بهروز داوری

Head lice (Pediculus capitis) infestation is considered an important hygienic problem in developing countries. The aim of study was to compare 1% permethrin shampoo and 4% dimethicone lotion effects for treatment of infected head lice students in primary girl schools in Gotvand County, Khuzestan province.

The studied population was first- to sixth-grade students in elementary schools. Positive cases with head lice after identification (304 persons) were randomly divided into two treatment groups. Permethrin shampoo and dimethicone lotion were allocated for the first and the second groups, respectively. The drug therapeutic effects were studied after 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test using SPSS software.

Ethical Considerations: 

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.UMSHA.REC.1399.778).

In total, 304 students participated in the study. The age of students ranged between 7 and 12 years which 47.7% of them were between 7 and 8 years. Also 60.9 and 39.1% of them were in urban and rural schools, respectively. The drug effectiveness were 46.1, 69.5 and 100, and 77.6, 85.3 and 100% for permethrin and dimethicone in the first, second and third intervals after treatment, respectively. There was a significant difference between the effect of drugs in the first interval (P = 0.00) after treatment but there was not a significant difference between the second (P = 0.084) and the third (P = 0.43) intervals after treatment.

It is recommended the use of dimethicone lotion and permethrin shampoo as the first and second option, respectively in eliminating the head lice infestation in primary girl schools.

Today, scorpion stings are one of Iran's most significant health and medical problems. Regarding the favorable weather conditions, Shush created a suitable environment for scorpions. Given the importance of this question, a study was conducted on the species composition, temporal distribution, and degree of dependence of scorpion species on the environment regarding soil texture and moisture level in Shush in 2019.

In this fundamentally applied research, scorpion samples were collected in designated areas using an active search method during the day and night. The samples were identified under a stereomicroscope using valid keys.

The species Mesobuthus eupeus (61/6%), Androctonus crassicauda (5.3%), Hottentotta saulcyi (1.2%), Compsobuthus matthiesseni (11.1%), Razianus zarudny (0.62%), Hemiscorpius leptorus (18.3%), and Scorpio maurus (1.9%) belonging to the families Buthidae, Scorpionidae, and Hemiscorpiidae have been identified. Mesobuthus eupeus, Hemiscorpius leptorus, and Compsobuthus Matthiessen prefer loamy, silty, sandy loam soils. Androctonus crassicauda species prefer the silty loamy, loam, and sandy loam soils.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that due to the temporal distribution of scorpion abundance, which gradually peaks from April to September, actions to control the scorpions and prevent their stings should be carried out as a function of their mass over the months, along with the characteristics of their habitats.

Head lice is a worldwide parasitic disease that can be considered a threat to public health. The majority of its prevalence is among children aged from 6 to 11 years. Due to students’ low attention to personal hygiene tips, and presence in populated places such as schools, they are more prone to head lice infestation; thus, studying this disease among students is a hygienic priority. The current study was undertaken among primary girl students in Doroud County with the aim to determine the prevalence of head lice infestation and its relations with epidemiologic factors and to evaluate the treatment efficay of permethrin shampoo 1% and dimethicone.

The present study was performed in two phases: observational (cross-sectional) and interventional (clinical trial). Five schools were selected from five geographical areas for sampling. Other information was collected from student records or by direct inquiry. Eighty girls infested were randomly allocated in two groups and received either one of the mentioned treatments. The results of the interventions were evaluated on days 7 and 14.

The prevalence of head lice infestation was10.3%. The most involved group (40 %) were students of third grade. The father’s education and shower times per week showed significant effects among epidemiologic factors (p value = 0.05). The outcome of treatment in the first week did not show a significant difference between the groups. Treatment with dimethicone lotion in the second week (p value = 0.025) and in general during two weeks (p value = 0.006) was more effective in removing the head lice than permethrin shampoo.

Head pediculosis is more prevalent among girl students whose fathers are less educated and take less showers in a week. Thus it is crucial to deal with head lice by social health education among families. In addition, dimethicone lotion is more effective than permethrin shampoo in eradicating this external parasite.

Despite the progress of communities’ health, head lice (Pediculus capitis) infestation remains a major health problem. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of head lice infestation and its associated factors among female primary school students in Ghahavand County and compare with the previous studies.

The students were cross-sectionally examined and pediculosis infected students were identified. The student demographic information was collected and recorded. The results were analyzed by Chi-square test of SPSS software. Significance level was considered P<0.05.

Among 499 students participating in the study, 89 students (17.8%) had pediculosis. There was a significant difference between student pediculosis prevalence in terms of parents’ educational level, previous infestation history, parental assistance in health affairs, number of household members, and condition, type and length of students’ hair (P<0.05) But there was not a significant difference between student pediculosis prevalence in terms of student educational level, father’s employment, weekly bathing, and the use of personal brush (P>0.05). The results compared with the previous studies.

Head lice infestation is relatively high in students that depends on factors such as parent educational levels, previous infestation history, parental assistance in health care, number of household members, and the condition, type and length of the students’ hair. It is recommended to treat the pediculosis infected students along with attention to the instructions and training of parents and school health instructors.

The medical importance of the German cockroach in urban areas is increasing. Today, researchers are working to find environmentally friendly insecticides. In this study, laboratory toxicity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oils was evaluated against German cockroaches.

The plant essential oils were obtained through hydro-distillation using a clevenger type apparatus. Then, filter papers were dipped in prepared 1.8, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50, 62.5 and 75 µg/m2 concentrations of mentioned essential oils and placed in the environment of male cockroaches to determine and compare their toxicity.

The results of regression probit analysis on cockroach mortality data after 24 hours showed that in both lavender and rosemary essential oils, the mortality rates of cockroaches increased with increasing essential oil concentrations. The insecticidal effect of lavender essential oil (LD50: 32.54 µg/m2) higher than rosemary essential oil (LD50: 35.97 µg/m2) that lavender essential oil exerted its insecticidal effect in a lower dose than rosemary essential oil.

Considering that the LDs50 of lavender and rosemary essential oils are much lower than current doses of chemical insecticides and due to the fact that the emergence of the phenomenon of resistance, It seems that the essential oils of plants such as lavender and rosemary can be good alternatives to chemical insecticides in the pest control program in the future.

Human exposure to heavy metals causes health problems and use of cosmetic products; especially lipstick and hair dye contaminated by metals is considered a way of exposure to these agents. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of heavy metals in lipstick and hair dye cosmetics products in Sanandaj.
Material and This study was a cross - sectional study and performed from Jan to Feb, 2015. In this study we collected 50 samples from four brands of lipstick and hair dye in Sanandaj. After preparation of the samples by acid digestion, the concentrations of heavy metals were measured by using ICP-OES and the results were reported in microgram per gram.
The results showed that the mean concentrations of cadmium, iron and zinc in the hair dyes were higher than those in the lipsticks; while the mean concentrations of, copper, nickel and lead in the lipsticks were higher than those in the hair dyes. Moreover, among the metals iron had the highest and silver and cadmium had the lowest concentrations in both of the cosmetic products. HQ index in this study was less than 1.
The metal concentrations in the lipstick and hair dye cosmetics products in Sanandaj were generally lower than the maximum acceptable concentration in the US and Canada. Considering the potential effects of metals on health, it is essential to control import of these products into the country and establish national standards for cosmetics.

Background and Fish is consumed by humans for its nutritional properties, but accumulation of heavy metals in fish can pose serious health hazards. The aim of this research was to investigate the concentration of heavy metals in the muscle and liver of common carp in Zarivar wetland, Iran.
A cross-sectional study was conducted in which carps were caught from Zarivar Wetland in 2015. The levels of heavy metals in liver and muscle were measured using ICP.
The findings indicated that Fe and Pb in liver, and Zn and Cd in muscle had the highest and lowest concentrations, respectively. The levels of heavy metals in liver were higher than those in the muscles of carp. Moreover, the Target Hazard Quotients for an adult person with mean weight of 71.5 kg was lower than 1 for the levels of heavy metals studied (expect for Cr).
This research showed that the levels of heavy metals in edible muscle of carp was lower than international standards, but according to the bioaccumulation and toxicity of these metals in humans periodic monitoring is required.

Background and With increase in human population the demand for meat products has raised. One of such products is poultry meat which could be contaminated by heavy metals in production process. The purpose of this study was to estimate the concentration levels of cadmium, lead, and zinc in chicken tissues consumed in Sanandaj, Iran, 2016.
In this cross-sectional study, twenty samples of liver, thigh and pectoral muscle were collected from chickens. The samples were digested by acid method and concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
The liver and pectoral muscle of chickens had the highest and lowest concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn, respectively. Zn and Pb were found to have the most and least concentrations, respectively. Daily and weekly intake of heavy metals in edible tissues showed that the estimated amount of metals intake is lower than the maximum acceptable level permitted by the joint FAO/WHO expert committee.
The present study showed that chicken meat in Sanandaj is safe to consume and does not threaten the health of consumers.

Background and Simultaneous exposure of nanoparticles can cause serious damage to aquatic organisms including fish. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity effect of subchronic exposure of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on the histopathology of gill and kidney tissues of fish model in vivo exposure.
In this study, one non-lethal concentration of TiO2 NPs, two non-lethal concentrations of CuO NPs, two concentrations of TiO2 NPs and CuO NPs mixture, and a control group (no chemicals) were used. After 10 days of exposure to these materials, samples of gill and kidney tissues were collected. In order to study classical histology the samples were prepared by hematoxylin-eosin staining and the slides were photographed by optical microscopy.
The damages caused in gill were as following: secondary curved blades, increased mucus secretion, increase in the agglomeration of secondary lamellae, and aneurism and hyperplasia. Also, blood vessels dilation, vacuoles, necrosis, focal tubule degeneration, and increase in melano-macrophage were observed in kidney tissue of common carp.
The study suggested that toxic effects of CuO NPs on tissues of common carp in the joint presence of TiO2 NPs were synergistic.

Background and There is an increasing interest towards consumption of aquatic products, therefore, the health of aqua ecosystems is highly important. Heavy metal pollution in fish is a global concern due to its bioaccumulation potential, toxicity and persistence in food chain. This study investigated the concentration of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, chromium, copper, and zinc) in the gill, liver, and muscle tissue of Cyprinus carpio, Capoeta trutta, and Ctenopharyngodon idella in Gharasou River, Kermanshah province, Iran.
Sampling was done in Gharasou River and the gill, liver, and muscle tissues were prepared. The concentrations of heavy metals were measured using an ICP.
The average concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn in the muscle tissue of Cyprinus carpio and Capoeta trutta were 0.001 and 0.001, 0.016 and 0.008, 0.14 and 0.14, 0.53 and 0.33, and 0.51 and 0.51 µg/g wet weight, respectively. The metals with highest and lowest concentrations were zinc and cadmium that were found in different tissues of the fishes, respectively. The accumulation of metals in the tissues of liver and gills was found to be higher than that in the muscles. Moreover, the Hazard Quotients (HQ) index of all heavy metals was than 1.
The concentrations of heavy metals were lower than the levels permitted by World Health Organization, hence, the fish species studied are considered healthy to use.

Fish are considered as one of the main aquatic organisms in the food chain. They have the potential to accumulate large amounts of heavy metals in their tissues. The purpose of this study was to measure the levels of five heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, and Zn) in the gill, liver, and muscle tissues of common carp, Capoeta trutta, and Grass carp in the Gamasyab River in 2015 as well as bioaccumulation study and hazard quotient determination (HQ).
Material and This was a cross-sectional study in which three species of fish in the Gamasyab River were caught in autumn and winter. The tissue preparation method was chemical digestion. Concentrations of heavy metals were measured using an ICP apparatus. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.
Permissible limits of ingestion of heavy metals per day through consumption of the three aforementioned fish for an adult person with mean body weight of 70 kg were 0.021, 0.18, 3.5, 13.3, and 20.4 micrograms for cadmium, lead, chromium, copper and zinc, respectively, in this study. The Hazard Quotients (HQ) index was below 1 for all heavy metals.
The Hazard Quotients (HQ) index of fish consumption in this study was less than 1 and indicated that consumption of these fish was harmless. But since heavy metals have the property of bioaccumulation, seasonal monitoring of heavy metals in this region is essential.

Despite progress in health, human lice are still considered as a health problem. Lice could transmit different diseases to human such as epidemic relapsing fever, epidemic typhus and trench fever. The aim of this study was to determine the major factors on pediculosis capitis in students of Pakdasht county in autumn of 2013.
This was a cross-sectional descriptive and analytic study. Among all students, after investigating in terms of pediculosis, 678 infested individuals were selected. The extracted data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20 software and Chi-square test.
From total number of 53732 students in different school grades, 556 females (82%) and 122 males (18%) were found to be infested by head lice. A significant relationship was recognized between the rate of infestation and students’ gender (P The results illustrate that head lice infestation, as a major problem, is related to some factors including economic conditions and poor education. To find strategies for this issue, regarding its cultural, economical and social aspects, cooperation of different organs like ministries of education and health and also students and their parents is clearly required.

Introduction & Iran is among the countries with a variety of scorpion species، particu-larly dangerous ones. Death due to scorpion sting occurs in all parts of the country. Mortality from scorpion sting depends on various factors such as scorpion species، age of the stung per-son، stung body site and geographical area. Considering the fact that so far no research on the fauna and epidemiological aspect of scorpion stings has been done in Hamadan city، we con-ducted this research. This is a cross sectional- descriptive study. To determine the scorpion fauna of the region using a random cluster sampling in specified locations from May to Sep-tember in 2013 and was attempting we caught scorpions and put them in containers of alcohol (70%) and identified them based on Iran scorpions´ key. In order to investigate cases of scor-pion stings، we referred to the health center of Hamadan province and using questionnaires، we collected data related to the patients during 2010-2013. The data were analyzed by SPSS software. A total of 98 collected scorpion species named Mesobuthus eupeus، Androctonus crassicauda، Odontobuthus doriae and Razianus zarudnyi (Family: Buthidae)، were identified. Mesobuthus eupeus species with 89. 7% of the samples collected had the highest frequency. Totally، 797 cases of scorpion sting were documented in the Health Center of Hamadan Prov-ince، including 498 (62. 5%) male and 299 (37. 5%) females. The results of this study showed that most cases of scorpion stings in the age group of 25 to 34 years، in 2011 in July and in the rural areas were 29. 6%، 33. 1%، 28. 9%، 64. 4%، respectively. The most stung organs were hands، with 48. 2%. All patients (100%) during the study were treated. Due to the low-risk species of scorpions in the region and lack of mortality reports in the past few years، it is recommended to revise administering anti-scorpion serum in the health centers. Adequate training and awareness related to scorpions and prevention is the first step in reducing scorpion sting.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nickel (Ni) doped TiO2 NPs on gill histopathology of zebrafish (Danio rerio). In this study, a total number of 200 zebrafish (Danio rerio) with average weight of 3g and length body of 4cm were used. In this study, four non-lethal concentrations of Ni doped TiO2 NPs were used that included 1, 10, 30, 100 mg/L; also control group was considered. The results showed that the Ni doped TiO2 NPs on gill tissue cause some impacts such as secondary bending blades, blades secondary hypertrophy, increased mucus secretion, fusion in the secondary lamellae, hyperplasia and eventually necrosis increases. Although histological changes in gill tissue were observed in all groups, but the severity of these changes increased with increasing concentration of Ni doped TiO2 NPs. Moreover, changes were significant between exposure group and control group in parameters of diameter of gill filaments, diameter of secondary lamellae, and length of secondary lamellae (P

Due to importance of health pests and necessity of their control using of biological methods to protect the environment and ecology of beneficial insects, the purpose of this study was to present an overview of the natural enemies of pests and predators, as well as introduced three new predator's species in Iran.
This study reviewed (review) using the key words such as: Predator, Nautral enemies , Biological control , in Databases of Ovid, Pub Med, Web of Science, Systematic Review and SID in site and out of the country during the years 1361 to 1391 (1981 to2012), in English and Persian language. In this study out of about 170 articles, 54 papers were selected the qualified sources and investigated.
To reduce health problems from pests and how to control it in human populations, biological methods can be used to simplify and have a lasting effects and the selected property as a suitable alternative to chemical control program. In the meantime, three health pest predators species, including; Eublepharis macularius, Hemiechinus hypomelas and, Scarites sp can be introduced as the most effective biological control in Isfahan province.
Using of predators and recognition of new predator's species as biological methods instead of harmful chemical methods can have a healthy environment away from the dangers of application of chemical pesticides with the aim of providing a healthy society.

Ticks are one of the important external parasites in livestock that can transmit viral، ricketsia and bacterial agents. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of contamination of the livestock by ixodid ticks and harboring of enterobacteriaceae by the ticks in Amol City. In this descriptive study، we collected the livestock''s ticks (cattle، buffalo، sheep، and goats) and after fauna identification، they were sent for culture. In this study، 650 ticks were collected which belonged to 8 species. Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum was the most and Rhipicephalus bursa was the least prevalent species. Cattles and buffaloes had the highest tick infestation (38. 5%). The bacteriological results showed that the ticks were infected by 13 bacterial species such as Ecoli، Klebsiella، Salmonella، Proteus، Serratia، Shigella، Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis. The most and the least prevalent species were Ecoli and Serratia respectively. Considering the high prevalence of ixodid ticks in our study and presence of bacterial infection in hard ticks، appropriate training for stock breeders for improvement of their knowledge of the health problems، stock breeding and common methods of zoonotic disease prevention such as spraying and anti-tick bath، is recommended.

cholera is an intestinal acute infection caused by Vibriocholera O1 -and had different epidemics in Iran. Since Qom is a religious and touristiccity. and thousands of tourists and travelers visit this city from all around the worldand Iran. It is an endemic place for cholera، the investigation of knowledge level andpeoples› attitude type about this disease and knowing about ways of transferring thisdisease among people especially among the young can help prevent the spread of thisdisease. Therefore، this study tries to determine the degree of high school students›knowledge as one of the active social groups about cholera in Qom، 2010. in a cross sectional descriptive study، 388 student wererandomly selected among the student population of different high schools in Qomand they were asked to fill a questionnaire composed of 20 items. The rate (degree) of their knowledge was measured based on the number of the correct answers and itwas ranked using a scale having four ranks as follows: 0-6 inadequate information،6. 5- 12. 5 low knowledge، 13-19 average knowledge، >19 high knowledge. The datawere analyzed through SPSS software and chi square and ANOVA tests. 47% of the students were in the first، 31. 4% in second، and 21. 6% in the thirdgrade of high school، among these، 1. 3% had inadequate knowledge about cholera،27% low knowledge، 65. 5% average knowledge and 6. 2% had high knowledge aboutthe disease. There was significant relationship

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in severely immuno-compromised patients. Despite the advances made in diagnostic methods, accurate diagnosis of IA is not easy. At the present time, in Iran, the diagnosis is most often made based on a combination of clinical and abnormal radiologic findings, which are nonspecific, and the treatment is often given without establishing the diagnosis. Considering the invasive and progressive nature of the disease, if proper diagnostic methods are not used, control of the disease will be difficult. Therefore establishing the diagnosis of IA at an early stage by non-invasive and specific methods is necessary for early successful treatment. The detection of circulating galactomannan (GM) antigen in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid and tissue has become an important method for the early diagnosis of IA. Recent data have indicated that this test has a high specify and sensitivity and is more valuable than other methods such as culture and CT scan. In general this method is non-invasive, time-saving and specific which permits early treatment of the disease and helps physicians to select the proper treatment and other clinical measures. Certainly, well designed prospective studies with systematic sampling and use of accepted definitions are required to compare the efficiency of antigen detection in different samples and population.

Background and ObjectivesUncontrolled self renewal plays a direct function in different types of carcinoma progression. Here we examined the expression of self renewal regulatory factors such as Oct4، Nanog، Sox2، Nucleostemin، Zfx، Bmi-1 in colon، prostate، bladder and liver cancers in human samples and cancer cell lines. Materials and MethodsWe used RT-PCR to examine the expression of these genes in 10 tumors of bladder، 5 tumors of prostate، 5 tumors of colon، 5 normal tissues of colon، and cancer cell lines. The expression of Oct-4 and Nucleostemin at protein level was further determined by immunocytochemical (ICC) analysis in cancer cell lines. ResultsWe designed specific primers to amplify a segment of Oct4، Nanog، Sox2، Nucleostemin، Bmi and Zfx. As expected DNA fragment of these genes based on designated primer was amplified in the PCR reaction. We detected the expression of these genes in almost all of the examined tumor samples and cancer cell lines that we used. Oct4 and Nucleostemin proteins were expressed in both nuclear and cytoplasmic in cancer cell lines. No immunoreactivity was observed in negative controls، which were incubated in the absence of primary antibody. ConclusionsCollectively، our results indicated that in a tumor population a rare subpopulation of cells within the tumor cell mass has the potential of self renewal، and suggested that their expression can be used as potential tumor markers in diagnosis and/or prognosis of tumors. These results confirm the potential value of the cancer stem-cell theory in cancer therapy.

Introduction &

The aim of the study was to identify larval habitats and new species and determine the exact distribution of Culicidae in Hamadan Province.

This descriptive,cross -sectional study was conducted in six regions of Hamadan Province during 2010. Sampling method was carried out by standard Dipping method. Specimens were mounted by lactophenol solution and were sent to Medical Entomology Laboratory, Tehran University of Medical Sciences with related codes. The accurate diagnosis of Culex pipiens was made with male genitalia morphology. The data were analyzed using standard statistical software (SPSS version 11.5).

In total, 4751 larvae of the three genera including Anopheles, Culex, Culiseta, and nine species including An.superpictus, An.maculipennis sl and An.claviger, Cx.pipiens,Cx.theileri, Cx.hortensis and Cx.prexiguuus, Cu.longiareolata, and Cu.subochrea in 36 larval habitat sites in the province were collected and identified. Among Culicidae larvae collected, Culex. Pipiens and Culiseta.subochrea with 58%, and 0.4% of samples were the most and the least species collected.

Culex pipiens was reported as the dominant species. Based on morphology of male genitalia, only Culex pipiens was identified among the complex species. The species of Anopheles claviger and Culex prexiguus were found for the first time in this area. The molecular analysis and the egg ridge counts of anopheles maculipennis sl must be extensively studied in the future.

Gerbillid rodents (Rodentia: Muridae: Gerbillinae) are the most important reservoir hosts of Leishmania major which is the causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL). Different gerbil species are reservoirs of ZCL in different parts of Iran. Since Jask City is the most important endemic area in Hormozgan Province and eastern part of Iran, the present study was designed to identify the gerbil's fauna in this city and detect the reservoir hosts of ZCL in Jask City. This was a descriptive study and the rodents were caught in rectangular wire-mesh traps from different areas of the city. The trapped animals were euthanized under chloroform anesthesia. Duplicate impression smears were prepared from the external ears and their morph metric characteristics were measured and recorded. After dissection of the abdomen of the animals by a scalpel liver and spleen of each animal were removed and preserved in a tube containing 70% ethanol and the whole body was incubated in another tube containing 10% formalin and sent to zoology lab for taxidermy and identification of different species. Impression smears were examined for leishman body by means of a light microscope after Giemsa staining. Small parts of spleen and liver of the animals were homogenized and used for DNA extraction. Whole DNA extracted usnig Proteinase K and Phenol/Chloroform/Isoamyl alcohol methods. The variable segment of minicircles of kinetoplast DNA was proliferated by means of nested-PCR technique using species-specific primers (LIN R4-LIN 17 –Lin 19). All the 106 rodents in this study belonged to five species. Meriones persicus was the dominant species (27.35%). Microscopic examination detected the leptomonads in a female specimen of Tatera indica (3.7%), a female specimen of Meriones hurricane (3.85%) and a male specimen of Gerbillus nanus species (5.88%), while leishmania kinetoplast DNA was detected in one femalespecimen of T.indica, 2 female specimens (7/69%) of M.hurrianae, and one female and one male specimen (11/76%) of G.nanus species. The parasites were identified as L. major. Different species of gerbil rodents are active and abundant in the vicinity of human residential areas in Jask City. T. indica, M. hurricane and G. nanus species are reservoir hosts of ZCL in this endemic area. In this study we used molecular assay for detection of ZCL reservoir hosts for the first time in south east part of the country. Infection of G. nanus by L. major was detected for the first time in the world.

Dermatitis caused by paederous insect is considered a public health problem in many parts of the northern, and some of the southern areas of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical triamcinolone on the treatment of linear dermatitis in animal model.

20 male guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were divided into treatment and control groups (N=10). Animals had free access to food and water and were kept at 25ºC and 50% humidity. Paederus beetles caught from the city of Neka, transferred to the School of Public Health in Tehran. Guinea pigs developed linear dermatitis on contact with peaderus beetles. Triamcinolone ointment (0.1%) was applied on the skin of the pigs for 14 days after shaving their hair. The recovery rate was assessed on the first, third, fifth, seventh, ninth, eleventh and fourteenth days after drug administration in the treatment and control groups. The control group used placebo without alcohol base.

The mean weight of the guinea pigs was 700±10 gr. At the end of the ninth day all the guinea pigs in the treatment group improved while 10% of the guinea pigs in the control group showed improvement (P>0.05). There were no serious medical complications during and one month after the treatment course.

This study showed that triamcinolone had significant beneficial effects on the treatment of linear paederus dermatitis in animal models and it can be considered as an effective drug for the treatment of this dermatitis in human models in the future studies.

Culex pipiens is extremely active in blood feeding in the urban areas. The role of this species in causing annoyance to the people, in addition to transmission of fillers, and viruses has increased their importance. Building of towns without proper principles of health and improvement of sewage systems is considered as the essential factor for producing larval habitat. The present study was carried out for ecological identification of Culex pipiens as the most prevalent mosquito and planning control programs.

In this experimental study were selected two cities that had the highest problem of mosquitoes. Suitable shelters were selected for sampling after survey on resting sites and larval breeding places of mosquitoes. Sampling carried out eleven times from May to December in 2009. Different sampling methods carried out such as larval collection, pyrethrum space spray collection, hand collection, light trap, and collection of mosquitoes from pit shelters.

In this study, the samples were of three genera Anopheles, Culex and Culiseta and five species of mosquitoes. Totally, 19054 mosquito larvae were caught from different breeding places. Cx. pipiens was predominant and consisted of 82.2% of the larvae. From 523 adult mosquitoes, 118 were collected by pyrethrum space spray collection. Cx. Pipiens with a 90% frequency was the most abundant mosquito, and Cx. sinaiticus was reported for the first time from Yazd Province.

Culex pipiens was the predominant species and its seasonal peak activity was from late June to early July. Comparison of abdominal physiological states of the species caught by pyrethrum space spray collection with pit shelter collection showed the exophilic behavior of this species.

Paederus dermatitis is a blistering disorder of skin caused by a small insect called paederus transmitted by displaced beetles of order Coleoptera. There are limited studies on classical treatment of this disease. The aim of this study was to compare therapeutic effects of atorvastatin with placebo in the treatment of paederus dermatitis.

This was a randomized double-blind clinical trial and was carried out in the hospital and clinics of Sari and Neka cities for 6 months. Experimental group (15 patients) received atorvasatin and control group (15 patients) received placebo. All the patients were examined at the first, seventh and fourteenth days after treatment. Data were recorded in a questionnaire for every patient. Complete recovery and failure of treatment were compared in both groups. Data were introduced into SPSS software and analyzed by means of X2 test.

A total of 15 patients were treated, 10 patients from Sari and 5 from Neka cities. Most of the patients were between 26-45 years of age. Most of patients were married; all of them educated, and were civil servants or had private jobs. Full recovery rate of the patients was 93.33% in the second visit (seventh day). The rest of the patients recovered in the third visit (fourteenth day). 30.43 % of the patients had lesions on the neck, and size of the lesions was between 6-10 cm2 in 42.85% of cases. There was a significant difference in recovery rate between experimental and placebo groups (P<0.05).

In this study, all patients were recovered completely within 14 days, whereas only 13.3 percent were recovered in control group.

Strategies to manage resistance to insecticides have usually been designed when resistance has already been developed. However, if the likelihood of resistance development to novel insecticides can be predicted before their use, it should be possible to establish an effective resistance management program. The current study was designed to investigate the effect of fipronil against permethrin sensitive and permethrin resistant strains of Blattella germanica (L.) for effective control of this pest in Iran in the future. In order to conduct this study eleven feral German cockroach strains were collected from infested student dormitories of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Sanatee Sharif, Tarbiat Modares and Tehran Universities and also residential Saman Apartments, and two infested hospitals in Tehran. Their sensitivity to permethrin and fipronil were compared with that of a standard susceptible strain. Tests were conducted on newly emerged adult males (ultimately 21 years old) by topical application. LD50`s of permethrin and fipronil for the susceptible strain were 0.43µg and 0.96 ng respectively. The resistance of feral strains to permethrin was 8.6 to 17.7 times as much as that of the susceptible strain. According to this investigation all strains are resistant to permethrin, whereas resistance rates of the strains from Bustan-10, Zanjan Fatemiyeh dormitories and residential Saman Apartments were 2 to 2.6 times more than that of the susceptible strain. Other strains were completely susceptible to fipronil. According to the results of this study and considering ever-increasing infestation of human habitations by German cockroach and the resistance to insecticides; fipronil especially its toxic bait formulations can be regarded as the appropriate candidate to control this pest in Iran.