فهرست مطالب ثریا طاهری

The dominance of technology over human lifestyle affected the human health and quality of environment. Therefore, mental health problems, stress, and depression are currently considered as the leading causes of somatic disability and premature death.  An evolving body of scientific evidence demonstrates solid relations between housing and health. The public health community is developing, testing, and implementing effective interventions that yield health benefits through improved housing quality.  Due to the growth of social and environmental challenges, the stress-related diseases are increasing. Stressors that come from poor design of residential environments -crowding, noise, poor indoor air quality and light – can have a negative impact on human mental health. Evidence also increasingly suggests that people with access to quality green space are healthier. Being outside can promote mental well-being, relieve stress, overcome isolation, improve social cohesion and alleviate physical problems. So knowing how environment affects health can help mitigate the impacts of environmental stress and improve health. Since healthy environment is defined as one of the factors in human’s sustainable life and basic needs. Hence, in designing the housing environments, infrastructure planning has a significant role in recreating the environmental factors which have impacts on health. The aim of this study is to be prepared based on assessment of environmental factors effective on mental health and its results can be regarded as a solution for designing the healthy housing environments. GOLD BERG GHQ-12 questionnaire was used to assess mental health of the subjects in the residential complex. The instruments needed for investigation of the environment quality include three components: physical, social and natural environments. All the participants lived in two residential complexes which are called “600- unit” and “512- unit” in Mashhad. A 351-subject sample was surveyed. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data, and SPSS16 and LISREL software were used to carry out the calculations and process the information. Findings of this study show that there is a relationship between qualities of human’s living environment (including physical, social and aspects of the environment) and mental health. Therefore, the quality of each residential complex can be measured by the variables related to mental health of the residents. Results of the study shows that, among all factors affecting the mental health, the physical component of the environment has the most dissatisfaction and the most negative impact on the health of the residence; and after that, social and environmental factors have the most impact on each residents’ health, respectively, in both residential complexes. Therefore, by improving the physical condition of housing environment, it can be used to improve the health of people living in residential complexes. In this regard, most efforts should be in order to maximize the amount of light (to control the height of the buildings), increasing green space and the right to organize, assign spaces for walking and observing the hierarchy summarize from the public to private. We can expect in such an environment, social relationships, and improved the quality of their environment to enhance biological inhabitants.

 Zinc deficiency is aggravated mainly in arid and semi-arid regions, due to low organic matter and soil moisture as well as high levels of pH and salinity. Maize which serves as staple food is sensitive to Zn deficiency. One of the mechanisms by which plants can adapt to nutrient deficient soils has suggested producing and secreting organic substances, including aliphatic low molecular weight organic acids, into the rhizosphere for mobilization and uptake of nutrients. Under Zn deficiency, plants tend to modify rhizosphere in order to increase Zn phyto-availability. Zinc mobilization efficiency is dependent upon the amount and type of organic acids exuded by plant roots and physiochemical properties of soil. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to investigate the influence of Zn deficiency on the shoot and root dry matter yields and the release rate of organic acids (malic, citric and acetic acids) commonly identified in root exudations of maize under Zn deficiency conditions. Seeds of maize (SC703 and SC704) were surface sterilized and germinated in perlite moistened with distilled water. After seven days, the seedlings were transferred to 5-L containers with continuously aerated nutrient solution. Three Zn levels (0, 0.5, and 1 µM) were added to nutrient solutions. Ten weeks after maize emergence, intact plants were removed from nutrient solution and after two hours of the onset of the light period, roots samples were in opaque vessels containing fresh solution.  The volume of collected solution was sufficient to submerge the whole maize roots samples. After three hours, roots samples were removed from the vessel and solution containing roots exudates was filtered and frozen at −20 ◦C until analysis of organic acids was performed. Organic acids were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Organic acids in the samples were identified by comparison with the retention time and absorption spectra of pure standards including malic, citric and acetic acid. The 1-cm washed root segments were placed in a beaker containing 10 mL deionized water and then root samples were immersed at 30◦C for three h, and then conductivity of solution was measured. The samples were boiled for 2 min, cooled to room temperature (25◦C) and then EC samples were measured. The electrolyte leakage was calculated as follows:   Where C1 and C2 are electrical conductivities measured before and after boiling, respectively.  Roots and shoot samples were ignited at 580 ◦C in an oven for 5 h and Zn concentration measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). In both genotypes shoot dry matter yield (SDMY) was significantly improved with increasing Zn concentration in nutrient solution. The highest value of SDMY was 19.8 g and belonged to Zn-adequacy level (1 µM) in SC703 genotype which had no significant difference with SC704 under the same treatments. There was no significant difference between Zn-sufficient and Zn-deficiency (0.5 µM) in SDMY in genotype SC703 whereas, a significant difference was observed at the same treatments in genotype SC704. The lowest value of SDMY was 14.7 g and belonged to the Zn-free treatment for genotype SC704. Root dry matter yield (RDMY) significantly increased with increasing Zn concentration in nutrient solution in both genotypes. The highest value of RDMY was 9.6 g and belonged to the treatment of Zn-adequacy for SC703 genotype which had no significant difference with SC704 genotype under the same treatment. The lowest value of RDMY was 4.8 g which was observed in Zn-free treatment for SC704 genotype. Results showed that the rate of organic acid exudation in both Maize genotypes decreased with increasing Zn levels in nutrient solution. The highest rate of MA exudation (6.6 mg /g root dry weight) was observed in Zn-free (Zn0) treatment in SC703 genotype and the lowest rate (1.98 mg g RDW-1) was observed in 1µm Zn treatment in SC704 genotype. Similar to MA, the rate of citric acid (CA) exudation rate significantly decreased with increasing Zn levels in nutrient solution. The highest rate of CA exudation rate was 1.06 (mg gRDW-1) and observed in Zn-free (Zn0) SC703 genotype. The lowest rate of CA was observed in 1µm Zn treatment SC704 genotype 0.2 (mg gRDW-1). The concentration of acetic acid (AA) was below the detection limit of HPLC in Zn sufficient and Zn deficiency treatments. However, AA concentrations in Zn-free were 0.66 and 0.25 (mg gRDW-1), respectively in SC703 and SC704 genotypes.    The rate of MA was significantly higher than CA (4times) and AA (15 times higher). All organic acids exudation rate decreased with increasing Zn concentration in nutrient solution. There was a negative relationship between root and shoot Zn concentration with MA and CA exudation rate. MA, CA and AA exudation rate decreased as the concentration of Zn increased in root and shoot of maize. Roots membrane permeability decreased with increasing Zn concentration in nutrients solution which led to the reduction in root exudations. In both maize genotypes, the highest rate of root membrane permeability belonged to the Zn-free treatment (Zn0) which had the highest root exudation of organic acid and the lowest rate was observed in1µM Zn level  with the lowest rate of organic acid exudation. It seems that Zn concentration in maize shoot control the release of root exudation of organic acids. In general, based on the results it can be concluded that SC703 genotype was more tolerant to Zn-deficiency compared to SC704 genotype partly due to the higher release rate of root organic acids. Further investigation is required to fully understand the physiology of organic acids release under Zn deficiency conditions.

With respect to today's international standing of the religious city of Mashhad in the Islamic world, we need to highlight the shrine, according to surrounding context in order to manifest its organization. Lack of attention to the restoration and reorganization of the city texture may reduce tourism, population displacement, economic recession and, above all, the loss of cultural identity and its religious role. While increasing visual quality and sense of urban areas can be an important factor in attracting religious tourists and pilgrims from all over the world to the holy city of Mashhad, maintaining aspects of identity and memory of the local residents and visitors is of prime importance. It seems that change over time can lead to changes in the surrounding and conceptual and visual aspects of the landscape around the shrine of Imam Reza (AS). It seems that the main cause of changes in various aspects is an attempt to reduce the distance from the shrine and its spiritual atmosphere. In fact, we try to answer the questions about the dimensions of perception that have changed over time.This article focuses on the aspects of meaning in terms of texture perception about the shrine of Imam Reza (AS) in which, during the passage of time, the perception of meaning in parts of cognition, emotion, and interpretation and valuation assessment have been changed. To prove this hypothesis, this study examines the changes in the streets leading to the shrine. The study uses social documentary and survey research methods. 105 people are randomly selected and a questionnaire including open and closed questions have been distributed among them. SPSS and Excel Data analysis softwares are used to analyze the data. First, The Pearson correlation test showed a significant relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The correlation between the dependent variable to the independent variables with Sig. <0.05 is a meaningful relationship. The regression coefficient between independent and dependent variables were extracted and evaluated. The results show that texture around the holy shrine (The most prominent texture in Mashhad) has lost his physical capacity to perceive the meaning of place as a shrine. More than 80% of the respondents of this study believe that the texture around the shrine needs to be changed. The highest regression coefficient = -0.493 and -0.255 show that corresponds thinks that the visual axis of the shrine should be maintained at the present time. So it can be concluded that the mostly changed perception over time is in the cognitive dimension (index of temples in the surrounding texture). Due to the low capacity of the current context surrounding the shrine, cognitive, interpretation, emotion and value perceptions reflect a lack of attention to perceptual dimensions of meaning in architecture.