جعفر رهنما راد

River sediments are the major component of the aquatic ecosystems and play an important role in the nutrients cycle and contaminants transformation in river systems. Therefore, in this study, Analysis of Histological features of Sarbaz River sediments and Estimation of river sediment load in Pishin dam Drainage basin, east of Sistan and Baluchestan province, has been studied. For sedimentation, in this study, extrapolation method or sediment measurement curve has been used. According to the relevant data to stream discharge and sediment discharge, their relationship is evaluated as (Qs=22/89 * QW 1/939). Annual average of sediment load in the river is obtained as 425021 ton of suspended load and 42500 to 85000 ton of bed load. Other results also showed that the change in mean particle size and sediment sorting in the form of a discontinuous exponential increase from the point of entry of tributaries to the estuary of the river, well shows the role of feeding tributaries in the sediment logical status of the main tributary.

The purpose of this study is to investigating the effect of reed fibers on concrete engineering characteristics made of sediments of Hormak River(North of Zahedan)and its use in Reinforcement of structures against earthquakes.In this study, in order to investigate the effect of reed fibers on the engineering properties of concrete, the ratio of water to cement in all designs is constant and equal to 195 to 410 and experiments have been performed on 5 samples containing fibers and without fibers, before determining the optimal amount of each From the mentioned fibers to strengthen the concrete, the results of the necessary tests on fresh and hardened concrete were examined. In this study, in addition to mixing straw fibers with concrete,laboratory methods such as Compressive and tensile strength were used to confirm the accuracy of the results and the importance of selecting suitable materials at low cost in a short time before the concrete mixing project. The results show that the addition of straw fibers to concrete has increased the compressive strength in concrete samplesComparing the results of this test in ordinary concrete and fiber reinforced concrete, showed that this increase in strength at the ages of 7 to 28 days has increased only in samples S2 and S3 and is Similar to the typical concrete example isS1, While in S4 and S5 samples, which were samples of three-row fibers,there is a large decrease in compressive strength.Adding straw fibers initially increases the compressive and tensile strengths, but over time reduces these resistances.

Earthquake is one of the most important natural disasters that to date it is not possible to accurately predict the time and place, for this reason, the best way to deal with this accident is to Reinforcement of structures using new methods, especially in the field of concrete against earthquakes. In case of its occurrence, the loss of life and property will be minimized. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to Investigation of the effect of Daz shrub (Nannorrhops ritchiana) o on concrete engineering characteristics made of Iranshahr Daman river sediments and its use in Reinforcement of structures against earthquakes. In this study, 15 sediment samples were collected from Daman river sediments to prepare concrete. There are shrubs called Daz along the river, and the leaves of this Daz shrub were used to improve the strength of concrete. For this purpose, a comparison between single-stranded, double-stranded and three-stranded leaves in concrete was used. The results showed that the effect of concrete strength varied by changing the number of sheets from one string to three strings. Also, an increase in concrete strength was observed by the Brazilian test. The Daz shrub double-stranded of leaf of 10.1 MPa, the single-stranded 9.5 MPa, and a sample of cylindrical concrete consisting of Daz shrub three-stranded the lowest strength of 5.1 MPa. The results showed that the highest strength is related to concrete made of double-stranded leaves.

The city of Khorramabad in Lorestan province is considered as one of the seismic cities of Iran due to its location on the Zagros earthquake zone. In this research, for more safety in residential areas and construction projects, seismic hazard zonation in Khorramabad city was studied using six environmental parameters including focal length of earthquakes, distance from major faults, and focal depth of earthquake events, earthquake acceleration, lithology, and slope. To this end, by using a seismic data catalog for the period from 1900 to 2018, maps of the focal lengths and the focal depths of earthquake events were prepared. Using the geologic and digital elevation maps, maps of distance from the fault, the lithology and the slope, and using a Deterministic Seismic Hazard Assessment (DSHA) and using the existing empirical relationships between the characteristics of the earthquake, the peak ground acceleration map (PGA) of the region was prepared. After providing the data layers, the map of each factor is standardized and weighed using fuzzy logic and hierarchical analysis process, respectively. By integrating all standardized layers in their weights, the final map of earthquake hazard zonation of the city was prepared using a hybrid hierarchical-fuzzy method. Based on the results of the above-mentioned method, 6.43%, 12.74%, 24.57%, 35.13% and 21.12%  of the city's area are located in very low, low, moderate, high and very high risk classes, respectively.

Earth is a dynamic system. Change is one of its features. At its surface, there is almost no region that over the past few thousand years has not affected its neotectonic activities. In fact, it can be said that active neotectonic is changing the surface of the earth. Among geological methods for analyzing active tectonic movements, deciphering the geomorphology and morphotectonic nature play a very important role, because many geomorphic complications are sensitive to active tectonic movements and the geometric analysis of these complications provides evidence of the type, rate, and configuration of active tectonic deformations. Moreover, these geomorphic indices at a regional scale provide basic reconnaissance tool to identify tectonically active regions, their susceptibility to tectonic deformation, and level of tectonic activity.
In the presented study, tectonic activities and geological structural features of the Vark basin in Lorestan province, such as the discontinuities that may be detected on satellite imagery as lineaments, and in many cases control landslide occurrences, have been analyzed using the GIS and remote sensing.
Material and Neotectonic investigation in the area: in order to analyze and to evaluate the tectonic movements in the Vark basin, considering the validity of geomorphic indices, longitudinal gradient (SL), river meanders (S), basin hypsometric curves (HC) and asymmetry factor (AF) have been used. After calculating the desired indices, the tectonic activity of the area has been evaluated using the index of active tectonic (IAT).
Vark basin lineaments map derived from satellite images with proper resolution: using remote sensing techniques and visual interpretation of the OLI Landsat 8 satellite imagery, all fractures and lineaments of the region were identified and then by preparing the rose diagram, the trend of the lineaments of the area analyzed.
Landslide hazard zonation in the Vark basin: In this study, in addition to plotting landslide occurrence Points, eight other factors were also investigated. In order to provide a map of the factors affecting slip, the digital elevation model (DEM) in ENVI 4.8 and ArcGIS soft wares were used and the maps of slope, slope aspects, altitude classes, area geology, land use, topography and precipitation were prepared. Then, in order to zoning the landslide hazard, fuzzy logic method has been used. Fuzzy logic is based on the fuzzy layers and the fuzzy inference process.
Analyzing the Neotectonic of the Area: as stated above, the relative active-Neotectonic (IRAT) index is derived from the interpolation of the morphotectonic indexes. In this case, after reviewing the morphotectonic indices of the study area and determining the activity rate of each indicator, the classification or prioritization of these activities were done. The results obtained from calculating the active tectonic index indicate that the study area with IAT is equal to one, has an active neotectonic.
Preparing the Lineation Maps of the Area: in this research, the aim of the data processing including satellite imagery and digital elevation model is identification and extraction of fractures and faults in the Vark basin. To this end, we can use the integration of the information layers derived from the above processes. In this step, all layers of information are logged into the ArcGIS software so that their overlap can provide a map of fractures and faults. On each information layer processed there is a series of lineaments recognizable that can be visually distinguished. After extraction of lineaments by comparing them with bundle compounds and maps derived from digital elevation model and geological map of the region, the lineaments of fractures and faults were separated from other lineaments and their shape file map has been prepared. In order to plot the rose diagram of fractures and faults, the Polar Plots ArcGIS Extension was used. The results obtained from this rose diagram showed that the dominant trend is the northwest southeast followed the trend in the region.
Preparing a map of landslide hazards zoning in the region and investigating its relationship with the lineaments: In order to overlap layers affecting the area's landslide hazard, Gamma fuzzy operator (λ= 0.9) has been used and landslides hazard mapping prepared. Based on the results, 12.40, 8.25, 37, 32.61 and 9.73 percent of the area are located in the very low, moderate, high and very high-risk classes, respectively.
In order to investigate the relationship between the lineaments and the landslide hazard maps as parameters that are affected by the tectonic activities of the area, the lineaments map was integrated with the map of landslide hazard. The results show that the most of lineaments identified in the study area have a northwest-southeast trend that are similar to the main faults of the region and Zagros. It can therefore be said that the lineaments are influenced by the faults and folds mechanism of the region. According to the lineament density in areas in places that are exposed to landslides, one can understand the close relationship between the lineaments and the landslide.
Based on the results obtained from relative active tectonics index, the Vark basin has an active neotectonic, which leads to an uplift in parts of the basin, as well as tilting in the southern part of the area.
In this research, the tectonic of the area, and then the relationship between the lineaments and the map of the landslide risk, as two phenomena affected by active neotectonic were reviewed. Investigating the lineaments of the region shows that the dominant trend is fractures north-west-south-east and following the trend in the region. In addition, analyzing the relationship between the lineaments with the map of the landslide hazard of the area shows that there is a close relationship between the lineaments and the zones with high risk of slipping.

Landslide is a kind of natural disasters causing enormous human and financial losses every year in different countries. Identification and classification of landslide prone areas and their hazard zonation are of the most important steps in the assessment of environmental risks and play an indispensable role in watershed basins management. This study attempts to determine the relative risk of slope instability and landslide occurrence in the Vark area using Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method. As the first step, In order to assess the stability of slopes, the occurred landslides in this area was recorded using the satellite images, Google Earth software and field observations. The impact of each factor on landslides such as slope, aspect, land use, elevation, lithology, earthquake intensity and distance from fault, road, spring, and drainage were defined in the Arc GIS software. The map of each factor was standardized and weighted using Fuzzy Logic and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), respectively. Investigation of the factors affecting the risk of landslides in the basin of vark indicates tow factors including the slope and the lithology have the most important role in the occurrence of landslides in the area. According to the results of using the WLC in landslide risk zonation, 13.85, 26.90, 27.81, 21.90 and 9.52 percent of the area are located in very low, low, medium, high and very high-risk classes respectively. The investigation of the risk sensitive to the risk of landslides is located in parts of the north, north west and south west areas.

Natural hazards cause every year around the world, including Iran harmful damages. A Vark basin in the Lorestan province due to a variety of geological properties such as lithology, tectonic and climatic conditions, is taken as areas with potential environmental risks into account. To reduce the damage caused by these risks, earliest and foremost task is to determine areas with high potential risk. In order to evaluate environmental hazards in this basin, each informational layer has been identified and registered using the satellite images ETM (2016 year), geological maps, topographic maps and field visits (2017 year). Then, using the informational layers of the slope, aspect, elevation, land use, geology, the epicenter of the earthquake, fault, drainage and rainfall in ArcMap software and based on an AHP-Fuzzy method of the map, the risk of landslide, floods, erosion and earthquake have been prepared. In this study, in order to map the environmental risks using expert judgment, the Quartet Hazards of the region were weighted and then overlapped. Based on the results achieved, 9.03, 20.84, 27.68, 27.41 and 15.03 percent of the area ranked at-risk classes very low, low, medium, high and very high respectively. The results of the environmental risk map of the region show that landslides and flooding are a larger role in the creation of high-risk zones.

Zakhak city with a total area of 945 square kilometers is located north of Sistan and Balouchestan province and is located in the geographical position 8944. 30 degrees north and 7067. 61 degrees east. The city's population, according to the 2006 census, is 71,462, it generates 25 tons of waste per day. These wastes accumulate behind the hospital in Zahak, where environmental pollution for residents of nearby villages is one of the most important problems due to the misplaced location of the site. The study area is located in the Sistan block in terms of Structural-sedimentary divisions in Iran. NQ stratigraphic unit is the largest stratigraphic zone in Sistan Plain, consisting of alluvial fine-grained sediments in a river whose sedimentation time from the end of the Miocene to the early days of the Holocene continued. These sediments are often the result of erosion lake plain and drainage, shapes today to have gained in the context of all the villages, settlements and activity centers formed and large parts of the East area The study encompasses the study. In this research, it has been attempted to investigate the geomorphology of the area with the overlap of gradient layers, elevation digital, geology, roads, distance from the city, distance from the well, distance from the river and priority drainage system with the help of GIS. Then the banned areas were identified, so that the eastern parts of the city of Zahak are more preferable.

The determination ofmunicipal waste landfillis a major issue in the process of urban planning due tothehuge impact it has on the economy, ecology and environment of any region.In the process of determining municipal waste landfill, attempt is madeto consider sites with minimum risks for the environment and human health as well.This study aimedto have an environmentalevaluation and determination of municipal waste landfillin KhorramabadusingGeographic Information System (GIS) andWeighted Linear Combination (WLC). For this purpose,the current landfill was first assessed in terms of the environment.The results of the evaluation show that the biochemical and chemical activitiesare very high in the desired site. Therefore, paying special attention to the environmental impacts ofthe current landfill is of greatsignificance.Then, themap for the site selectionof Khorramabad's landfill was prepared based on investigating and assessing 13 parameters including the distance from city, village, river, groundwater, fault, major and minor roads, airport, historical places, lithology, land use, slope and elevation,.According to the results obtained from themap for the site selectionof landfill, 10.03%, 21.85%, 28.38%, 25.30% and 14.42% of the site area are located in the very unsuitable, unsuitable, moderate, suitable and the bestsuitable area, respectively.

Extracting groundwater resources in Kuhdasht plain in west of Lorestan province as a suitable and available resources of water for agricultural usage, has been led to decline in groundwater level and reservoir storage, changes in water quality, land subsidence and etc. Artificial recharge plans are one of the alternatives to deal with aforementioned challenges. Present study has been reached with the aim of locating prone areas for artificial recharge plans in Kuhdasht plain. Accordingly, seven layers including lithology, slope, elevation, fault density, stream density, land use, and alluvial thickness were weighted using a weighted linear combination (WLC) method. Finally, extracted map of overlapping these layers using WLC method was classified to five potential classes including 'very high' (31.45% of the area), 'high' (38.94%), 'moderate' (18.43%), 'low' (6.08%) and 'very low' (5.1%).

Embankment dam of Zarani in the Hormozgan province is located 35 km southeast of Minab. Studied area is located in the western end of the Makran subduction zone. The main regional faulting systems near the site, is Minab- ZandanPalami right- handed thrust system. The purpose of this study was to identify the geology, engineering geology of reservoir area, and foundation and fulcrum of dam, scrutiny and analysis discontinuities of rock mass, to determine joints and fractures, determine the permeability of dam structure (foundation and fulcrum) based on the results lugeon test and finally, offer suggestions for cut off dam. The research method includes first gather basic information and general research, and then field investigations were done and finally were analyzed data by the Stereonet, Stereograph and Dips software. The result of lugeon test showed penetration depth in the right, middle and left side are 45, 45 and 50 respectively, the slope of shale - sandstone layers of site is near vertical and the dip direction is the east to northeast. This condition of site formation has cut off rule, but it cause to seepage on the right shore of reservoir. In the right shore of the reservoir, shale layers were dominant and have folded out by the Zendan faults and has changed trend of the layers, which caused cut off in this area. The left and right abutment of structure, three sets of discontinuities crosscut the rock mass, according to the layering in these categories are with discontinuities, make most of potentially space to escape water, but because of vertical layers, this space has not noticeable effect on seepage.

Morphotectonic indices are useful tools for the evaluation of neotectonics of areas. The advantage of these indices is their quickness in analysis and their capability in determining neotectonic activities. In order to analyze the neotectonic activities of Kohesefid area in western Iran, some morphotectonic indices including sinuosity of the mountain front (Smf), valley floor width to valley height ratio (Vf), sinuosity of river's channel (S), Asymmetry factor (Af), Steram length - gradient index (SL) and condition of alluvial fans were measured and investigated using Digital elevation model (DEM) and some remote sensing techniques in GIS environment. The measured Results showed that the studied area in terms of morphotectonic has high activity to moderate Democrats.

The Pirtaqi dam will be constructed in 50 km eastern of Miyaneh and 45 km south-western of Khalkhal, on Qezel-Oezan River in Ardebil province. For the Pirtaqi site were purposed two dam site, named 15 and 15A. In this paper by using multi-criteria evaluation of AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), the preferred dam site for dam construction had presented. For selection of best dam site have been descript 8 criteria and 26 sub criteria,then had evaluated by using Super Decision software. On the base of preferred evaluations for sub criteria that had depended to Q, RMR, and DMR classifications, quantitative values of RQD, SPI and GSI, permeability of banks and bed rock, uniaxial compressive strength, deformation moduluss, stability and conditions of power plant tunnel, major joints and faults in dam axis, excavation volume, depth of weak pyroclastic rocks and alluvium texture, the 15A dam site has higher scores of pair wise comparison matrix and has been presented for preferred dam site.

The Sistan River, located in southeast of the Sistan Plain in Iran and Afghanistan border, is a branch of the Helmand River and after passing a distance of around 72 km, reaches lake Hamoon in the Helmand. On this meandering river, numerous hydraulic structures have been made which whose major usage is in agriculture. Due to its gentle slope, construction of longitudinal and latitudinal structures, human interventions, and natural harsh, the morphology of the Sistan River has undergone many changes during the recent 50 years. The meanders of the river have longitudinal and latitudinal movements and these movements have made changes in the river path, bank erosion, land degradation, etc. In this research, the role of influencing factors in morphological changes of the Sistan River has been studied in a geomorphologic engineering scheme. In these evaluations, different intervals of the river have been checked based on geometrical parameters and it showed that the Sistan River has a stable status in all of the studied intervals. Then, sampling was done on river edge, over and under hydraulic structure sediments and the status of the erodibility of the edges and its reason have been investigated using sedimentology and geotechnical tests. In addition to the effects of the structures, human interventions and natural harsh, our investigations show that sediments of the edges of the Sistan River do not have enough elasticity and flow ability. Instead, they show non-plastic, low adhesion and shear strength behavior and appearance of tensile fractures against the flow, land damage, and threatening of surrounding villages by the flow of the water. Due to the importance of the Sistan River as the main source of drinkable and agricultural water in the Sistan region, based on the results of the geomorphologic engineering, major strategies in conducting engineering projects and organizing the river are necessary to be considered. Incorporation of geomorphologic engineering and river engineering studies will lead to protection of the river edges stability and lands around the river. In addition, it could be possible to utilize these lands efficiently with the minimum social stress and problems.