فهرست مطالب جاسم گلابی فر

Access to food is the concept of sustainable physical and economic access to resources to provide food items needed by society. Although in line with population growth the production of agricultural products has increased, the access of the people to the food has decreased and it has caused hidden hunger and food insecurity on a large scale. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 60% of child deaths in developing countries are the result of chronic hunger and malnutrition. In Iran, the level of food insecurity is reported about 23%, and the situation of access to food in both physical and economic dimensions is far worse in rural than urban areas. For example, the level of food insecurity in the rural areas of Qarasu in West Azerbaijan is reported 59.4%. Lack of access to sufficient food and the occurrence of food insecurity are affected by various factors, including economic, social, cultural, political and environmental. As a result, due to the importance of access to food, this study tried to investigate the factors affecting the access of rural households to food in Shavoor district.

Current research is a non-experimental survey research with a quantitative approach. The statistical population was all the rural households of Shavoor district (N= 2624), of which 300 households (n= 300) were selected as a sample using the stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The data used in this research was primary data that was collected by a questionnaire. The validity of the data collection tool was done based on the point of view of specialists, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine its reliability. The value of this coefficient for different parts of the questionnaire was between 0.765 and 0.873, which indicates the appropriate reliability of the research tool. This study used SPSS, Excel, and SmartPLS for data analysis. In order to inferentially analyze the data, confirmatory factor analysis based on partial least square (PLS) method was used.

The findings showed that the average age of the respondents was over 47 years old, 85.7% were married, 28.7% were also illiterate. The average number of people per household in this study was 5.86 people. The average number of active people among the studied households was about two. Most households (41.3%) had an income of less than two million tomans per month and 58.3% of the households could not save any money. Although the main occupation of most (31%) heads of the studied households was agriculture, most of the households did not possess agricultural land. Also, the average area of irrigated and orchard lands and the number of light and heavy livestock of each studied household were 2.70 hectares, 0.37 hectares, 2.80 heads and 1.80 heads, respectively. According to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) method, among the three main dimensions (physical, economic and continuity of access), the physical access to food is more unfavorable (0.458) than the economic access (0.900) and continuity of access (0.909). Based on the research findings, economic (0.528), social (0.362), and individual and family (0.340) factors are the most important factors affecting rural households' access to food respectively. Among the economic factors, the income variable has a greater impact on food access. Food consumption pattern and the education level of the head of the household, respectively among the social and the individual-family factors are very important and have a significant effect on improving the access of households to food. Various studies have emphasized the effect of the low level of education of heads of households in a society on poverty and food insecurity. Also, physical factors play a decisive role in households' access to food, and these factors indirectly affect the level of rural households' access to food.

In this research, an attempt was made to analyze the factors affecting the improvement of access to food for rural households in Shavor village located in Susa county. The findings of this research showed that despite the fact that the main source of income for most of the rural households in this village is from the agricultural sector, the situation of rural households' access to food is not favorable, especially in terms of physical access. And various factors, including economic, individual-family factors, social and physical, have directly and indirectly affected this access. In order to improve the access level of rural households to food, it is suggested to provide the necessary background and platform for diversifying rural jobs and improving their income sources. Creation and support of various organizations (such as consumer cooperatives) with the aim of providing facilities and supply of food items at a better price and with more variety to the villagers, targeting the granting of subsidies to agricultural inputs, adopting appropriate support policies for the price of agricultural products, strengthening the market and the transportation network for agricultural products are among the best solutions to improve the level of access of villagers to food.

Access to food is one of the most important components of food security, which plays an important role in food security. Access to food has three main components including physical, economics and stability. The present study investigated the access of rural households to food in Shavoor village. The statistical population of the study consisted of all rural households in this district (N = 2624). The sample size of 300 households was determined based on stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. To measure access to food, based on the UN MPI, a standard index was developed whose value was between zero and one. This method was a methodological innovation of the study. Findings showed that about 23% of rural households have a good access to food. Among three main components, economic ans stability access have had the more contribution in access to food index. Disability to food supply resources and centers, lack of self-production and severe fluctuations in food prices are the most important causes for reducing the rural households access to food. Accordingly, it was suggested that improvement of ICT infrastructures will provide better condition to access of rural community to food. Promoting a culture of self-production and saving is another suggestion to improve the resilience of rural households to food price fluctuations.

Food security is one of the important factors that provides personal, family and social health of society and it is a fundamental need for the development of human kind. Although rural areas are a main source of food production, but they still suffer from greater food insecurity than urban society. Many factors affect food security, individual and familial characteristics are one of the most essential factors. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of these factors on food security. The study area was Shavoor district. A total of 300 rural households were included in the study. The samples were chosen using a stratified random sampling procedure, and the data was analyzed using logistic regression. Only approximately 62 percent of households have adequate food security, according to the findings. The variables of the head of the household's level of education, age, having a male child, having an active person in the family, having a person working in the non-agricultural sector, and also having a person with underlying disease on household food security have a statistically significant effect among the individual and family characteristics studied. Given that this set of variables can improve for roughly 30% of the ability to predict the household food security, therefore, managing and improving the situation of rural household food security requires consideration of them along with other variables.

Climate change over the last century has led to significant changes in human life, challenging human livelihood by increasing production costs, risk and uncertainty. Among different communities, rural communities are highly sensitive to climate change due to their dependence on agriculture and consequently climate. This research is a survey research that was conducted to investigate the vulnerability of rural households to climate change. For this purpose, a sample of 212 households was selected from about 134,000 rural households in Kermanshah province. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. To determine the degree of vulnerability, the household livelihood vulnerability index to climate change (LVI) was used. The results show that in all counties, rural households’ livelihood is highly sensitive to climate change. The highest sensitivity to climate change was observed in Javanrood (0.448), and the lowest was observed in Kangavar (0.4). Among the main components of the LVI index, the Livelihood strategy with a value of 0.565 has the highest sensitivity to climate change, and social networks and socio-demographic index with a value of 0.557 and 0.465, respectively, are in the next ranks. According to the results, the best ways to reduce livelihood sensitivity are to diversify income sources and reduce household dependence on agriculture through the development of non-agricultural job opportunities, expand support services such as insurance by providing various incentives including tax exemptions to insurers and increase household capacity to meet their basic needs by promoting the savings culture and providing support packages to increase their resilience to climate changes.

The development of pressurized irrigation with the goal of boosting irrigation productivity and efficiency is one of the measures to improve water management in the context of climate change. These projects have problems with the implementation process, which can be identified and resolved to improve the project's performance. In this regard, the current research aimed to discover solutions for improving the implementation of pressured irrigation projects in the province of Qazvin. The study's statistical population included all farmers who installed a pressurized irrigation system in their farms between 2015 and the end of 2018 (N = 477). According to the Krejcie and Morgan sampling table, the sample size was determind to be equal to 214 farmers (n = 214). A stratified proportionate sampling method was used to choose the number of farmers in each category (county), and a simple random sample method was used to select the farmers who were interviewed. The reliability of the main scale of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α =0.74), and the content validity was established using expert judgment. In the primary analysis, the KMO statistic was 0.829, and the Bartlett test were significant at the 1% level, indicating that the data were appropriate for factor analysis. According to the findings, the economic-supportive solution explained the most (17.16 percent) of the overall variance. In addition, measures to reduce administrative complexity (11.43 percent), extension-education programs (10.94 percent), monitoring-institutional initiatives (10.84 percent), and infrastructure-executive measures (9.77 percent) all played a role in explaining the overall variance in farmers' perceptions of improving the implementation of pressurized irrigation schemes.