فهرست مطالب بهرام نوازنی

The aim of the present article is to clarify the roots of the anti-Western view in radical Islamism and to compare it with the alternative political ideology of the West in its totalitarian form (Marxism-Leninism). Comparison based on the reconstruction of the political theory of "Sayyid Qutb" is the most important theorist of radical Islamism in the contemporary era and "Vladimir Lenin" is the theorist of Marxism-Leninism. Despite all the differences, similar basic structures can be seen in these two theories and thinking: Human history is seen as a battle of life and death between good and evil, which in both theories of evil threatens human existence. he does. Among them are people who have a good character and have a mission or mission to save humanity from evil and ultimately realize the utopia of a classless society. Fighting and conflict in this process is natural and should be organized in order to purify society. He tried to follow the followers of the true belief. The conclusion of this article is that radical Islamism is not a pre-modern ideology, but rather it can be considered as an ideology that incites and encourages its followers by criticizing the liberal society, stating that these societies fulfill their main promise. That is freedom is failed. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical based on documentary-library sources.

This is a review of the book "Islam in Russia: the politics of identity and security” by Shirin T. Hunter, the Iranian-American Professor of Georgetown University, in collaboration with two of the researchers at the Center for strategic and international studies, Jeffrey Thomas and Alexander Melikishvili, published in New York in 2004. A translation of this work is done by Elahe Koulaei, Professor at Tehran University, and two of his colleagues, Seyedeh Motahare Hussein and Asma Moini by Nei press in Tehran. Although the book may not be considered as the main textbook for political science course subjects, but may certainly be acknowledged as holding valuable information about the Soviet Government and politics, the big power's foreign policy, in all branches of BA, MA and PhD fields of political science, international relations, and regional studies. This article is also trying to introduce this work and its authors and translators, as well as critically analyze the structural and contextual weakness and suggest some corrective tips for the next edition of it.

This study was conducted to measure international academic entrepreneurship indicators.

This research is of applied type and with the help of quantitative method and using survey and correlation method. The data was collected using a questionnaire from 384 statistical samples from the community of theoretical and experimental experts in the field of academic entrepreneurship and international entrepreneurship. Measurement tools have been adapted and used by experts and their views. Multivariate analyzes such as exploratory factor analysis, first-order and second-order confirmatory factor analysis and one-group mean comparison were used to analyze the evidence. Various indicators of the validity and reliability of the components identified in the research support and fitness indicators have supported the capability of the measurement part and the structural part of the model. In data analysis was used by SPSS and Amos.

This part of the study has been analyzed with descriptive and inferential indicators. Based on the results of exploratory analysis, 15 factors have been identified and supported by confirmatory factor analysis. Based on the second-order factor analysis, the components and dimensions of international academic entrepreneurship have been identified.

The components of "culture of entrepreneurship" and "innovation", institutions and networks, scientific and networking and communication capabilities that constitute the behavioral dimension, components of "entrepreneurial competencies", "development", "development", "development" and "building" Entrepreneurial leadership, international commercialization process, constitute the process dimension and components of laws and regulations, support structure, research system, ultimate international strategic orientation, and constructive, visionary, and motivational education. Extracted, a suitable model of international academic entrepreneurship is presented.

The purpose of this article is to explore the role of foreign countries in creating ethnic challenges in Iran's Azerbaijan and to provide appropriate solutions to increase national solidarity. The main question of this article is how do foreign countries create ethnic challenges in Azerbaijan? The hypothesis of the study is: Iranian-Azerbaijani cultural sharing with the Republic of Azerbaijan and Turkey and provocative actions of these countries and the United States are effective factors in creating ethnic challenges in Azerbaijan. The research method is a qualitative and quantitative combination of data collection through library method with survey tool and field method with in-depth interview. The data analysis method was also used to describe the data and quantitative content analysis after accessing all the results obtained from library sources and in-depth interviews. The most important findings of the research indicate that the presence of Azerbaijan in the neighborhood of 31% of the experts in the Azerbaijani-Iranian neighborhood with ethnic components, the influence of the Turkish satellite networks in the opinion of 32% of the experts and the numerous US actions for provocation. Ethnicity in Iran According to 31% of experts, the most important cause of ethnic challenges in Azerbaijan is Iran.

The present study aims to design an international academic entrepreneurship model using grounded theory. The study population is a group of key Iranian informants, faculty members, and doctoral graduates with scientific expertise and work experience in the field of entrepreneurship, especially academic entrepreneurship and international entrepreneurship, and managers of knowledge-based academic companies with experience. International and scientific background, 18 of which were first selected by the targeted method and then by snowball method and theoretical sampling for study. MAXQDA12 software was used to analyze the data. According to the research results, the pivotal phenomenon of university entrepreneurship "internationally has four dimensions of development, structure, behavior, and process" which is influenced by economic, managerial, and cultural issues. For the success of international academic entrepreneurship, we need to adopt a financial and legal strategy, operational strategy, international strategy and policy strategy that leads to economic, scientific and cultural consequences in the country. Financial and economic platforms, support and appropriate policies in a changing environment and intense international competitive environment help international academic entrepreneurial strategies to be operationalized with the right conditions. In this regard, there are scientific, human, managerial, legal, structural, and financial challenges and obstacles that by identifying and eliminating them, it is possible to help improve the dimensions of international academic entrepreneurship and its strategies.

The book “Religion and Theory of International Relations: Theory and Practice” is a collection of articles compiled and translated into Persian by Asgar Ghahramanpour Bonab from scattered articles and journals by Daniel Filpat and several other researchers of international relations. By compiling these articles, the translator has attempted to address the important role of religion in shaping international relations in the Westphalian period and by evaluating its position among various mainstream and minor theories of international relations such as realism, liberalism, and constructivism, he has explored the function of different world religions such as Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism, both in inciting civil strife and converging, and in uniting and strengthening the world peace. Given the importance of familiarity with different types of religions, as well as their historical role in the formation of societies and their developments, especially in the contemporary period, this article examines and evaluates this book and tries to recommend some formal as well as content revisions on translation, equivalence, and references. The authors of the articles, as well as the translator, seem to have neglected to observe the prevailing modern situation of the separation of religion from politics and the marginalized religion in contemporary international relations.

The Republic of Azerbaijan, due to its historical ties with the land of Iran and also being in a geopolitically and strategically important location that affects the regional role of the Islamic Republic of Iran, is an important political area from the perspective of national and territorial interests of this country. It is considered. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the Republic of Azerbaijan in creating ethnic challenges in Azarbaijan, Iran, and tries to take steps to increase national solidarity by providing desirable solutions. The main question of the research is how the Republic of Azerbaijan creates ethnic challenges in Azarbaijan, Iran? In this regard, the research hypothesis is: The Republic of Azerbaijan, using cultural, linguistic and historical backgrounds with Azarbaijan of Iran, takes provocative actions and creates ethnic challenges in Iran. The research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative through data collection in a library method with Taking notes tools and field method with in-depth interview tools. The data analysis method was done in the form of data description and quantitative content analysis after accessing all the results obtained from library sources and in-depth interviews. The most important findings of the research indicate that the Republic of Azerbaijan, according to 31% of the interviewees, uses provocative linguistic and historical links to provocative actions and create ethnic challenges in Azarbaijan, Iran.

Over the past few years, various viewpoints have beenproposed about the Islamic Republic of Iran’s economic development through its convergence with the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). Some scholars argue that the necessity of Iran’s economic developments by means of regional economic convergence should put the EEU’s records of cultural relations and its member states’ geopolitical importance at the focal point of Iran’s economic foreign policy consideration. Others believe that converging with the EEU could pose some challenges to Iran and pave the way for Russia’s expansionist policies resulting in its greater political and economic influence in the region that will entangle Iran in a geopolitical rivalry. This study attempts to analyze the economic opportunities of the Islamic Republic of Iran resulting from its convergence with the EEU to answer for the following question: What economic opportunities will the integration of the Islamic Republic of Iran with the EEU create? The author argues that the mentioned convergence will reduce the impact of western sanctions and prepare the ground for Iran’s and its neighbors’ economic development as well as their foreign trade expansion.

This article attempts to study the role of Individual and International variables in the realization of the goals of the foreign policy of the Rouhani government for Iran's economic development. The main question is how influential variables play a role in realizing the goals of the Iranian government's political policy for Iran's economic development? The answer to this question is based on the hypothesis that Iran's foreign policy in the first government of Rouhani's government has been influenced by the "individual variable" to the country's economic development, but in the second period of Rouhani, influenced by the "international variable" and the changing circumstances, have different effects on Economic development. The result of the research shows that during the first period of the clerical state, which had an internal consensus to support the negotiation process and international conditions, and Iran reached a nuclear deal with the West, foreign policy had a positive effect on economic development, but in the second period And with the arrival of Tramp, the change in the international environment (the withdrawal from the US) and the resulting gap in the internal consensus, the positive effects of foreign policy on economic development were reduced over time. This paper collects data in a Library style.

This study has been conducted with the aim of finding the cultural bases of ethnic challenges in the Islamic world with emphasis on Azerbaijan Iran and tried increasing national solidarity. Accordingly, the main question this article is that what is the most influential cultural ground in formation and growth of ethnic challenges in Azarbaijan, Iran?

research method is a qualitative and quantitative combination of data collection through library method with survey tool and field method with in-depth interview. The data analysis method was also used to describe the data and quantitative content analysis after accessing all the results obtained from library sources and in-depth interviews.

Findings of the research indicate that emphasis on the language of a country, cultural discrimination, and the non-implementation of Article 15 of the Constitution for the abandonment of Turkish speakers with 39% were the most important domestic cultural ground, and the impact of satellite channels in Turkey and Republic of Azerbaijan with 32% and superior Turkish identity in the vicinity of Azerbaijan with 31%, were the most important external grounds in formation and growth of ethnic challenges in Azerbaijan in Iran.

The results of the research show that in order to create greater national solidarity, the cultural components of the Azerbaijani people within the country must be recognized and respected so that foreign countries can not provide a basis for creating ethnic challenges in Iran.

The book “Will the Middle East Implode”, written by Mohammed Ayoob, has tried to address the Arab Middle East in terms of the Arab Spring’s impact on the collapse and stability of the state, and believes that what is known as the Arab Spring rather than a single and coherent phenomenon, was unrests taking place discretionary and in accordance with the national circumstances of each Arab state that later turned out to be a misleading mirage and with the return of authoritarian regimes and the marginalization of democratic movements in some, or in the swamp of instability and fragmentation of others. This has eventually led to the frustrations of moderate Islamists, and they will join the radical groups and eventually lead to the collapse of the statehood in the region, and later, it will culminate in order and stability in the international stage. This paper is an attempt to critically review the book to discover its strengths and weaknesses in terms of shaping, writing, as well as explaining, translating, comparing, and referring resources and references.

After formation of the Islamic Republic in Iraq, the Islamic Republic of Iran declared its support of a stable, secure and independent Iraq that will be able and willing to reduce the influence of the United States in Iraq's internal developments while keeping its friendship with Iran. However, formation of a modern Iraq, with some different characteristics in the construction of power and politics made a new definition inevitable for the role and position of Iran’s soft politics and smart diplomacy. Iraq’s importance was more than anything else, because of the opportunity to provide capacity building in Iran's foreign policy at the level of bilateral relations, and also regional relations with the great powers. The purpose of this essay is to analysis the political influence of Islamic Republic of Iran in the modern Iraq, especially the main unprecedented role grasped in the political structure of the new Shiite and Kurdish forces in there. Out of this opportunity is that the Islamic Republic of Iran pursues its smart power to conquer the country's Shiite and Kurdish public opinion and takes advantage of the soft power to expand its relations with the Federal government of Iraq. Using the descriptive-analytic method, this article, is to answer the main question of how Iran’s soft power could hinder the realization of the strategic goals and policies of the USA lead coalition in an occupied country? The findings of this research suggest that the soft power of Islamic Republic of Iran in the modern Iraq is based on three areas of normative-doctrinal, cultural-social and political values which altogether has had a negative impact on the realization of the goals and strategic interests of the United States.

This paper is an attempt to review the ninth edition of the book entitled “International Organizations” written by Seyed Dawood Aqhaee, a valuable academic source on international organizations. Although the book is one of the first comprehensive sources dealing generally with both historical and structural perspectives, it failed to analyse the history of the League of Nations. To him, both the League of Nations and the United Nations have been puppets in the hands of great powers and thus insists to its readers on a pessimistic view for all international organizations. Information presented in the book, is not only up to dated but also with no clear reference to its origins. Almost on third of the book is on Iran and its role in the UNO while contradicts the title. This paper is to discover and reveal the shortcomings, strengths and weaknesses of the book in different textual and contextual fields of the book and to suggest some recommendations for the next edition of the book.

Among Islamists political scientists in Turkey، Fethullah Gülen is a well-known religious and political figure for Turkish and European experts. But، there is very little about him and his works in our literature and his opinions are to some extent unknown to the public. Gülen''s emphasis on the pattern of inter-religious co-existence، between the Ottoman era and the traditional one before، shows the important influence of conservatism and traditions on his political thought. The reconciliation between Islam and modernity، youth education، security، role of women in society and dialogue between religions are of the most important intellectual elements in Gülen''s thought. The paper attepmts to show how Gülen''s thought and activities affect on the social and political movement of Islamists and the AK Party that has the lead of the Turkish secular politics for more than 10 years.

One of the issues and problems in the Iran is the ethnicity and the challenges that posed threats on the national unity in the past and the present and caused the collapse of the political regimes. The article is to find the effective elements of the ethnic conflicts and crises in the Iran and in emphasizing on the ethnic study of its Ardebil province as a case study، is trying to present some proper techniques to managing the ethnic diversity in Iran with respect to the principles، norms and culture of the ethnic groups as well as enforcing integration and supporting the national unity. In this regard، the article seeks to study the crises after the victory of the Islamic revolution and the ethnic clashes in 2006 in particular and to find out the permanent causes as well as the changing ones. With this approach، the article uses the documentary and library works as well as field study including the questionnaire.

The United Nations is the largest and the most powerful international institution resulted from the rise and development of international relations in the mid of 20th century, continuously expanding not only its scope of the activities and responsibilities, but its power and authority as well. However, the study of the process of drafting the UN Charter and its activity and structure, shows that the organization needs critical content and structural reforms to achieve its objectives and goals enshrined in the Charter and even its founders, the same victorious powers in the Second World War, have indulged concessions that prevent Charter from its goals and ideals.This article tries to use a combining approach of legal and political, to explore not only the goals and ideals mentioned in the Charter, but also the motives behind the drafting of the UN Charter and the interests of the founding members of the UN, during its formation and reforms hereafter to achieve the goals of the participants hoping to analyze some critical reforms needed for achieving the goals of the organization.

The two principles of the right to self-determination and the right of national sovereignty are the most fundamental principles governing the United Nations that are emphasized through various ways including the UN Charter (Articles 1(2), 2(1, 4, 7), 55(3), 73-74 and 77), UN covenants on human rights of 1966 and the Security Council’s resolutions (such as resolutions 1514 and 1803). Nevertheless, the conflict between the two principles has been erupted over time in a variety of situations in international arena. In the case of Kosovo, as an example, the parliament of Kosovo issued a unilateral declaration of the regional independence in an apparent conflict with the national sovereignty of former Yugoslavia; and the UN Security Council who had always highlighted, in its resolutions of 1169, 1199, 1239, 1244 and other documents released to solve the crisis between Yugoslavia and Kosovo, the need to respect the two principles in the form of recognizing Yugoslav national sovereignty and the right of Kosovan people to self-determination, did not in practice either prevent NATO military intervention in Yugoslavia or even condemn it and thus the Yugoslav national sovereignty eventually altered. Advisory vote of International Court of Justice on 22 July 2010 and the follow-up resolutions of General Assembly on 13 October 2010 approving the unilateral declaration of independence by Kosovo Parliament were all in support of Kosovo right of self-determination against the national sovereignty of Yugoslavia. Referring documents released and action taken by the UN and its other principle organs as well as other international entities to resolve the Kosovo crisis, this paper seeks to study the conflict between the two principles and analyze the situation in which one is preferred over the other.

One of the most important factors for a state to acquire a satisfying level of development is the participation of its women in the social life of the country. Women not only play a significant role in social and political development of a country but also can increase the rate of economic development and social equity. Therefore, the participation of women in political and social organizations and playing roles equitable to those of men is a necessity in the current world and may facilitate social development. Studying the increase in the level of Iranian women's participation in different socio-political structures, this article seeks to first understand the main obstacles in this process and secondly shed light on the differences between men and women in acquiring governmental positions. To do this, we study the results of women job assessment in Imam Khomeini International University as an example of a governmental organization. This article also tends to find out why, in spite of the presence of highly educated women with adequate eligibilities according to the annual assessment of the performance of university directors, they still fail to occupy management positions and have an active participation in high levels of educational and executive decision making of the university.

This is a comparative study of the two victorious revolutions of the Constitutional Iran and the Independence of the USA that lead to the all compassing internal motives of the two oppressed nations to fight against the despotism and oppression and to collapse the ruling political, economic and social order. It is true that the symbols and causes for revolutions are plenty, but this would not prevent from giving a pattern, in which the study of this role in the revolutions would be simplified. As existing despotism and oppression, government's inability to severe and complete depression of revolutionaries, as well as expansion of ideas, such as liberty among them have a fundamental role in providing the necessary and enough objective and subjective grounds for the revolutions, the role played by the rival great powers who were determined to compensate their already losses are influential too. In both these cases, Britain helped the Iranian clergies, merchants and intellectuals to draw Iran peacefully out of its rival (Russian) sphere of influence and France helped the American patriots to change their demand of liberty to a more sustainable one of independence from Britain.