فهرست مطالب حامد دولتی بانه

One of the most important goals of grapes breeding is to obtain seedless grapes with large berries and good taste. In order to achieve table and raisin grape varieties with good quality, desirable taste and larger berries with various colors, it is necessary to estimate the breeding value of the desired traits. In this study breeding values of fourteen in 45 grape cultivars were predicted using the best linear prediction (BLUP) prediction. The purpose of this study is to estimate the breeding value of the grape cultivars and to identify the superior cultivars. The results of this study can be of great help to breeders in selecting cultivars with favorable market traits and cultivars with better yield.

In this study, 45 grape cultivars in the collection of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of West Azerbaijan Province were used. From each of the cultivars in the first year of research ten 14-year-old plants were selected and TSS, pH, TA, berry weight, flesh weight, single seed weight, seed number, juice volume, pollen germination, cluster length, cluster width, cluster weight, fruit set in open and under controlled pollination were investigated. The characteristics were measured for three consecutive years.

Based on the results, considering the sum of the breeding values of all the studied traits, Agh Shani, Taifi, Qzl Ouzum, Lal Qermez, Tabarze Qermez, Garmian, Rishbaba Qermez and Qara Shani cultivars had the highest rank. Among the studied seedless cultivars, Rejin cultivar in terms of single seed weight and Keshmeshi Sefid cultivar in terms of seed number had the highest breeding value. Among the seeded cultivars, Shirazi cultivar in terms of single seed weight and Qara Shani cultivar in terms of seed number had the highest breeding value. Garmian, Rishbaba Qermez, Keshmeshi Qermez, Tabarze Qermez, Agh Shani and shirazi had positive breeding value for pollen germination, fruit set in open pollination and fruit set under controlled pollination.

Sarghola, Gazandaii and Qzl Ouzum cultivars had the high and positive breeding value for berry weight and fresh weight and they can be used as good parents for breeding of these traits in hybridization programs because they can better transfer their characteristics to the progeny. Lal Qermez, Rishbaba Qermez and Tabarze Qermez cultivars had high and positive breeding value for cluster weight, cluster width and cluster weight so they can be introduced as a suitable parent for breeding of these traits in breeding programs.

Drought stress has different effects on plant growth and metabolism and is one of the most important factors limiting the growth of grapes. In order to investigate the effect of drought stress on some morphological traits and gas exchanges, own-rooted Sultana cultivar and grafted on Rasheh grape and 1103-P rootstocks were selected. This research was conducted by factorial arrangement in completely randomized design with three levels of drought stress and four replications at 2015-2016. Drought stress was applied after plants growth. The time of plants arrival to medium and severe stress levels was determined by weighted-volumetric method. Membrane stability index (MSI), leaf relative water content (RWC), leaf area (LA), leaf mass area (LMA), specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, photosynthesis rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E) were measured. The results showed that drought stress significantly decreased MSI and RWC. LA and LMA showed a significant difference between two levels of stress treatments. Under stress conditions, the SLA values ​​of the non-grafted Sultana were significantly different. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll, gs and E decreased significantly by increasing drought stress. The results of measured traits of this study indicated the positive effect of the rootstocks used on increasing the resistance of susceptible Sultana grapes to drought conditions compared to non-grafted ones. Based on the findings of this research, Iranian grape variety (Rasheh) as the rootstock, as well as the famous American rootstock (1103), showed good tolerance to drought stress.

In a breeding program, it is important to know gene action, because knowledge in this field helps the researchers in their crossing programs and effective selection. In this study, breeding values of 14 traits (TSS, pH, TA, berry weight, flesh weight, single seed weight, seed number, juice content, pollen germination, cluster length, cluster width, cluster weight, fruit set in open and under controlled pollination) in 45 grape cultivars from West Azerbaijan were predicted using the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) procedure. Considering the sum of ranks of the breeding values ​​of all the studied traits, Agh Shani, Qara Shani, Lal Qermez, Angotka, Qzl Ouzum, Taifi, Tabarze Qermez and Sahebi Qermez cultivars had the highest rank. Among the studied seedless cultivars, Rejin in terms of single seed weight and Keshmeshi Sefid in terms of seed number had the highest breeding values. Among the seeded cultivars, Shirazi in terms of single seed weight and Chava-Ga in terms of seed number had the highest breeding values. Taifi, Sahebi Qermez, Sarghola, Chava Ga, Gazandaii and Qzl Ouzum cultivars with high and positive breeding values for berry weight, flesh weight and juice content can be used as a good parent for breeding of these traits in crossing programs because they can better transfer their characteristics to their offspring. At-Ouzum, Rishbaba Qermez, Shahroudi, Sahebi Qermez, Tabarze Qermez, Dastarchin, Lal Qermez, Alhaghi, Agh Shani and Angotka cultivars had positive and high breeding values for cluster length, cluster width and cluster weight traits, so they can be introduced as suitable parents for breeding of these traits in breeding programs.

Nowadays, the use of tissue culture technique in the production of plant secondary metabolites, such as phenolic compounds, as a natural food additive has become very widespread in the food industry. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of grapevine Rasha and Qzel Ozum cultivars that were produced by tissue culture under in vitro condition. For this purpose, the terminal buds of grape cultivars were cultured in Murashige - Skoog Medium to produce complete seedlings. Then the methanolic extract was prepared from healthy grapevine leaves and to perform polyphenol composition tests using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector, functional groups using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, total phenol content, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, total carotenoids, acid content, ascorbic acid, free radical scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl  (OH−). The results showed that the amount of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total anthocyanin and total carotenoids of methanolic extracts of Rasha cultivar were 50.35±0.10, 29.72±0.05, 10.41±0.20, and 1.82±0.50 mg/g, respectively, and in Qzel Ozum cultivar were 23.06±0.31, 20.76±0.15, 7.28±0.15, and 94.94±0.42 mg/g, respectively. Ascorbic acid, DPPH and OH− free radicals scavenging activity in methanolic extracts of Rasha leaves were 1.83±0.04, 25.38±1.52, and 75.04±2.74 %, respectively, and in Qzel Ozum leaves were 0.85±0.01, 18.71±2.05 and 68.96±3.61 %, respectively. As a general result, the results showed that the grape leaves of the Rasha cultivar were more than the grapevine leaves of Qzel Ozum cultivar in terms of all studied characteristics (p <0.05). This study also showed that grape leaves are rich in phenolic compounds and natural antioxidants and have the potential to be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

To determaine th effect of root inoculation of Rasha grape cultivar with three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus(G.versiforme, G. etunicatum, G. intraradices) on shoot growth, macro nutrient elements, chlorophyll content, leaf temperature, RWC, soluble sugars and drought symptoms rate under deficiet irrigation condition (75%, 50% and 35% water requirment) a factorial experiment based on RBCD was conducted in Kahriz Horticultural Research Station, Urmia, Iran. Results showed that increasing deficiet irrigation level, reduced shoot growthand fungus inoculation did not have a posetive effect on this trait in comparision with control. Leaf temperature and dry symptoms on leaves was lowest in vines that inoculated with G. versiforme under 35% deficiet irrigation condition. Leaves of vines with this fungus showed the high RWCin all stress tretments, too. By increasing deficiet irrigation level, soluble sugars were decreased in 55% water requirement and then increased in 35% water requirement. Among macro nutrient elements, the highest amount of P (0.14%) was measured in leaves of vines inoculated by G. versiforme.

To evaluate the possibility of replacing urea with organic and bio-fertilizers, a study carried out on 14 years old Thompson Seedless grapevines (Vitis vinifera</em> L.) in a calcareous soil. The results showed that treatments affect cluster yield, chlorophyll index, total soluble solids and total acidity of fruit and N, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations in leaves, significantly. Maximum fruit yield resulted in liquid inoculum of N-fixing bacteria+animal manure and solid inoculum of N-fixing bacteria with 11.73 and 11.83 kg/vine, respectively. All treatments showed relatively similar increase in soluble solids content and decrease in fruit acidity compared to the control. The Highest chlorophyll index and concentration of N, Fe, Mn and Zn in leaf have been reported in liquid inoculum of N-fixing bacteria+animal manure and solid inoculum of N-fixing bacteria+animal manure treatments. The nutrient balance indices were 160 and 145 in treatments without N or urea application, but the amount was decreased to about 107 and 108 in N-fixing liquid inoculum+animal manure and solid N-fixing inoculum+animal manure treatments respectively, which shows the improvement in nutritional balance status under these treatments. The results indicated that application of N bio-inoculations with animal manure more than N chemical fertilizer source improved the nutritional balance of grape and produced the highest yield, but their effect on fruit quality was similar to urea.

Grape berry is an excellent source of natural pigments and contains a large amount of different antioxidant compounds. The main characteristic of modern grape production is its compliance with the requirements of the target market, such as improved grape quality and high nutritional value. In addition, seedless grapes are important. The seedless grape varieties were greatly appreciated for their good taste and customer preference in the global market both fresh and raisin. Therefore, in order to improve the biochemical characteristics of the grape (Bidane-Sefid cultivar), effects of spraying gibberellic acid and salicylic acid on some qualitative traits, anti oxidant and nutrient elements of berry were studied.

This experiment in a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with two treatments and three replications to evaluate some of the qualitative traits (pH, TSS, TA, glucose, fructose, fructose to glucose ratio), antioxidant compounds (total phenol, total flavonoid, total anthocyanin, vitamin C, antioxidant activity, PAL enzyme, polyphenol oxidase enzyme and nutrient elements of berry (N-P-K-Ca- Mg-S-Fe-Zn-Cu- Mn-Br). Treatments included gibberellic acid at three levels (0, 40 and 80 mg L-1) and salicylic acid at three levels (0, 75 and 150 mg L-1).

The results showed that the treatments and their interaction effects on the studied traits were significant. But there was no significant effect of salicylic acid on the PAL enzyme. The amount of glucose and fructose of grape berries determined by HPLC were in the range of 88.66 to 151.74 and 72.92 to 132.66 (g kg-1), respectively. The highest total phenol content (43.77 mg 1ml-1 e), total flavonoid content (1.51 mg 1ml-1 e) and antioxidant activity by DPPH assay (86.02%) were observed in the interaction of sprayed samples with 40 mg L-1 gibberellic acid and non-use salicylic acid. The highest anthocyanin content (3.51 mg 1ml-1 e) and PAL enzyme activity (7.90 n mol cinnamic acid FW min-1) were observed in the interaction of sprayed berries with 80 mg L-1 gibberellic acid and 75 mg L-1 salicylic acid. Also, the results showed that the highest activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme was observed in the interaction of treatment with 40 mg L-1 gibberellic acid and 75 mg L-1 salicylic acid. The highest of nitrogen (0.63%), phosphorus (0.14%), potassium (1.41%) and magnesium (0.05%) elements were found in the interaction of treatment with 80 mg L-1 gibberellic acid and 75 mg L-1 salicylic acid.

The results showed that the biochemical properties of grape berries can be improved using gibberellic acid and salicylic acid treatments. According to the results of this study, treatments containing gibberellic acid (especially GA40SA0) had more effects on the accumulation of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity than salicylic acid.

Drought is the most important abiotic stress limiting the agricultural crops growth and productivity. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera. L) tolerance to drought is higher than that of most of other trees, but there are many differences between grape varieties for drought tolerance. This study was carried out as a completelty randomized design to evaluate the tolerance of some commercial grapevine cultivars imported from the other countries and several native grapes of West Azarbaijan province. One year old seedlings of studied cultivars (Rasha, Mam Braima, Yaghooti, Askari, Khalili sefid, Fakhri, Sayani, Rish baba, At ouzum, Black seedless, Superior, Flame seedless, Thompson seedless, Fiesta and Perlette were cultivated in pots and subjected to drought treatments (35, 55 and 75 %). After a drought stress for three months, the morphological traits, such as stem fresh weight, root fresh weight, stem and root dry weight, leaf area and physiological characteristics such as chlorophyll content, RWC, leaf temperature were measured. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the traits of studied grape cultivars under stress conditions. Fiesta and Block Seedless were very sensitive to drought condition, while the Khalili, Rasha, and Yaghooti cultivars were able to withstand the stress conditions. Among the imported cultivars, Perlette and Flame seedlesss showed a relatively good tolerance to drought stress.

Increasing temperature in recent years has led to changes in plants development cycle and the projections of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) implies significant increase of temperature by century 21. Table grape, as one of the most important crops in the world, is a greatly sensitive crop to temperature changes. Thus, assessing the response of grape phenology to temperature changes provides a suitable field for evaluating the varieties and adopting better decisions toward adaptation strategies for climate change. In this study, the phonological responses of the “Bidaneh Sefid” grape variety to temperature increase under RCP8.5 scenario was assessed in West Azerbaijan province. The comparison of the phenological phases occurrence during two future periods of 2021-2050 and 2071-2100 with historical period of 1976-2005 reveals the decrease in the phonological intervals. Moreover, the growing season length in short and long term future will decrease about 10 and 40 days in comparison with the historical period. According to the differences of grape varieties in response to the temperature changes and also different affectability of diverse microclimates from global warming, assessing the simultaneous contribution of grape varieties and microclimates is recommended for the future studies in this province.

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is an important fruit crop and widely cultivated in the glob because of the nutritional, medicinal and economical values. Since the economic value of cultivar depends on different characteristics, thus detailed knowledge on genetic behavior and identification of genomic loci linked to these traits will help to improve plant cultivars. In this investigation, relation and linkage between of ISSR markers with some of pomologic traits such as yield and quality-related traits in West Azarbaijan grape cultivars was evaluated through MLM association models in Structure and TASSEL software. 45 grape cultivars from West Azarbaijan agricultural and natural resources research germplasm bank were investigated. Berry quality traits were evaluated over three consecutive years onto 10 replications per cultivar. Genomic DNA was extracted following the Doyle and Doyle method (1987) and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with 17 ISSR primers. Scoring of amplified fragments was performed according to present (1) or absence (0) of each band marker, and the produced binary data were served for statistical analysis. The Bayesian approach in the software package Structure was used for estimating the population structure. Identification of genomic loci linked to these traits were done with mixed linear model (MLM) in TASSEL software. Based on the 17 ISSR markers used in this study, population genetic structure subdivided into two subpopulations (K=2). Based on results in Barplot 20 cultivars (44/44%) of the studied cultivars were assigned to P1 group and 17 cultivars (37/78%) assigned to P2 group and the remaining ones (17/78%) were categorized into the mixed group. In this investigation, of 2775 ISSR markers pairs, 0.72% showed a significant level of LD (P ≤ 0.01). results showed the significant association (P ≤ 0.01) of 12 ISSR markers with genomic region controlling the studied traits. 1 locus (UBC825-4) was identified for TSS, 1 locus (UBC890-2) was identified for pH, 2 loci (UBC817-2 and UBC825-5) were identified for seed weight, 2 loci (UBC836-7 and UBC855-2) were identified for seed number, 3 loci (UBC812-3, UBC817-4 and UBC864-2) were identified for cluster width, 2 loci (UBC817-4 and UBC864-2) were identified for cluster weight and 1 locus (UBC826-4) was identified for fruit set in controlled pollination. Our results suggest the importance the power and precision of MLM association mapping in grapevine. Some loci were common for more than one trait. The common markers are useful in plant improvements program because they augment efficiency of marker selection through concurrent selection for several characters.These ISSR loci identified in this study associated to quality traits may be applied in marker-assisted breeding programs for improving some important traits in grape.

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.)  is an important fruit crop and widely cultivated because of its nutritional and economical values. For getting new cultivars with higher yield and better quality, it is essential to characterize the cultivars. Some wild species faced to genetic erosion, so determination of genetic diversity of grape cultivars and genotypes is an important task for improving breeding programs in the future. In this research genetic diversity among 75 cultivars and wild genotypes (Vitis vinifera L.) of grape with 17 ISSR primers was investigated. 132 bands were produced by 17 primer pairs, out of which 75 bands (57/58%) were polymorphic. The polymorphic bands ranged from 2 in locus UBC873 to 7 in locus UBC836. Effective number of allele (Ne), varied from 1.72 in locus UBC880 to 1.18 in UBC873. To identify the high informative retrotransposon primer combination, the amount of PIC were estimated for each primer which ranged from 0.14 for locus UBC873 to 0.42 for locus UBC880 with an average value of 0.32. Cluster analysis using Dice similarity coefficients and complete algorithm put the 75 studied genotypes in four different groups. The most genetic similarity (0.73) was observed between Jig Jiga and Black Seedless and also between Alphonse Lavallee and Black Seedless and the least genetic similarity (0.11) observed between Dastarchin and Lal Seyah. The maximum Nei genetic distance was belong to Foreign and Wild populations. The AMOVA result indicated that the within and among population diversity were 61% and 39% respectively.

Comparison of commercial grape cultivars with native cultivars and study of their adaptation is a traditional way for replacement of conventional orchards and establishment of new vineyards. To evalute the adoptation of 69 grapevine cultivars imported from Russia this research was conducted as a rectangular lattice design of 8*9 in Kahriz research station, Urmia. After planting the vines were trained according Cordon bilatral system. In the fourth-year different parameters including flowering time, fruit ripening time, fruit and leaf morphology, fruit TSS, TA, PH and TSS/TA and some other characteristics were evaluated.More than half of the genotypes had spherical berries and the remaining had oval shapes. The six different colors including light green, green, red, yellow, light yellow and black colors were observed in berries of different varieties.Only Morus genotype had seedless berry. Morus and Zanbil with TSS of 21.93 and 22.18 had the highest TSS, and Yolski biser, X45, Dedeski rumphi and number 47 with 2.05, 1.44, 1.44 and 1.5 gr in 100 ml of juice (acid tartaric) had the highest total acidity, respectively. Comparison of means for ripening time showed that Supran bulgar and Vormunk genotypes with 189 and 192 days of fruit growth duration late ripening genotypes and Rumphi izadnegare with 142 day was the most early ripening genotype. Skif, Yloaski and Druzhba cultivars, with 8.7, 9.12 and 7.5 Kg per tree were the most bearing cultivars respectively. In addition to the Red Bidane cultivar, which had good performance among the endomic genotypes, the two other control (endomic) cultivars had a lower performance than Russian cultivars.

Bidaneh sefid is one of major cultivars that grow in West Azerbaijan province. Due to high production and mid ripening, every year huge problems occurs for its fruit marketing. For replacement and establishment of new vineyards, it is essential to use commercial cultivars with acceptable yield and early fruit ripening. To evaluate and compare quantitative and qualitative traits of some Iranian grapevine cultivars (Bidane sefid Qazvin, Khalili sefid) with six foreign cultivars (Thompson seedless, Flame seedless, Perllete, Fiesta, Ruby seedless and Black seedless) this study was carried out from 2010-2012 as RCBD design with four replications in Kahriz Horticulture Research Station, Urmia. Cultivars were prorogated in 2004-2005. Rooted cutting were transferred to the vineyard and trained as high bi lateral cordon system. The measured traits included, yield, berry and bunch length, width and weight, Total Soluble Solid (TSS), Titrable Acidy (TA), pH, shot berry and Bunch Stem Necrosis (BSN) incidence rate and phonological time. In the most measured traits there were significant differences among cultivars and studied years. The maximum mean of fruit yield were recorded in Khalili Sefid, Thompson seedless, flame seedless and Fiesta in three years, respectively. They showed high yield as compared to other grape cultivars. Maximum bunch and berry weight were observed in Fiesta and Ruby seedless cultivars, respectively. The most and the least TSS was recorded in Bidaneh Sefid and Khalili, respectively. Shot berry incidence rate was different among cultivars and studied years. Perllete cultivar was prone to shot berry production. Based on these results, Thompson seedless was acceptable because of earliness in ripening, higher yield with better fruit quality for marketing and is recommended as adapted and more suitable cultivar for cultivation in the Urmia region.

Late-season Bunch Stem Necrosis (BSN) is observed as a necrosis of the cluster stem (rachis) that leads to shriveling of berries on the affected portion of the cluster. The BSN symptoms include dark, necrotic lesions on the rachis or individual pedicels that may spread and eventually girdle the affected part of the cluster rachis. Berries distal to a lesion cease normal development, and the unripe berries either abscise or remain on the cluster in a withered condition. Frequently only the cluster tip or a shoulder is affected, while the rest of the cluster develops normally. Symptomatic and non-symptomatic clusters may be borne on the same vine. BSN has been correlated with numerous factors; however, no universal cause and effect relationships have been demonstrated. No pathogens are believed to cause this condition. Instead, certain weather conditions and vine nutrition seem to be associated with its occurrence. Low temperatures and high humidity around bloom or excessive rainfall after veraison may be related to its development. Imbalances between calcium and potassium as well as low levels of nitrogen in vines are other possible causes. Unaffected portions of clusters develop normal fruit quality.ʽBidaneSefidʼ or ʽKeshmeshiʼ is an important grape cultivar in Iran and is frequently affected by bunch stem necrosis disorder around country. The purpose of this study was to determine if mineral nutrition was associated with BSN of ʽBidaneSefidʼ grape cultivar under Urmia growing conditions.
To evaluate the effects of foliar sprays of Ca, Mg and GA3 on reduction of BSN incidence on ʽBidaneSefidʼ cultivar, and to examine the relationships between specific nutrients and the incidence of BSN this field experiment was performed based on randomized complete blocks design with eight treatments and three replicates on 2011in a vineyard around Urmia city. Vines were 8-year-old and were trained as bi lateral cordon. At the end of full bloom and a week after that the vines were sprayed two and five times with 2% MgSO4 and CaCl2 fertilizers alone and combined. GA3 also was sprayed at 70% of flowering with 20 ppm and replicated at fruit set with 40 ppm. Symptoms rate of BSN on bunches and minerals nutrient content(N, K, Ca, Mg and Ca㈏) of leaves and rachis were measuredin veraison phenological stage.
Results showed that in veraison stage the most and the least BSN incidence rate was recorded in control and the vines that were sprayed two times with 2% MgSO4, respectively. Leaf Ca content in vines treated two times with 2% CaCl2 and those sprayed five times with MgSO4ঠ was more than other treatments. Maximum amount of Mg was recorded in leaves of vines sprayed by 2% MgSO4, 5 times during growing season. These vines showed the least BSN rate, too. The most contentof K/Ca were in the leaves of control and GA3 treated vines and the least contentof those was in vines treated five times with MgSO4ঠ. Rachis tissue analysis for nutrient elements in veraisonstage did not consistently reveal any relationship between N, K, Mg, Ca and Mgয and bunch stem necrosis in bunches of studied vines of ʽBidaneSefidʼ cultivar in Urmia region. There are conflicting reports regarding the association of essential nutrients and the incidence of BSN. A high ratio of potassium to magnesium and/or calcium in affected tissues, and also the application of calcium and/or magnesium fertilizers effectively reduced the incidence of BSN in Europe. In California, BSN was not reduced by applications of calcium and magnesium. An increase in the incidence of BSN was reported with application of nitrogen fertilizers. Magnesium and calcium appeared to be involved in the disorder. The results illustrate that BSN-prone vineyards should be individually examined for nutrient imbalance or other stresses that may be contributing to BSN.
Results of this study suggest thecontrol of BSN incidence by fertilizer treatments. Foliar applications ofMg and Ca fertilizers appeared to have effect on BSN control and two times foliar applications of magnesium starting just before veraison minimize the problem. No apparent relationship was found between the petiole and/or rachis K/(Mg Ca) ratio and BSN incidence. External application of GA3 reduced the BSN incidence in comparison to control.

Berry skin color is one of the most important characteristics of grapes that determine quality of red and black grape cultivars. It has been shown that the anthocyanin accumulation is influenced by many factors. To study the effect of girdling and ethephon (0, 150 and 300 mg/L) treatments in veraison stage on berry coloring and quantity and quality attributes of 'Rishbaba Qermez' cultivar this research was conducted as Factorial experiment based on RCBD in Urmia region on 25 years bi lateral trained vines. At harvest time the total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA), pH, berry and bunch weight, berry firmness and shatter, amount of total phenol and antioxidant and skin berry color were evaluated. Both girdling and ethephon improved amount of TSS but reduced the TA. Berry and bunch weight was increased in girdling vine whereas ethephon didn’t have significant effect on them. At harvest time, the shatter rate in girdled vine was less than control but ethephon treatments increased shatter and reduced the berry flash firmness. Both treatments increased the amount of phenol and antioxidant composition in berry. The highest amount of total phenol was recorded in vines that treated with girdling and ethephon at veraison stage. Red berry skin color was improved by applying ethephon and girdling in veraison stage.

This study was carried out to adaptability evaluation of the 50 grapevine varieties introduced from Russia from 2008 to 2013 in the Qazvin and Urmia provinces. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with three replications. Three superior grapevine clones of white Bidaneh were as control in both areas. The Corden bilateral training system was used in 2×3.5 m space planning and two vines in each experimental unit in the both areas. Recorded traits were: yield per plant, length and width of berry, total soluble solids of juice (TSS), juice pH, juice titratable acid (TA) and time of harvest. Combined analysis of variance and adaptability analysis was performed on the base of GGE Biplot principal components analysis of the environment scaling method. Statistical analysis was done by GenStat ver.12 computer software. The effects of the environments, varieties and environments × varieties were significant in the combined analysis of variance. The adaptability of Zenbil 13-366 and Ljana was higher than other varieties on the base of yield components in Qazvin. Ruski Ramphi had higher adaptability than other varieties in Urmia region. Yoski biser, Bobili magaracha and Ramphi Izdangareh had the most inappropriate situation on the base of yield components in two areas.

The basic characteristic of modern table grape production is its adaptation to the requirements of the market aiming to improve grape quality, such as equal cluster size, equal size andshape of the berry, and equal coloration of all the berries in the cluster. Furthermore, an important attribute of the grape berry quality is seedlessness. Seedless cultivars are characterized with small berries, which can be increased by using some management techniques. Plant hormones may play an important role in the growth and development of grape berries. Gibberellic acid (GA3) is known to stimulate development of parthenocarpic fruit in grapes and other fruits. The exogenous pre-bloom application of GA3 to grapevine is commonly used to induce seedlessness, accelerate early ripening, and enhance berry size in seedless cultivars. Although there are a large number of studies on seedless grape varieties, no previous research has been performed on the effect of GA3 on the seeded grape cultivars. Differences in the types of berry set affect the growth of berries and their size. It is well known that there is an important relationship between seed development and berry growth, which has been attributed to hormones such as auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins.
To study the effects of 100 mg/L pre-bloom (7 and 14 days before blooming) GA3 application on the induction of seedlessness and some berry and cluster characteristics of three seeded Iranian cultivars, Qzl ouzum, Rish babab Qermez and Khalili Qermez, this research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five replications. The vines of each cultivar were selected in the vineyard of Horticultural Research Center in West Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Urmia, Iran. The vines were 13 years old and bi lateral cordon system had been used as their training system. Pollen germination test was performed at the time of flowering, and several qualitative and quantitative traits including fruit set percentage, cluster length, rachis fresh weight, number of shot berries, number of seedless berries in clusters, the average weight of seedless berries, length of pedicle, berry weight, total soluble solids (TSS) and pH were measured.
The results of the study showed that GA3 at 100 mg/L showed significant difference from control regarding pollen germination rate, fruit set percentage, length of cluster and rachis, number of shot berries, weight and number of seedless berries, length of pedicle, weight of berry and TSS. Pollen germination was reduced in those cultivars treated with GA3 but the responses of cultivars were different. Gibberellin caused an increase in cluster length, but the rate of increase in Rish baba and Qzl ouzum was greater than Khalili. In terms of inducing seedlessness in berries, GA3 caused greater effect in Qzl ouzum than Rish baba and Khalili Qermez. The greatest seedless berries weight obtained with the treatment of GA3 spray 7 days before blooming in Qzl ouzum, although the number of seedless berries in this cultivar was fewer than other cultivars. The difference in berry number per cluster between clusters receiving GA3 pre- vs. post-anthesis appeared to consist largely of seedless berries. Perhaps, GA3 stimulated non-fertilized or otherwise nonviable fruits to be retained. The longest pedicle observed in Qzl ouzum treated with 100 mg/lit GA3 14 days before blooming, while Khalili Qermez had the shortest pedicle. In all the cultivars, treatment with GA3 caused an increase in the average length of pedicle. The content of total soluble solids (TSS) in fruits treated with GA3 was higher than control. Gibberellic acid promotes cell division, stimulates earlier flowering, increases the size and yield of fruits, and induces seedlessness in seedless cultivars. The effect of GA3 depends on variety, concentration and time of application.
In conclusion, application of GA3 at 100 mg/lit increased fruit set and seedless berries. The increased number of seedless berries was also noticed when GA3 applied at 100 mg/L. In general, GA3 application before flowering in Qzl ouzum, Rish babab Qermez and Khalili Qermez cultivars produced shot berries and seeded berries, and repeated GA3 application after fruit set can resulted in seedless berries with an acceptable size. More research is needed to establish guidelines for the proper use of GA for production of seedless berries from the studied seeded cultivars.

To study the effects of salt stress on some physiological parameters of grapevine and the effect of foliar application of potassium silicate and zinc sulphate in alleviating saline effects, a pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse condition. Rooted sapling of two grapevine cultivars, ‘Rasha’ (salt-tolerant cultivar) and ‘Bidaneh ghermez’ (salt-semi sensitive cultivar) were subjected to different NaCl concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mM) and foliar application of potassium silicate (0, 150 and 300 mg/l) and zinc sulphate (0, 2 and 4 g/l) in hydroponic conditions. The experiment was conducted using a factorial design (cultivar, salinity levels and foliar application as factors) based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that relative water content, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and chlorophyll content decreased with increasing salinity level. The reduction of physiological parameters in ‘Rasha’ was less than ‘Bidaneh ghermez’. Foliar application of different concentrations of potassium silicate and zinc sulphate increased relative water content, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and chlorophyll content in both cultivars. The most effective treatment was potassium silicate 300 mg/l zinc sulphate 2 g/l, so that at the highest salinity level (100 mM) relative water content, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in this treatment was 13.75%, 91.14% and 47.56% more than no foliar application treatment, respectively. According to the results of this study foliar application of potassium silicate and zinc sulphate can be used to alleviate salinity effects in grapevine.

Developing new, seedless, early ripening and high quality cultivars are important goals in grape breeding programs. Nowadays, producing high percentage of seedless progeny has been possible. This study was aimed to examine the effects of ovule development stage (25, 35, 45, 55 and 65 days after pollination) and putrescine spraying (0, 20, 30 and 40 mg l-1) on size of the ovule and berry in grape Perletet cultivar during embryo rescue. Putrescine was applied at two different stages including 14 days before and 7 days after full bloom, respectively. After random collection of berries at above mentioned stages of ovule development, the ovules were removed and cultured on Nitsch and Nitsch medium containing 0.35 mg l-1 gibberllic acid and 1 mg l-1 indol acetic acid. Results showed that the effect of ovule developmental stage and putrescine pre-treating were significant on length and diameter of ovule and berry, as well as the percentage of ovule germination. The highest levels of studied traits were observed in 30 mg l-1 putrescine treatment at 65 days after pollination.

Due to geographical and suitable climate, Iran is one of the most important viticulture regions in the world. Drought is one of biotic stresses limiting the growth and production of plants leading to reduced physiological and biochemical traitss such as photosynthesis and vegetative growth. Vinifera grape cultivars are more tolerant to drought stress and there is a high diversity among genotypes and species. In order to study the adaptability of some Iranian grape cultivars in dryland farming, this research was conducted as a RCBD design in west Azerbaijan provinces (Sardasht region). Cuttings of Rasha, Mambraima, Yaghoti, Askari, Khalili, Kolahdary, Kajangoor, Fakhri, Shahani, Perllete and Flame seedless cultivars was planted in field and trained as head prune training system. After three growing years, some quantitative and qualitative traits such as yield, berry and bunch weight, TSS, cold winter tolerance, viability percent in vineyard and harvest time was recorded. Results showed that Perllete and Flame seedless cultivars had the higher yield in two studied years than other cultivars. Yaghoti, Khalili, Flame seedless and Perllete were the early ripening cultivars, respectively. Based on earliness in ripening, higher yield with better fruit quality for marketing, Khalili, Yaghoti, Perllete and Flame seedless cultivars were superior and may be introduced as adapted and more suitable new cultivars for Sardasht region.

Protection and the prevention of illegal departures national grape germplasm, as one of the most important assets of the country, requires identification of the commercial and native cultivars and registered them in the international centers. The present project was conducted in order to registration the most important grape cultivars of Iran based on morphological and physiological traits in the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV).This research was run in Qazvin and West Azerbaijan provinces on cultivar of Fakhri, Pykamy, Khvshnav, RishBaba Sefid, RishBaba Ghermez, Sefid Bidaneh, Shahrodi, Shast Arous, Yaghoti, Askari, Ghermez Bidaneh and Mish Pestan. Fifty traits were measured based on Guidelines for the conduct of tests for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) in grapes cultivars during two years. Results showed application of quantitative or qualitative traits was unable to distinguish from together all the grape varieties studied. But the combination of some qualitative and quantitative properties as the key attributes yielded the full performance in distinguishing varieties. As cultivars were completely distinguished, only with application of rates of eleven qualitative and quantitative traits such as number of consecutive tendrils, shape of blade, profile in cross section, number of lobes, shape of teeth, ripening, seed formation (as a plant code) or presentation of four characters, including fruit color, seed formation, profile in cross section and tendril length. On this basis, can be stated that registration of qualitative and quantitative traits is the best practice to distinguish grape varieties from each other and perhaps, does not require to measurements genetic fingerprinting in except of certain cases.

Selection and use of tolerant grapevine as rootstock or own-rooted vines and finding indexes for screening of resistant genotypes have especial importance. To identify the salt tolerant grapevine genotypes, effects of NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) on root length, root and shoot dry weight, prolin, total soluble solid, RWC, level of salt injury, leaf concentration of K, Na, Cl and NO3 of ‘Rasha’, ‘Rishbaba Qermez’, ‘At ouzum’, and ‘Sayani’ as well as two inter- species hybrids was investigated in factorial experiment based on RCBD design. Results showed that increasing NaCl concentration caused a significant reduction in shoot growth, the average root and shoot dry weight and RWC of all genotypes. Increasing NaCl concentration caused a significant production of prolin and soluble sugar in some genotypes. The lowest Cl and Na accumulation was obtained in leaves of H6 and then in Sayani and Rasha, respectively. In high salt concentration, leaf K and No3 contents were decreased. The lowest salinity symptoms were observed in leaves and shoots of two hybrids as well as in ‘Rasha’. In 150 Mm NaCl, only hybrid H6 showed medium degree of tolerance. Based on Na and Cl accumulation in leaves, salt damage symptoms and vegetative growth rate, ‘Rasha’ cultivar and H6 hybrid showed logical salt tolerance.

Before a new vineyard construction, in addition to collecting detailed data on climate, soil and planting area, some other considerations like selection and understanding the principles of quality and quantity in terms of agronomic traits and physiological characteristics of the product should be made. Among grape varieties grown in anorchard, some self-fertile and male sterile cultivars (female physiological) are present. Without suitable pollinating, varieties in the vineyard, is not accessible for semi-fertile or sterile ones with high quality and quantity and will notbe sufficient.Therefore the identification of sterile varieties, the best pollinizers and fruit growth and phenological stages is essential. Qzlouzum is one of commercial seeded cultivars in West Azerbaijan province whichis suitable for storage and delivering to domestic and foreign markets forout of season because of nice red color and thick skin and late ripening.These favorable properties for sale with high prices is also one of the otherbenefits that have led to the interest of the farmers every year to increase the acreage of the cultivation. Preliminary studies showed that Qzlouzum cultivar is a physiological female and needs cross pollination for fruitset. This study aimed to investigate the complete botanical characteristics, flower sexuality, pollen germination and determine the phenological stages (especially fruit growth stages).
Based on grape descriptor, morphological characters of 10 vines of Qzlouzum grape cultivar at different stages from bud break to dormancy was studied in Horticultural Research Station in 1390 in Urmia(Kahriz). To calculate the growing degree days (GDD), daily temperature above 10 ° C was obtained from the meteorological station of Agriculture faculty in Kahriz-Urmia. Pollen germination rate was tested in both liquid and solid growth medium. In order to study the changes in a number of qualitative and quantitative traits, TSS (total soluble solids), TA (titrable acidity), pH, berry weight and diameter, seed length and weight from the beginning of the berry formation to harvest time of clusters in 15-day interval were measured.
The results of this study showed that flowers of Qzlouzum are female with reflexed stamens. The results also determined that none of pollens germinated on both liquid and solid media culture. Based on reflexed stamens and none pollen germination, Qzlouzum grape cultivar proves to be male sterile (physiological substance). This cultivar needs 1483 degree days (above 10°C) from bud break till ripening. The changes in TA and TSS were reversed. Amount of acid reduced and sugar content increased with time and berry development. Veraision period was approximately started 55 days after full bloom. At this stage, which is also known as berry softening, acid concentration is reduced and the amount of sugar was increased. Acid content and pH of the fruit were opposite together and by reducing the amount of acid, the pH levels increased. Several studies have confirmed that after changing the color of the grape varieties,sugar can often increase. Conversely, acid reduction in berries is the first happensbefore color change in berries. The berry weight and size changes were described as Double Sigmoid Curve. In the first phase, berry diameter and weight increased rapidly and lasted 60 days. In the second phase or delay phase, berry weight and diameter changedvery slowly while seed weight reached themaximum in this stage. After this phase, the third phase which was associated began with veraision, sugar content increased and the amount of aciddecreased. At this stage berry reached its maximum size and weight.
Uniform planting of Qzlouzum red grapes is not recommended because of male sterility and suitable pollinizers should be used. Male sterility, without emasculation will be suitable for grape breeding programs. In areas with short growing season, if the total heat has not beensupplied, berries of this cultivar will ripe late and sugar contentand color intensity will decrease and will notproducedesired and marketable product. Phenological stages duration is highlydependent on factors such as cultivar, environment and location. Genetic factor also isparticularly important in determining the time of ripening. Qzlouzum is a late ripening grape cultivar and without sufficient thermal requirements, the ripening process will not occur completely.