جعفر عباسی

Abstract
A symbol is one of the meaning-giving elements of language that shows the special capacity of words in depicting multiple and diverse concepts. By reflecting on the poems of the last three decades, we can see that in ritual poetry, symbols are repeated in a chain and lead the audience’s mind to different meanings. In this way, a network of meanings is formed in the audience’s mind. This is where understanding and receiving the symbol is important. This article examines and analyzes the ritual poems of the last decade in terms symbolic network. The research is a descriptive-analytical one based on library sources. How diverse is the symbolic network in ritual poetry? And what is the contribution of these symbols to the semantic network of the poem? The variety of symbols in contemporary ritual poetry can be classified into several clusters named color symbolic cluster, city symbolic cluster, calendar symbolic cluster, and character symbolic cluster. The symbolic context of these poems undoubtedly introduces sublime concepts such as social justice, hope, objection to injustice, and presentation of accurate images of social life.

Financial literacy is an essential competence in societies depending on individual responsibility and self-sufficiency. The aim of this study was to extract the characteristics of economic training program for high school students.

This research is a kind of developmental and applied studies in terms of purpose. This research is methodically among the qualitative-documentary researches following the systematic review of Cochran. In this study, from the total number of searched articles according to the desired criteria, 1121 articles have been extracted in the first step and in the final step, 37 documents entered the systematic analysis process. Thematic analysis method has been used to analyze the information in this research. In this research, the reliability and verifiability of data has been confirmed and qualitative analysis has been performed by two coders; the rate of agreement of the evaluators for the performed analyzes was 79.6%.

The results of thematic analysis after classifying the initial codes identified 55 basic themes in 4 organizing themes (purpose, content, learning and teaching strategies and evaluation that have formed the comprehensive theme of economic education program for high school students. The research findings have identified the components of the economic education program in the form of objective elements (cognitive, emotional and skill), content, teaching and learning strategies and evaluation.

Upstream documents of the education system, such as the National Curriculum document, emphasize the acquisition of economic skills. Also, in the document of education fundamental transformation, economic education is mentioned as one of the main branches of training. To achieve the goals of economic education among high school students, we need to design and produce rich content tailored to the needs of students. In this study, the results of systematic review data analysis showed that content related to students' lives (general) and this content can be prepared in various formats, including printed and non-printed sources. Appropriate learning strategies in the economic education program can present the generated content to students in creative ways and develop students' economic knowledge and skills. Finally, the evaluation of the economic education program can identify the gaps in this program and evaluate the rate of student’s success in achieving goals.

Ritual poetry has experienced new semantic, visual, and structural domains in recent decades. This type of poetry is researchable as an ideological text. The meaningful connection of poetic elements with each other can be found by analyzing the linguistic and rhetorical components of poetry. Some texts have an ideological context and have the social, religious, or cultural ideals of a particular group. One way to understand these collective beliefs and ideals is to analyze the linguistic and rhetorical elements of poetry based on the beliefs and attitudes of writers and poets. Although ritual poetry has been presented in Persian poetry from the very beginning, for about ten centuries or more, it has not had the courage to change and evolve. After the Islamic Revolution, under the influence of Shiite discourse, it gradually became a dominant ideology in contemporary poetry, especially in the last two or three decades due to the provision of political and social contexts on the one hand, and the continuous activities of poetry associations on the otherhand. Ritual poetry has been polished over the centuries through ups and downs and has reached perfection in the field of contemporary literature by creating new horizons. Both in terms of form and content, it has become a place for beautiful and meaningful poems. As we read in the book Rasade Sobh (Kazami, 2009) “the tendency of young Iranian poets to ritual poetry is a good and blessed tendency and even unpredictable extent” (p. 54).

This study aimed at introducing modern examples of religious and ritual poetry to explain the relationship between the form and content of poetry through the study of rhetorical and linguistic elements. Therefore, two questions have been posed: 1) Is there a significant relationship between the form and content in the ritual poetry of the last three decades?; 2) Through which linguistic and grammatical features and rhetorical elements have the poets expressed their desired ideology? We tried to divide the dominant ideology of the text of the poem into two categories of language and rhetoric and to analyze the sub-branches of each by mentioning some examples.

The results of the present study showed that the linguistic and rhetorical elements in today’s ritual poetry are strongly tied to the ideas of poets. Poets have hidden their religious and scholastic ideology in linguistic layers and syntactic techniques such as marked words, specific linguistic combinations and constructions, type of verbs, omissions, and prepositions. Also, their intellectual worldview has been expressed in rhetorical techniques such as metaphor, illusion, symbol, and exaggeration. Such kinds of technical techniques are tools to convey the ideology of poets.

The study showed that ritual poetry is one of the texts in which linguistic and rhetorical elements are tied to thought. The language and rhetoric in various forms have  crystallized the ideologies desired by poets. The most manifestation of ideology in the linguistic layer is manifested in signified (marked) words. The high frequency of symbolic and ideological words explicitly indicates the poetic dependence of poets on certain religious beliefs. Linguistic compositions also reveal a certain intellectual world. The type of repetitions and emphasis  in ritual poetry is a diagram of mental commitment to the Shiite belief system. The aspects of grammatical verbs and omissions in most cases adhere to the ideology of the poets. In evaluating the rhetorical level, it was found that metaphors, allusions, and symbols were the most important means of conveying ideology. Metaphors such as the sun, the lamp, and the star all arose from a doctrinal belief and represented the dimension of guidance and enlightenment of the existence of the Infallible Imams (AS). The Qur'an and the Kaaba also introduced the level of knowledge of the Imams (AS) and their metaphorical position showed that they are specific to ritual poetry and such a metaphor cannot be formed in another ideology. Implicit references have also shown the concepts and intellectual foundations of poets by invoking historical propositions from hypertext to text.

Variation and plurality of voice and thought in the conceptual network of the Shi’a poetry in the last three decades is a point that is worth being scrutinized. This type of poetry has breathed in a different atmosphere by experiencing an altered climate, taking on a more modern identity. In the present study, for the first time, the manifestations of evolution and distinction of ritual poetry in the last three decades have been investigated and analyzed. The research question is as follows: “What conceptual indices and manifestations have led to formation of the identity of today’s Shi’a poetry, and how does this evolution show itself?” The research method was of descriptive-analytical type using library sources. Here, we attempted to explore today’s Shi’a poems to extract the manifestations of modernization of this type of poetry in the sphere of conception from the related texts and explain them using examples. The study aims at introducing and explaining the modern identity of today’s Shi’a poetry and its artistic aspects, which are unknown for the scientific and academic community. The findings of the study show that today’s Shi’a poetry has become more thematic, more objective, and more promising. It has become closer to the social life and far from the stereotypic expression of the past; and the discourse of Waiting has become stronger in it.

Melatonin has different physiological functions in plants, such as active growth regulator signal. A factorial experiment, based on randomized complete blocks design, was carried out in order to evaluate of the effect of melatonin and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on morpho-physiological traits of cut flower Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii cv. Malibu) under salinity stress. The first factor in this experiment was melatonin and SNP at 5 levels (control (without melatonin and SNP), 0.1 mM melatonin + 0 SNP, 0.1 mM melatonin + 10 µM SNP, 0.2 mM melatonin + 0 SNP, 0.2 mM melatonin + 10 µM SNP) and the second factor consisted of irrigation water with two levels of electrical conductivity (i.e., 2 and 4 dS/m). The studied traits consisted of soluble solids, cell membrane stability, leaf, shoot and root water potential, water use efficiency, reduced glucose, different kinds of chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and total protein content. Based on the means’ comparisons, 0.1 mM melatonin + 10 μM SNP, 0.2 mM melatonin + 0 SNP and 0.2 mM melatonin + 10 μM SNP treatments had the highest membrane stability at 2 dS/m salinity level, and with increasing the salinity level to 4 dS/m, the membrane stability decreased. The amounts of chlorophylls a, b and total in the 0.1 mM melatonin + 10 μM SNP, 0.2 mM melatonin + 0 SNP and 0.2 mM melatonin + 10 μm SNP were significantly higher than control and 0.1 mM melatonin treatments. The amounts of SOD, CAT, and APX enzymes increased when combined with melatonin and SNP in comparison to the control. Therefore, melatonin and SNP can be recommended as an effective and very useful combination in the resistance of gerbera cut flower to salt stress conditions.

The research was carried out to reduce the effect of salinity on morphophysiologic traits of gerbera flowers using chemical nutrition in 2017. The experiment was a factorial based on a RCBD with three factors consisted of nutrition of mineral elements, fertilization time and saline water. The results showed that, with increasing salinity, a significant decrease was observed in growth characteristics, especially plant height, flower and peduncle diameter, leaf number and leaf area, root length, fresh and dry weight of the aforementioned organs, and concentration of nitrogen and calcium elements. With increasing salinity levels from 2 to 3 ds/m, the amount of silicon element increased from 0.93 to 0.98 mg/kg dry weight. The amount of silicon in fertilizer treatments 1 g NPK in pot + spray 1 g in 100 ml calcium silicate, 2 g NPK in pot + spray 0.5 g in 100 ml calcium silicate and 2 g NPK in pot + spray 1 g in 100 ml calcium silicate was highest at 30 and 45 days after planting, and showed a lower amount by delaying fertilization to 60 days after planting. Finally, the results showed that nutrition with NPK, calcium and silicon fertilizers has been able to maintain plant growth under salinity conditions, even in some treatments, increase the growth compared to the control.

 The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between organizational socialization and role outputs of novice teachers. 293 teachers in Tehran who had 0 to 5 years teaching experience were all selected as sample in 1390. To collect data, Jone's questionnaire of organizational socialization and role outputs questionnaires were used.  To obtain the validity of the questionnaire, the experts' views were asked and the reliability was calculated as 0.73 using Cronbach alpha. To describe the data we used descriptive statistics (median, mean, Percentage, etc.) and to analyze the data we used inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient). The SPSS software was also used for data analysis. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between role outputs of teachers and organizational socialization, a positive relationship between organizational socialization and role Orientation, and a negative relationship between role conflict and role ambiguity and organizational socialization. These results indicated the importance of socialization in educational centers. The necessity of this process is more felt when it will lead to the ultimate goal of an educational system that is students learning.

This article seeks to examine the export-led growth theory using Feder (1982) neoclassical growth model for Iran. For this purpose, time-series data released by the Central Bank of Iran for the years (1959-2007) has been used.After the unit root test, in order to investigate co integration between the two economic variables-export and GDP two Engel-Granger and Johansen's methods were used. Then, the causal effects of export growth on the growth of GDP and growth of investment were tested. Finally, the reactions of the variables to the shocks were investigated by estimation of vector autoregressive model (VAR), using the impulse response function (IRF) and variance decomposition methods.The findings of Engel-Granger's method didn’t confirm the co integration between the variables of the model. However, a co integration vector was found by Johnson's method. Furthermore, the causal relationship from export to GDP was confirmed but it was rejected from export to investment. Impulse response function showed that the response of GDP and export in response of one standard deviation shock has a similar trend. In the way that it regressed to its long run trend after 17 periods. Investment regressed to its permanent period after 8 periods. The findings of variance decomposition showed that 100 percent of the variation of GDP is derived from the variable in the first period and in the second period 91 percent of the variation of the GDP was explained by the variable and 1/3 percent of the variation was explained by investment.

There is long and huge literature about the impact of exchange rate on economy. It is also interesting to investigate the impact of exchange rate volatility on export. In this paper, using volatility of real weighted exchange rate, this investigation is done for non-oil export in Iran. Conditional standard error and standard error of moving average are used to quantify the volatility of exchange rate. Johansen - Juselius Method and ARDL are used for estimation. Positive effect of exchange rate and negative effect of its volatility were approved.

The main purpose in this article has been to evaluate the exchange rate volatility in Iran using the family of the ARCH models. Doing so, the symmetric GARCH and asymmetric TARCH, EGARCH and APGARCH models are applied. The results have indicated that the volatility caused by the bad (negative) news is relatively larger than that caused by the good (positive) news.