. 15; 95% CI=0. 05-0. 39)، lutein/zeaxanthin (OR=0. 19; 95%CI=0. 08-0. 45)، and betacryptoxanthin (OR=0. 05; 95%CI=0. 01-0. 15). High daily intakes of fruit and vegetables and dietry antioxidants were associated with a significantly decreased risk of cataract. This study reinforces the WHO recommendations on the benefits of diets rich in fruits and vegetables.

It has been estimated that about 30–40 percent of all cancers could be prevented by diet and lifestyle. In the present study, associations between food groups and some nutrients were studied in adult glioma. In the present hospital-based case-control study which took place in Tehran, Iran, from 2010 to 2012, socio-economic information, demographics, lifestyle factors, health and dietary intakes of 128 patients with glioma as cases, and 256 healthy controls, were collected through interviews and questionnaires. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios. SPSS version 19 was used for all statistical analyses. After adjusting for potential confounders, inverse associations between calcium intake and adult glioma and vitamin C were observed. (Highest tertile versus lowest: OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.87-0.46, P for trend = 0.001) and vitamin C (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.15-0.76, P for trend = 0.002). In addition, we observed elevated ORs for highest vs. lowest tertile of cholesterol intake (OR = 2.78, 95% CI = 1.29-5.99, P for trend = 0.061). We observed no significant associations with adult glioma for intakes of total fat, carbohydrate, protein, vitamin A, vitamin E and beta carotene. the results showed that intake of calcium and vitamin C may possibly prevent glioma in adults.

Cancer As the third leading cause of deaths (14% of total deaths), has become a major health problem. Cancers like most chronic non-communicable or communicable diseases are preventable. The study were examined the relationship between food groups with adult glioma. in this hospital-based case-control study, 128 newly diagnosed patients with glioma that were determined by pathologist, and 256 controls for Socioeconomic, demographic and life style factors, health status and dietary intakes were obtained with interviewing and by valid and reliable semi- quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). SPSS version 19 was used for all statistical analyses. After adjusting for potential confounders, inverse associations with adult gliomas were observed for intake of coffee and tea (highest tertile versus lowest: OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.16-0.72, P for trend = 0.040), dairy (highest tertile versus lowest: OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.18-0.82, P for trend = 0.002) and legumes (highest tertile versus lowest: OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.20-0.86, P for trend = 0.001). We observed no significant association between risk of adult gliomas and intakes of processed and salted meats, egg, fruits, vegetables, meats, pastries, fats and nuts, hydrogenated oils and beverages. Our results show intake of certain food groups such as tea and coffee, dairy and legumes may possibly prevent gliomas in adults.

Major depression is a common mental disorder with the peak prevalence among 25 to 44 year old women. A number of studies have demonstrated the association between some nutrients and depression، but the studies on the association of food groups with depression especially in the Middle East are rare. In this case-control study، 45 women with major depression and 90 women with no mental disorder participated. First، the psychologic questionnaires، and then general information، food frequency، and physical activity questionnaires were completed. Based on the food guide pyramid، food items of food frequency questionnaire were classified into 6 groups and 16 subgroups. After adjusting for confounders، the odds of major depression was significantly lower in individuals who consumed higher amounts of citrus fruits، berries and melons (P=0. 001)، other fruits (P<0. 001)، dark green leafy vegetables (P=0. 004)، yellow vegetables (P=0. 012)، other vegetables (P=0. 001)، fish (P=0. 017)، and meat alternates (P=0. 036). While the odds of major depression in participants who consumed higher amounts of meat and poultry (P=0. 016)، and sweets (P=0. 071) was respectively 3. 33 and 2. 48 times more than those who consumed lower amounts of these subgroups. Consumption of healthier food groups is significantly associated with lower odds of major depression in women.

One of the most effective factors contributing to sperm dysfunction and reducing the sperm motility is increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress of seminal plasma. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of combined docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and vitamin E supplements on oxidative stress markers in seminal plasma in asthenozoospermic men. In this randomized، triple-blind، placebo-controlled clinical trial، out of 275 men who referred to Avicenna infertility clinic، fifty asthenozoospermic males، defined as less than 50% sperm motility or less than 25% with rapid progressive motility. They were randomly assigned to one of two groups according to the stratified blocked randomization. Participants in the intervention group took daily 465 mg of DHA and 600 IU of vitamin E; and those in the control group took daily two placebos for 12 weeks. 8-isoprostane، total antioxiant capacity (TAC)، and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations، sperm characteristics، dietary intakes، anthropometric measurements and physical activity were measured at the baseline and at the end of the study. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software. The statistical tests were analyzed of covariance، student''s t-test، paired-samples t-test، Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney. Out of 50 participants، 22 men in the intervention group and 20 men in the control group completed the protocol of the study. TAC concentration of seminal plasma significantly increased in the intervention group، as compared with the control values (P<0. 001). 8-isoprostane (P=0. 033) and MDA (P=0. 002) concentration of seminal plasma significantly decreased in the intervention group، as compared with the control values. According to this research، combined DHA and vitamin E supplements led to decreasing oxidative stress of seminal plasma. Because of the effects of ROS on sperm dysfunction، intakes of antioxidants such as vitamin E may reduce oxidative stress in infertile men.

Diet may be associated with the risk of prostate cancer. The present study examined the association between dietary patterns and the risk of prostate cancer. In this study، 50 subjects with prostate cancer and 100 control subjects underwent face-to-face interviews. The dietary intake of the participants were assessed for one year using a valid and reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Factor analysis was used to detect dietary patterns. SPSS version 16 was used to analyze the data. Two major dietary patterns were defined in this population: the western diet (high in sweets and desserts، organ meat، snacks، tea and coffee، French fries، salt، carbonated drinks، red or processed meat) and the healthy diet (high in legumes، fish، dairy products، fruits and fruit juice، vegetables، boiled potatoes، whole cereal، eggs). The healthy and western pattern scores were divided into two categories based on medians. The higher healthy diet pattern scores were significantly related to a decreased risk of prostate cancer (high 2nd median vs. low 1st median، OR = 4. 0، 95% CI = 1. 5-11. 0). An increased risk of prostate cancer was observed for the western diet pattern scores (high 2nd median vs. low 1st median، OR = 0. 4، 95% CI = 0. 2-1. 0). Two major dietary patterns were defined in this study. It was shown that men with a western dietary pattern had an increased probability of prostate cancer and men with a healthy dietary pattern had a decreased probability of prostate cancer.

There is some evidence that nutrition probably plays a role in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). The present case-control study was conducted in the City of Tehran، Iran with the purpose of finding any possible relations between food groups and MS. In this case-control hospital-based study conducted in 2011 in the City of Tehran، data were collected on several variables including socio-economic status، life style، and food intakes of 70 MS patients and 140 controls matched for age and gender، through interviews and questionnaires. All the statistical tests were done using the SPSS software version 16. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR). After adjusting for confounding variables، it was seen that subjects in the upper tertile of intakes of the fruit group، tomatoes، other vegetables، and liquid oils، were significantly less likely to be suffering from MS disease، the odds ratio being 68% (OR: 0. 32; 95% CI: 0. 13-0. 79)، 82% (OR: 0. 18; 95% CI: 0. 05-0. 65)، 61% (OR: 0. 39; 95% CI: 0. 93-0. 16)، and 94% (OR: 0. 06; 95% CI: 0. 08-0. 58)، respectively. On the other hand، subjects shown to be significantly less at risk of the disease were those in the upper tertile of the intakes of non-liquid oil [1. 58 times (OR: 2. 58; 95% CI: 1. 05-6. 33)] and soft drinks [1. 87 times (OR: 2. 87; 95% CI: 1. 17-7. 02)]; (p for trend < 0. 05). The findings of this study support the probable role of nutrition in preventing multiple sclerosis.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most prevalent cause of hepatic related problems.، which has not been introduced any crucial treatment for it so far. Insulin resistance and oxidative stress are the most important risk factors for this disease. As anti-oxidant and insulin resistance decreasing effect of Cinnamon has been shown in prior studies، we carried out this research to determine the effect of cinnamon on lipid profile، liver enzymes، insulin resistance and hs-CRP inflammatory factor in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver. this clinical trial was conducted on 50 patients with fatty liver، selected on the basis of including criteria. The Intervention group was given 1. 5 gram Cinnamon and placebo group taken placebo for 12 weeks. Lipid profile (triglycerides، total cholesterol، HDL and LDL)، fasting blood glucose، serum insulin، hs - CRP inflammatory factor، liver enzymes (ALT and AST and GGT)، insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and insulin sensitivity (QUICKI)، diet، physical activity and anthropometric indices were measured in the beginning and end of the study. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software، using Covariance، Students t-test، Paired t-test، Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney. A significant decrease in HOMA، fasting blood glucose، total cholesterol، ALT، AST، GGT and hs-CRP، and a significant increase in Quicki were seen in Cinnamon group (p <0. 05). The change of LDL cholesterol in both groups was significant (p <0. 05)، whereas the reduction of HDL cholesterol wasn’t significant (p=0. 130). based on the results، the use of Cinnamon may be effective in the patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Nuts are one of the most healthy food groups، but due to their fat content and high energy density their consumption is mostly restricted for weight control. The aim of this study was to assess the association between nuts consumption and abdominal obesity، overweight and obesity. In this cross-sectional study، data were collected on 550 female adolescents، aged 15-18 years، selected by multistage cluster random sampling from Najafabad high schools. Anthropometric measurements were obtained using standard methods. Intakes of nuts and other food groups were evaluated by a semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) questionnaire. Other required variables were collected by general questionnaires. Abdominal obesity was defined on basis of the 75th Waist circumference percentiles for Iranian children and adolescents. Overweight and obesity were defined on the basis of International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-points. The pre­valence of abdominal obesity and overweight or obesity were 48. 9 and 25. 7 percent respectively. Mean and median intakes of nuts in this community were 22. 36 and 10. 35 gr/day respectively. After controlling for potential confounders، the subjects in the top quartile of nut consumption were less likely to have overweight and obesity [odds ratio (OR): 0. 25; 95% CI: 0. 11-0. 54] and abdominal obesity (OR: 0. 54; 95% CI، 0. 28-1. 03)، compared to those in the lowest quartile. Consumption of nuts was associated with lower risk of abdominal obesity، overweight and obesity. The results of this study suggest that incorporating nuts into diets might help weight control.

Red and processed meat may increase the risk of prostate cancer. Data on diet and prostate cancer is sparse، thus، the present study examined the effect of processed and unprocessed red meat، organ meat، fish، and poultry on the risk of prostate cancer. In this hospital-based، case-control study، 50 patients with prostate cancer and 100 control patients participated. Regression methods were used to examine the relationship between processed and unprocessed red meat، organ meat، fish، and poultry consumption and prostate cancer risk. A significant positive association was recorded for the consumption of total meat intake and the risk of prostate cancer (above median vs. below median: OR = 4. 6، 95% CI = 1. 7-12. 5). A significant positive association between organ meat (above median vs. below median: OR = 3. 1، 95% CI = 1. 3-7. 6) and processed meat (above median vs. below median: OR = 2. 5، 95% CI = 1. 0-6. 1) and the risk of prostate cancer was observed. The positive association between beef and mutton consumption and the risk of prostate cancer was not significant (p = 0. 762). Fish consumption was negatively associated with the risk of prostate cancer (above median vs. below median: OR = 0. 07، 95% CI = 0. 02-0. 2). The association between poultry consumption and risk of prostate cancer was not significant (p = 0. 083). The results of the present study suggest that high consumption of processed meat and organ meat may be positively associated with the increased risk of prostate cancer. Fish consumption، by contrast، could be a protective factor against prostate cancer.