فهرست مطالب جلال زرین قلم

Erection dysfunction, weakness, the inability to achieve an erection or hold the erection long enough to reach sexual relationship is said. Prevalence studies indicate that 20 to 22 percent of men around the world suffer from erectile dysfunction. Several methods have been proposed to improve this process but those have been unsuccessful mainly due to multiple complications.
The aim of this study was assessing the effects of administration of Boswellia serrata and Lavandula angustifolia extracts in improving erection dysfunction following opioid dependence.
Both plants were extracted and formulized for administration. Choosing patients was based on medical standards, questionnaire of International Index of Erection Function and standard criteria test. The proper cases were categorized randomly in one of three groups under study regarding DSM5 criteria. The investigation continued for two month for all groups: oral extract administered group, placebo treatment group and no premature treatment as a control group. The scores gained form fast ejaculating questionnaire were assessed in early stages of treatment (pretest), one month after treatment (posttests), and two month after treatment (fallow).
The results showed with regarding inter group causes; the F value calculated for assessing drug effect in recovery of premature ejaculation in various stages would be meaningful in the level of 0.05 (F=3.601, P It seems that, administration of Boswellia serrata and Lavandula angustifolia extracts compounds can be effective in recovery of erection function in opioid addicted patients.

Premature ejaculation is the most common disorder in men. Different methods have been proposed to recover this problem while, often most of them have been unsuccessful in practice due to multiple after comes.
Our study aimed to compare the effect of combination extracts of “Boswellia serrata” and “Lavandula angustifolia” and placebo on recovery of premature ejaculation.
Both plants were extracted and formulized for administration. Choosing patients was based on medical standards, questionnaire of premature ejaculation and standard criteria test. The proper cases were categorized randomly in one of three groups under study regarding DSM5 criteria. The number of samples in each group has hypothesized 30 and investigation continued for two month for all groups: oral extract administered group, placebo treatment group and no premature treatment as a control group. The scores gained form fast ejaculating questionnaire were assessed in early stages of treatment (pretest), one month after treatment (posttests), and two month after treatment (fallow).
The results showed that combination therapy with plant extracts was significantly potent to reduce premature ejaculation performance scores index than placebo and control group; the F value calculated for assessing drug effect in recovery of premature ejaculation in various stages will be meaningful in the level of 0.05 (F=14.23, P It seems that, compounds of “Boswellia serrata” and “Lavandula angustifolia” extract can be effective in recovery of premature ejaculation opioid addicted patients. The mechanism and effective ingredients causing this effect are needed to be further investigated.

Regarding to the important anti-inflammatory role of IL10 during inflammation process and hyperalgesia and edema variation during CFA-induced arthritis and also the increase of Spinal mu opioid receptor (mOR) expression, in this study researchers investigate the role of serum IL10 level on mOR expression and edema and hyperalgesia variation during different stages of Complete Freund`s Adjuvant (CFA) - induced arthritis in male Wistar rats. Mono-arthritis was induced by CFA and inflammatory symptoms (hyperalgesia and edema) were assessed on 0, 3, 7, 14th and 21st days of study. Anti-IL10 was administered during the 21 days of study in different experimental groups. mOR expression were detected by western blotting on 0, 3,7, 14th and 21st days of study. Data was analyzed by SPSS statistical software version 19 with using one way ANOVA (post hoc Tokeys). Our results showed that anti-IL10 administration in AA group (Adjuvant Arthritis) caused an increase in the paw volume and hyperalgesia until 21st of study. Our study stated that there were no significant differences in spinal mOR expression between AA and AA+anti-IL10rats. Our study confirmed that anti-IL10administration caused to hyperalgesia and edema during AA inflammation. Also these findings suggested that mOR expression increased in chronic phase of AA inflammation, however an increase in the level of spinal mu opioid receptor (mOR) expression during AA inflammation is not mediated directly via the effect of serum IL-10.

The mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain are complex and remain controversial. From the proposed mechanisms we can refer to loss of GABAergic inhibition and glial activation in the spinal dorsal horn. As for the discrepancies in the neuropathic pain mechanisms, in the present study, we examined whether the GABA-A receptor agonist muscimol and glial inhibitor pentoxifylline would modify behavioral tests in rats with Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI). In this study male wistar rats (200-250 g) were used and for neuropathy induction, the CCI model (Bennett method, 1988) was used. In the sham group, after exposing the sciatic nerve, surgery region was closed. Pentoxifylline was administered one day before neuropathy to 14 days after CCI (30 mg/kg daily) and behavioral tests (plantar test and von frey) were performed one day before surgery and then on days 1, 4, 7 and 14 after surgery and 30 minutes after pentoxifylline adminstration. In groups that received muscimol with doses 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg on day 14 after CCI, behavioral tests were experienced before and 30 minutes after drug administration. Behavioral assessment indicated that CCI induce symptoms of neuropathic pain but both muscimol and pentoxifylline could reduce pain behavioral responses. It seems that this reduction of muscimol (1 and 2 mg/kg) was more effective in thermal hyperalgesia than pentoxifylline, and for pentoxifylline (30 mg/kg) was more effective in mechanical allodynia than muscimol. present data showed that muscimol via activation of GABA-A receptors and pentoxifylline via glial inhibition reduced behavioral symptoms of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury.

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is a potent cytokine that exerts pleiotropic functions in inflammatory symptoms. With regarding to the important role of TNFα in hyperalgesia and edema induction via intra-cellular signaling pathways, we aimed to investigate the role of increasing serum TNF-α on hyperalgesia and edema and spinal mu opioid receptor (mOR) expression variation during different stages of Complete Freound Adjuvant- induced arthritis in male rats.

Mono-arthritis was induced by CFA and then inflammatory symptoms (hyperalgesia and edema) were assessed on day 0, 3,7th, 14 and 21 following CFAinduction. In addition, anti-TNF-α was daily administered for 21 days for all different experimental groups. Spinal mOR expression were detected by western blotting.

Our results showed that anti-TNFα administration in AA group resulted in decrease of paw volume and hyperalgesia until day 14, whereas, those symptoms were increased on day 21 following CFAinduction. Our study stated that anti- TNFα antibody administration causes a significant decreasing in spinal mOR protein expression on days 14 and 21 of the study.

This study confirmed the time-dependent and bi-directional effects of serum TNF-α levsel on CFA-induced hyperalgesia, which it can say, a portion of these effects might be mediated via spinal mOR expression variation.

The sudden involuntary muscular contractions of the air ways is a very common disease in human societies. Study on medical plant extracts to affect contractile activity of the tracheal smooth muscle can be useful manner in control of pulmonary obstructive sickness. This research was designed to determine the effect of Althaeas’ root methanol extract on contractile function of rat tracheal smooth muscle. In this experimental study, 36 tracheas of a healthy and male of 18 Sprague Dawley rats were dissected in 6 groups. The effect of Althaeas’ root methanol extract concentrations (0.2, 0.6, 2.6, 6.6, 14.6, 140.6 µg/ml) and epinephrine (5µ m) in presence and absence of 1μM propranolol under one gram tension based on isometric method was assayed. This assay was recorded in an organ bath containing kerebs-hancelit solution on tracheal smooth muscle contractions by KCl (60 mM) induction. Epinephrine (5 µm) alone and root methanol extract concentrations (0.6 - 140.6 µg/ml) reduced the tracheal smooth muscle contractions induced by KCl (60 mM) dose-dependently. Propranolol couldn’t reduce the antispasmodic effect of root methanol extract concentrations, but it could reduce the antispasmodic effect of Epinephrine on tracheal smooth muscle contractions. Althaeas’ root methanol extract inhibited the tracheal smooth muscle of rat contractions dose dependently, but it seems that β-Adrenergic receptors are not engage in this process. Realizing the mechanism of this process can be useful in treatment of pulmonary obstructive disease.

Interleukin (IL-6) is known to cause pro- and anti-inflammatory effects during different stages of inflammation. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of IL-6 on hyperalgesia, edema and the changes in the spinal mu opioid receptor expression during different stages of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis (AA) in rats. In this study, AA was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of CFA into rats’ hindpaw. The rats with arthritis were divided into four groups, each consisted of three subgroups (n= 6). Anti-IL-6 was administered either daily or weekly during the 21-day study period. Spinal mu-opioid receptor (mOR) expression was detected by Western blotting. Daily treatment with an anti-IL-6 antibody significantly decreased the paw edema in the AA group compared to the control one (P=0.001), but daily and weekly anti-IL-6 administrations significantly increased the hyperalgesia in the antibody-treated group on the 14th and 21st days post-treatment (P=0.001, P=0.01, respectively). The administration of IL-6 antibody not only increased hyperalgesia in a time-dependent manner, but also caused a significant reduction in the spinal mOR expression on the 14th and 21st days post-CFA injection (P=0.01, P=0.001, respectively). Results can indicate the importance of a time-dependent relationship between the serum IL-6 level and hyperalgesia during the AA. Moreover, the results suggest that the stages of inflammation in AA must be considered for anti-hyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory interventions via anti-IL-6 antibody treatment.

Different mediators are involved in pain and edema induction during different stages of inflammation. Then, treatment of them encounters some difficulties. Medicinal plants are an important source of substances which are claimed to induce anti-inflammatory effects. This study was aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Olea europaea L.methanolic extract on male NMRI mouse. Methanolic extraction was done for leaf of Olea europaea L. and different doses (200, 300 and 400 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally (i.p.) adminstered to male NMRI mice. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of extract was measured during both phases of Formalin test, Acetic acid induced visceral pain and xylene inflammation tests. A standard analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug such as indomethacin, dexamethasone and morphine were administered in positive control groups where appropriates. Results indicated significant dose-dependent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extract of Olea europaea L. leaf on pain which induced by formalin (both phase) and acetic acid, and inflammation caused by xylene. Our findings Showed that administration of methanolic extract of Olea europaea L.leaf can suppress pain and inflammation dose dependently which, may mediate via different components of extract. However, more investigations need to be done.

Barberry fruit extract contains various flavonoids that are considered as antioxidants. The present study was performed with the aim of investigating the hepato-protective potential of the methanolic extract of barberry fruit against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in rats. This experimental study was performed on 36 male mature Wistar Rats. Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (non-treated، normal، control and three groups treated with barberry extract) and received 10، 100 and 200 mg/kg of barberry extract along with CCl4 (50% CCl4، 0. 5 ml/kg) intraperitoneally for 28 days. After blood sampling and separation of serum، activity of Aminotransferases (ALT and AST)، Alkaline Phosphatase and total serum protein were measured. Data was analyzed by one way variance analysis and Tukey’s test using SPSS 10 software. Administration of CCl4 significantly increased the serum Alanine Aminotransferase، aspartate aminotransferase and Alkaline Phosphatase levels of rats. Treatment with the methanolic extract of barberry fruit significantly altered these changes to almost normal. Oral treatment with barberry fruit extract did not show a significant effect on serum protein. The extract could protect liver against the CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats and this hepato-protective effect might be contributed to its modulation on detoxification enzymes and its antioxidant and free radical scavenger effects.

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is widely distributed all over the world. Dry seeds, (nuts), as well as green walnuts, shells, bark, green husks (epicarps) and leaves, have all been used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. In the present study, hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract of walnut leaves was investigated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in rats.

This experimental study was done on 36 rats divided into six groups. Adult male rats were orally administered different doses of walnut extract (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg bw/daily) along with CCl4 (50% CCl4, in olive oil, 1 ml/kg, intrapertioneally) twice a week for 28 consecutive days. Biochemical parameters like alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase and total protein levels in the serum were determined. Statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA test.

Administration of CCl4 increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase (p<0.01). Treatment with the ethanolic extract of walnut leaves significantly decreased the above parameters (p<0.01).

Ethanolic extract of walnut leaves could protect liver against the CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats, and this hepatoprotective effect might be due to modulation of toxic and oxidant enzymes and also to the scavenger effect on free radicals.

Immune system is involved in the etiology and path physiologic mechanisms of inflammation. Medicinal plants are an important source of substances which are claimed to induce non-specific immune modulator effects. Given the above information and the role of IL-6 in inflammation and pain induction, this study investigated the effects of Achillea santolina and Stachys athorecalyx methanolic and defatted extracts on cmplete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) -induced short term inflammation in male Wistar rats Inflammation was induced on day zero by CFA injection in hind paw of rats. Methanolic and defatted extractions were prepared form aerial parts of both plants. 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses of extracts were selected for IP treatment during 6 days after CFA injection. Results indicated dose related effects of A. santolina and S. athorecalyx extracts on edema, hyperalgesia and serum IL-6 level during inflammation. Although, both methanolic and defatted extracts of S. athorecalyx showed a significant reduction in the inflammatory symptoms, no significant differences was observed between these two kinds of extracts of S.athorecalyx with respect to their anti inflammatory effects. Only methanolic extract of A. santolina was effective during CFA-induced inflammation. These results could suggest that short-term administration of A. santolina and S. athorecalyx extracts possess potent anti-inflammatory effects and modulate paw edema, hyperalgesia and serum IL-6 level during CFA–induced inflammation. In addition, these dose-dependent effects may mediate via different extract supplements which need more investigations.