فهرست مطالب حبیب الله یونسی

This study aimet at to use modified graphite materials as a multifunction additive in the UF resin for improving the properties of medium density fiberboard (MDF). For this purpose expanded graphite EG was synthesized from graphite using the Tsai et al (2011) method. Then, as-synthesized EG was intercalated with manganese dioxide by Schwarz et al (1995) method and converted to MnO2-EG. Any additive was added to the urea formaldehyde resin in three doses of 1, 2 and 3% to make the relevant MDF panels with 750 kg/m3 nominal density. During the pressing time, the tT100oc parameter (time to reach temperature100○C) of the middle layer of the board under the influence of the additive was determined by a chromium-nickel-based thermocouple. The treatment of MnO2-EG3 (amount of 3% modified expanded graphite) showed the greatest effect in reducing tT100°C of the middle layer of the board by 22%. In addition, the elastic modulus increased by 68% as a result of this treatment. In addition, the elastic modulus increased by 68% as a result of this treatment. G and EG additives showed a higher degree of internal adhesion than that of MnO2-EG additive. In this regard, EG2 and EG3 treatments showed a 42% increase in internal adhesion and G2 treatment showed a 40% increase in internal adhesion. The effect of EG2 treatment in improving SW24 was greater than other treatments, so that it caused a 19% decrease compared to the control.

The application of chelating agents to increase the efficiency of hydrogen peroxide is important in various related processes. Synthetic chemicals such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are commonly used in these processes. The feasibility of using natural and environmentally friendly products instead of synthetic materials is an important and interesting subject. In this study, the performance of hydrogen peroxide in the deinking process was considered and the use of chitosan as a natural chelating agent in the deinking process of waste newspapers was investigated. The results showed that hydrogen peroxide bleaching along with the deinking process had a positive impact on the optical properties and reduced the burst and tear indices with no effect on the tensile and fold strengths. Chitosan, similar to the EDTA chelating agent, improved brightness, whiteness, dirt removal, and metal ion absorption in comparison with the treatment without a chelating agent. EDTA performs better than chitosan in removing ink from the pulp. Furthermore, in comparison to the treatment without a chelating agent, both chelating agents improved tear and burst indices, but had no effect on the fold and tensile strengths. The current research can be a small but promising step in using natural materials, such as chitosan biopolymers, instead of synthetic chelating agents, such as EDTA.

Due to their special molecular structure, industrial effluents, such as effluents containing colored compounds, have one or more benzene rings with a resistant structure. This type of colored compounds is toxic and difficult to decompose. These effluents should be treated before being discharged into the environment, and thus treating the wastes containing dyes is one of the major environmental challenges and need to be conducted using an appropriate approach. In this study, an advanced oxidation method using a non-metallic carbon-nitride photocatalyst was used to remove the Reactive Blue21 dye. Carbon-nitride photocatalyst was prepared from urea-formaldehyde resin precursor with urea to a formaldehyde ratio of 1.25 The structure and properties of the photocatalyst produced were evaluated and confirmed using SEM, FT-IR, XRD and DRS analyses. The efficiency of the as-prepared photocatalyst was evaluated according to its capability for degradation of Reactive Blue21. Finally, to achieve maximum dye removal via the photocatalytic process, the effective parameters such as solution pH, the dose of the photocatalyst, and exposure time were optimized according to response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that all three parameters are significantly effective in color removal. However, the effect of decreasing pH and color concentration was greater than increasing the amount of photocatalyst. Also, under optimal conditions, the percentage of paint removed was more than 99%. Based on the obtained results, the carbon nitride photocatalyst synthesized in this research can be used as an ideal cheap material to remove textile dyes from industrial wastewater.

Phenol removal has recently become a topic of interest and debate among environmental scientists. In this research, the efficiency of Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 magnetic photocatalyst in phenol degradation was evaluated. Also, the effect of effective factors in the degradation of this pollutant was investigated using the surface response methodology. In the present work, photodegradation of phenol in an aqueous solution was studied using Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 nanocomposite under ultraviolet. The as-synthesized materials were characterized by UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared,X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometer. Based on XRD and VSM, the Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 nanocomposite structure contained an anatase TiO2 phase and showed a superparamagnetic behavior (12.07 emu/g). Based on the DRS spectra and bandgap computation, the direct bandgap energy of Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 was 3.01 eV. Result of ANOVA showed that the effects of the main variables of photocatalyst concentration, UV light irradiation time and the square of photocatalyst concentration are significant in the model. Significant variables from the most significant to the least significant include: photocatalyst concentration>UV light irradiation time>square of photocatalyst concentration. The findings showed that Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 was recycled five times to attain 50% degradation of phenol and the photocatalytic activity did not decrease noticeably after five photocatalytic cycles. The Photocatalytic degradation of phenol was performed by the response surface methodology to study the influence of operational factors on the degradation process. Maximum removal of 55% phenol was obtained at a pH of 8, a photocatalyst dosage of 1.0 g/L, and a phenol concentration of 100 mg/L after 220 min UV irradiation time. Results showed that the Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 magnetic nanocomposite has suitable potential for treating phenolic wastewater.

The pharmaceutical industry is occurred in the fourth wastewater production with significant amounts of drugs and precursors required in pharmacy that are toxic and are not removed by traditional methods, so have to be used advanced technology for treatment. The purpose of this study was synthesis of Fe3O4, anatase TiO2, loading of TiO2 on the Fe3O4 surface, synthesis of GQD based on maltose for the first time, loading of GQD on the Fe3O4/TiO2 and investigating the efficiency of as-synthesized photocatalyst Fe3O4/TiO2/GQDs for imipramine photodegradation from aquatic media.

Firstly, prepared photocatalyst Fe3O4/TiO2/GQDs included three components, which produced in four steps. Firstly, iron oxide was prepared in the form of magnetite by co-precipitation method. Then, Fe3O4/TiO2 was synthesized by sol-gel manner and titanium iso propoxide (IV) as a titanium source in anatase crystalline form. In the third step, maltose was used as procedure for GQD production in hydrothermal method. So, as-synthesized photocatalyst was obtained by loading GQD on the Fe3O4/TiO2. Then, the structural properties and quality of the nanocomposite were investigated using FT-IR, Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm, FESEM and HRTEM technique. Finally, the efficiency of photocatalytic decomposition was examined affected by different independent variables.

FT-IR results of naopowders and prepared photocatalyst indicated absorbance peaks of C=C, C-H, C-O, Fe–O and Ti-O-Ti bonds. Also, new peaks were appeared in 1400 and 1170 cm-1 which is related to forming the Fe–O bond between Fe in Fe3O4 and the carboxyl group in GQDs, showing the successful preparation of Fe3O4/TiO2/GQD. The specific surface area was 38 m²/g in Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm. According to IUPAC classification, the isotherm curve of photocatalyst was the type IV and hysteresis loop of types due to mesoporous structure. FESEM images determined the almost spherical morphology of as-synthesized photocatalyst and homogenous distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles on the magnetite surface that was utilized without any changes in morphology but particle size changing after loading TiO2 on the magnetite particles. HRTEM results confirmed the spherical spherical shape with less than 50 nm diameter and the lattice spacing related to anatase (TiO2) and GQDs. Also, the photocatalytic efficiency of the as-synthesized nanocomposite were measured for achieving the maximum removal of imipramine related to different variables including photocatalyst dose, pH, ambient temperature, and irradiation time. The best yield gained exceed 90% in experimental sample and about 70% in real wastewater under the optimum condition comprising photocatalyst dose of 0.5 g/L, pH ≈3, temperature ≈40 °C for 120 minutes. The reusability of the synthesized photocatalytic material investigated which was stable and active similar to primary sample and suitable for many times.

The results showed, the dominant mechanism of imipramine degradation was oxidative decomposition via the photogenerated holes and followed by the first-order models under the UVA light irradiation. Therefore, results proved as-prepared photocatalyst Fe3O4/TiO2/GQDs could be developed for treatment of persistence organic pollutants in industrial wastewater under optimized conditions.

This study was carried out to compare the effect of different culture systems on the growth performance and body composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish juvenile was selected by initial average weight of 21.5 ±0. 3 after designs the systems and adaptation period were randomly distributed in fiberglass tanks (with 100 liters capacity). The experiment lasted for 2 months.  At the end of experiment, growth parameters including final weight, weight gain percentage, specific growth rate, survival; and whole body proximate analyses including protein, fat and ash levels were examined. Finally, there were significant differences in final weight, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio and survival rate between experimental treatments (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between treatments (biofloc, recirculating aquaculture system) for whole body’s moisture, fat and protein (p>0.05). But there was a significant difference among body protein, ash and fat among control 2 treatment and other treatments (p<0.05). Also there was no significant difference between biofloc and recirculating aquaculture system for lysozyme and complement activity in treatments whereas the fish in biofloc showed a significant higher superoxide dismutase than the others (p<0.05). The results obtained in this experiment, suggest that biofloc improves growth parameters, immune response even with decreasing percentage of daily feeding in common carp.

Recently, the influx of dyes into water resources has disrupted the natural order of ecologists due to their toxicity to biodiversity. In this study, activated carbon prepared from rice straw was synthesized with potassium hydroxide solution in ratios of 1: 3 and 1: 2 at temperatures of 800 °C and 900 °C, and it was used to absorb reactive yellow 145 dye prepared in a laboratory that has similar properties to the real effluent of Tehran textile industry. Then, the effect of important variables on the adsorption process such as pH (2-8), contact time (15-120 minutes), adsorbent dose (30-60 mg), dye concentration (50-200 mg/L), and temperature (15-45 °C) Checked out. The results showed that the adsorption rate was inversely related to the pH of the solution and the initial dye concentration and was directly related to the adsorbent dose, temperature, and activator saturation ratio. Among the isothermal models, the Redlich-Peterson model (R2 = 0.995) with the equilibrium adsorption capacity of 324.6 mg/g had a better agreement with the experimental adsorption results and the kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process follows the pseudo-second-order model (R2= 0.995). Thermodynamic studies also showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and the negative slope of the Van-Hoff curve indicates that the reaction is endothermic. Due to the equilibrium time of 60 minutes in the adsorption mechanism, the synthesized adsorbent has a high rate of adsorption of reactive yellow 145 dye. The synthesized adsorbent with properties such as high specific surface area, environmentally friendly, availability of precursors, and suitable performance in dye adsorption can be used effectively in dye effluent treatment systems.

In this study, efficiency of sonophotocatalytic process by CMCD-Fe3O4@TiO2 in order to remove of PCB compounds from transformer oil were investigated by applying the response surface methodology (RSM) in the central composite design (CCD). Then, the effect of important parameters such as catalyst dosage, time, temperature and oil to ethanol ratio were investigated to optimize the maximum PCBs removal. The concentration and types of PCBs congeners in the contaminated oil were determined using a gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector (ECD) and mass spectrometer (MS). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the physical and chemical properties of synthesized photocatalyst. Based on the statistical results, the removal efficiency of PCBs was achieved 98 % in the optimum conditions of catalyst dose of 7.74 mg/mL, temperature of 25 °C, exposure time of 15 min and ratio of oil to ethanol 1: 5. Among the parameters studied, temperature and ethanol (p <0.0001) had the greatest effect on PCBs removal rate. The experimental results suggests that the use of CM-β-CD-Fe3O4@TiO2 in the presence of ultrasound waves possess a high efficiency in the removal of PCB compounds and can also be used an ideal and promising method on an industrial scale for purification of PCB compounds from contaminated transformer oil.

Soil erosion is one of the most serious environmental issues in the world, causing soil degradation, reduction of land productivity, increasing flood, water pollution and pollutions transportation; it is also a serious threat to sustainable development in the world. Therefore, the soil conservation and the prevention of soil erosion and use of conditioners as the nanoclay can be considered as a solution to improve   land productivity and protect environment. The present study was, therefore, conducted to address the effect of the application of montmorillonite nanoclay with three rates of 0.03, 0.06 and 0.09 t ha-1 on changing runoff and soil loss variables under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the nanoclay with the rate of 0.03 t ha-1 could decrease the runoff coefficient, soil loss and sediment concentration with the rate of 40.65, 88.38 and 82.19 percent, respectively. The average of soil loss in control treatment and conservation treatments of nanoclay with various rates was measured to be 3.76, 0.44, 1.33 and 3.16 g, respectively. Also, the results showed that the most sediment concentration was the control treatment with the rate of 5.84 g l-1 and the conservation treatments with nanoclay in the applied rates was 1.04, 3.47 and 2.96 g l-1, respectively. Also, the results showed that the nanoclay effect was significant on changing the soil loss and sediment concentration at the level of 99 percent. Finally, due to the effect, the use of this conditioner in natural conditions and investigation of the effects on environment and aggregates stability are recommended.

Molecular methods have been used for systematic science and identification of fungal diversity. Among phylogenetic markers, the ITS gene has been identified as one of the most prominent methods of studying fungal communities. The purpose of this research is to classify fungi and analyze their communities in aquaculture systems. In this study, after two-month rearing period of common carp, water quality and fungal community of farming systems including biofloc and recirculating aquaculture system were evaluated. In this study, after two-month rearing period of common carp, water quality and fungal community of farming systems including biofloc and recirculating aquaculture system were evaluated. The results of this study indicated that the water quality parameters in both systems were well within the acceptable levels for common carp culture. The identification of fungal showed that a large part of this population is unknown. The only known and dominant species in both systems is Homophron spadiceum. Therefore, there was no difference in known species and communities.

Reactive dyes are the most commonly used dyes in textile industry. During the dyeing process about 60 to 70 percent of consumer dye is fixed on the fibers. So about 10-15 % of consumed reactive dyes enters into the wastewater and causes environmental problems. The aim of this study was to remove Reactive Blue 19 and Reactive Red 198 dyes using activated carbon made from waste of tree pruning grapes in a batch system.

In this study, activated carbon were synthesized with phosphoric acid in a ratio of 1: 2 at 400 C °. Also the optimum conditions for maximum adsorption of reactive Blue 19 and Red 198 dyes was determined (pH=2, adsorption dose= 0.05 g/l, dye concentration = 300 mg/l, temperature = 60°C, solution volume = 200 mL and contact time= 120 min).

Batch adsorption results showed that activated carbon sample with a surface area 1950 m2/g and total pore volume 1.588 cm3/g and 51 percent pore size distribution in the range of micro-hole with the maximum adsorption capacity 1154 mg/g for Reactive Blue19 and 431 mg/g for Reactive Red 198 (In optimum condition) has great potential for the removal of dyes. Experimental data for Reactive Blue 19 are more compliance with Freundlich model and experimental data for Reactive Red 198 are more compliance with Langmuir model. Adsorption of dyes also be followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

The study showed activated carbon produced from annual pruning vineyards waste has high potential in the treatment of textile wastewater

Nano-sorbents are suitable for pollutants removing from aqueous environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare magnetization of magnetic graphene oxide nano-composite by using co-precipitation and solvothermal methods. In addition, the capability of nano-adsorbent was conducted in order to examine removal efficiency of Cd (II) from aqueous solution.

Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by modified Hummers method and magnetized using co-precipitation and solvothermal procedures. The amine functionalization of as-prepared magnetic graphene oxide was performed by reflux method in the presence of ethylenediamine as functional group and cold synthesis method in the presence of dichloromethane as reaction solvent. The synthesized adsorbents were used for Cd (II) removal from aqueous solutions and the effects of pH, amount of adsorbent, contact time, initial concentration of Cd (II) ions and temperature were investigated.

According to FTIR, XRD and VSM analyses, the synthesized magnetic graphene oxide with co-precipitation showed higher magnetization values than that of from the solvothermal method. The adsorption results displayed that the synthesized adsorbent with solvothermal and reflux processes of amination has the highest adsorption capacity of 207 mg.g-1. But it is only 82 mg.g-1 with co-precipitation and cold amination process. Kinetic data showed better correlation with pseudo-second-order equation and the Freundlich model was found to fit for the isotherm data.

The magnetization values of adsorbent in co-precipitation method was better while the adsorption capacity reduced. The loss of adsorption capacity was due to high loading of magnetic particles under surface of GO, which leads to block the carboxyl functional groups. This was also confirmed by elemental analysis. The amount of nitrogen was lower in co-precipitation process comparing to solvothermal method. In batch adsorption, the adsorption process was found to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature. The results suggest that the solvothermal and reflux procedures was more efficient in amine functionalization and adsorption process.

In this study, the effect of graphite and two modified graphite materials in reducing formaldehyde emission of medium density fiberboard (MDF) was investigated. For this purpose, expanded graphite (EG) was syntesyzed from graphite (G) and modified expanded graphite (MnO2-EG) was produced through the intercalation process of expanded graphite with manganese dioxide. Thus, three graphite materials were prepared for resin treatment. Molecular tests including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were performed to determine their molecular properties,. In addition, the differential scanning caliber test (DSC) test was performed to evaluate the thermal behavior of the resin under the influence of these graphite materials as additive. The additives were added to urea formaldehyde resin at three levels of consumption of 1, 2 and 3%, and then medium density fiberboard (MDF) with a density of 750 kg/m3 was made from glued fibers. After making the board, the formaldehyde emission test was performed by desiccator method. Overall, MnO2-EG showed better results than control and two other graphite treatments. The best performance was resulted by MnO2-EG at level 3% so that reduced formaldehyde emission by about 61%. It seams the formaldehyde molecules absorbed into the expanded graphite layers were exposed to oxidation by manganese dioxide molecules. On the other hand, as the DSC test showed, the highest anthalopy reaction occurred in resin treated by MnO2-EG, indicating an increase in the reaction of formaldehyde molecules in the resin structure.

Soil is very important for the production of crops and foodstuffs. One of the most important environmental crisesin the relationship with soil is the phenomenon of soil loss and therefore the soil conservation is very important. In conditions that, there is not the possibility of establishing vegetation, the use of soil conditioners can be useful in controlling soil loss. The present study was conducted with study objevtive of changing soil loss and sediment concentration using soluble montmorillonite nanocaly with rates of 3, 6 and 9 g m-2, and biochar with rate of 160 g m-2 on soil of lomay-sandy. The expriments evaluated under laboratory canditions using rainfall simulation with rainfall intensity of 40 mm h-1 in Tarbiat Modares University. The results showed that the soluble nanocaly with rate of 9 g m-2 and biochar had the more effects on the variations of soil loss. The soluble nanocaly reduced the surface soil loss, surface sediment concentration, subsurface soil loss and subsurface sediment concentration variables with rates of 89.17, 87.41, 13.64 and 87.31 percent, respectively. Also, biochar could decrese the surface soil loss, surface sediment concentration, subsurface soil loss and subsurface sediment concentration with rates of 85.27, 63.64, 45.20 and 92.88 percent, respectively.

Mercury (Hg) is one of the water pollutants and its removal from the aqueous environment  is important. The major goal of this study was to remove the Hg (II) from aqueous solution by synthesizing a modified nanochitosan with carbon disulfide functional groups. Nanochitosan was synthesized using citric acid as an environmentally friendly crosslinking agent, and then it was modified with a carbon disulfide functional group. The characteristics of synthesized nanocomposite were studied by using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Batch adsorption experiments of Hg (II) in metal ion solution were conducted under different conditions such as pH, temperature, contact time, initial concentration of metal ion and adsorbent dosage. The adsorption process was conducted to investigate the compatibility of data with isotherms models (Freundlich and Langmuir), kinetics (pseudo-first-and second-order rate equations) and adsorption thermodynamics in a batch system. Reusability of adsorbent using 0.5 mol/L HCl and also effect of ion interferences were investigated for selectivity of adsorbent. Obtained results from this study confirmed the successful synthesis and functionalizing process of the nano-adsorbent. The optimal values were reported as pH=7, adsorbent dosage of 0.2 g/L, initial concentration of 30 mg/g Hg (II) and contact time of 120 min. Sorption of mercury agreed well with the Langmuir isotherm model, confirming a monolayer adsorption. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity for mercury ions was 303.03 mg/g. The results of kinetic studies showed that the sorption process followed the second order model. The results of thermodynamics showed that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. Possibility of recovery of adsorbent was investigated up to five cycles and desorption percentage of mercury ions was more than 95%.Also, the results of ion interferences effect in mixed solution showed that the percentage of mercury removal with the functionalization of nanochitosan by carbon disulfide increased up to 88% and the synthesized adsorbent has a high selectivity for mercury ions. Based on the high adsorption efficiency obtained for mercury ions in the mixed solution, the synthesized adsorbent can be at promising approach in treatment of real wastewaters with low concentrations of mercury ions and other interfering ions in order to obtain an admissible effluent standard. The results showed that the synthesized nanoadsorbent is an efficient low cost adsorbent for mercury removal from wastewater due to its high adsorption capacity , as well as its reusability and selectivity for mercury.

Biopolymers are environmental friendly, non-toxic renewable alternatives for conventional synthetic polymers. Rice wastewater contains high biochemical and chemical oxygen demands and organic contents mainly in form of starch which can cause serious environmental problems, while, it can be used as a potentially low-cost substrate for biopolymer production. The objective of the current study was to investigate the ability of Azohydromonas lata to produce poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (P3HB-co-P3HV) from rice wastewater in a batch system.

Aspergillus niger was first used to hydrolyze the starch content of rice wastewater to fermentable soluble sugars. Then, the bacterium Azohydromonas lata was cultured in hydrolyzed wastewater at various C: N: P ratios to produce biopolymers. So, effects of different nitrogen and carbon sources on P (3HB) and P (3HV) contents at a C: N: P ratio of 100:4:1 were assessed.Results and

This study showed that Azohydromonas lata was able to produce poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (P3HB-co-P3HV) from rice wastewater in the presence of simple carbon sources and under limited nutrient conditions, especially phosphorus. The highest content of P (3HB) was achieved when ammonium sulphate was used as nitrogen source at a C: N: P ratio of 100:4:1. The highest recorded cell dry mass and biopolymer concentration were 4.64 and 2.8 g l-1 respectively, at a P(3HB) content in biomass of 60%  w w-1. Results indicated that phosphorus and nitrogen limitations could significantly affect P (3HB) production. In general, rice wastewater is a potential alternative for carbon sources such as glucose and maltose in polyhydroxybutyrate production.Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

 Biochar is known as a widely-use amendment in improving phytoremediation efficiency through the increase of plant growth; whereas its influence (either individually or in combination with bacteria) on the reduction of heavy metals (HMs) bioavailability of soil is an important advantage. This study was planned to assess the effects of separately and combined of biochar produced by forest wood wastes of hornbeam at three levels of 0, 2.5 and 5% of soil dry weight and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria on growth properties of potted white willow (Salix alba L.) seedling in a HM contaminated soil (Pb, Cu, and Cd). The variation of bioavailability (BA) and removal efficiency (RE) indexes, and bioaccumulation (BCF) and translocation (TF) factors also were analyzed in the treatments. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse condition for a 160 days’ period. The results showed that the variation in most growth components of seedlings was significant in the separate and combined treatments. The combined treatment of bacteria-biochar (at 5% level) increased the dry weight of leaf, shoot, root and total plant about 59, 36, 142, and 85% in comparison to the control (without the biochar and bacteria). In the biochar treatments, the BA, RE (except Pb), BCF, and TF (only in 2.5% of biochar) for Pb, Cu, and Cd were 13-57, 4-47, 29-60, and 16-33% lower than those in control, respectively. These indexes were improved by up to 191, 79, 84, and 13% in the bacteria-biochar treatment in compared to the individual application of biochar. In overall, according to our findings, the combination of biochar-bacteria led to the HMs bioavailability and improving the white willow function to eliminate soil HMs. So that, co-application of biochar and bacteria as soil amendments can increase growth parameters in white willow seedling and improve HMs bioavailability of plant in phytoremediation process.

Surfactants are one of the most important pollutants of surface water and underground water resources, and create potential health risks for humans and environment. The purpose of present study was to synthesize the MGNCs to be used for the removal of sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) from aqueous solutions. First, graphene was synthesized through pyrolysis of orange peel as carbon precursor and KOH as an activating agent. The magnetic adsorbent nanocomposite was prepared through the solvothermal method using ferric chloride hexahydrate. The absorbent characteristics were analyzed using Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectrometer techniques. The effects of the adsorbent amount, pH, the initial concentration of SDBS, and contact time were investigated for removal of SDBS. The adsorption isotherms were interpreted using Langmuir and Freundlich models and the kinetic data of adsorption process was also evaluated using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Based on the findings of the study, the absorbent dose of 20 mg, pH 3 and the contact time of 60 min were found to be the optimal conditions for the removal of SDBS. The equilibrium isotherm data fitted well with the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.9989) and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was found to explain the adsorption kinetics more effectively (R2 = 0.9992). The maximum adsorption capacity of SDBS onto magnetic graphene nanocomposite was attained to be about 276 mg/g. Desorption experiments of ethanol and methanol from MGNCs were performed. The percentage adsorption recoveries of ethanol and methanol were 74 and 76%, respectively. The results showed that the as-synthesized MGNCs has an efficient and cheap adsorbent for removal of SDBS because of its high adsorption capability, high porosity, and large surface area and has the advantage of easy and rapid separation from the aqueous solution via external magnetic field.

The discharge of dying wastewater effluent from the textile industry into the water body can be toxic due to their long time presence in the environment and is the leading major cause of the environmental damage. It is difficult to remove color from dye effluents with conventional wastewater treatment methods. Then advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are potentially powerful method to remove these organic contaminations.

In the present study the photocatalytic performance of the silver-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles over the surface of Fe-ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated trough the degradation of reactive red 195 dyes in water under light UV.  The Effects of different titanium dioxide to Fe-ZSM-5 ratio, dye concentration, photocatalyst concentration and pH of the water solution was studied at room temperature.

The EDX analysis, a semiquantitative elemental analysis of the surface which indicates that Ti and silver (Ag) was successfully loaded on the surface of Fe-ZSM-5 zeolite. The result of EDX shows that the mean weight percentage of Si, Fe, Ti and Ag was 19.98, 5.48, 56.95 and 15.65%, respectively. The SEM images showed that unloaded Fe-ZSM-5 zeolite has a well-defined cubic shape and tends to change a spherical regular morphology and a uniform nanoparticle of TiO2 and Ag with spherical shape distributed onto Ag-TiO2/Fe-ZSM-5 photocatalyst. The XRD analysis approved the formation of the Fe-ZSM-5 and anatase TiO2 nanoparticles and Ag-doped onto surface of the Fe-ZSM-5 photocatalyst.
Discussion and

The results revealed that photocatalytic removal efficiency of Fe-ZSM-5 with Ag-doped TiO2 was significantly influenced by the solution pH. It decreased as the solution pH increased. The best performance of Ag-TiO2/Fe-ZSM-5 photocatalyst in removal of Reactive 195 (100%) was achieved at pH 3, 300 mg/L photocatalyst dose, 50 mg/L dye concentration, 75 min contact time and Ag-TiO2 with the ratio of 1. However, a minimum of dye removal efficiency of 32% was obtaimed at pH 9 under aforementioned condition. The reusability of the photocatalyst was still significant after seven times repeated cycles.

Particulate matter such as black carbon and soot produced due to incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons is one of the most critical and hazardous sources of air pollution, which can cause fatal diseases. Pars Special Economic Energy Zone is located in southern Iran, close to Naiband National Marine Park in Bushehr Province. Twelve natural gas processing plants and 16 huge petrochemical complexes have been developed in this area. They produce more than 70% of Iranian domestic natural gas and 45% of the petrochemical products. Due to the complexity of the process and possibly the lack of access to the best available technologies, daily more than 11,100 tons of gas are combusted at 60 active flares, which could be one of the main reasons for the release of black carbon and soot.. Due to the importance of the flow and composition of flared gas in estimating particulate matter, in the present study, based on actual process data and field measurements, flow rate and composition were determined and verified. To achieve this purpose, first, all of the control valves on the flare network were recognized and then, the flow rate and composition of the flared gas was calculated based on the equations and correlations of the valves. Finally, the particulate matter emission from the flares was calculated based upon the flared gas flow, composition and existing emission factors. The accuracy of the predicted flow rate was validated using a flowmeter. The actual cumulative measured flaring rates were compared with cumulative model flaring rates. By comparing the calculated cumulative flaring rate against measured values as determined by flow meters, the square of the Pearson correlation coefficient (SPCC) was found to be 0.986, showing high correspondence between measured and predicted values. The accuracy of the predicted composition by the model using gas chromatography indicates a deviation of less than 13% between predicted values and actual values. This point shows the acceptable accuracy of the method on an industrial scale for estimating the total particulate matter emitted from flaring.

Mesoporous activated carbon production from lignocellulose waste for removing reactive dyes Blue 19 and Blue 21 from aqueous solution Introduction. Reactive dyes have been increasing in textile industries for dyeing natural and synthetic fibers. Discharge of dye- bearing waste-water makes an adverse effect on aquatic environment because the dyes give water undesirable color. The major environmental and health problems associated with water pollution caused by the discharge of untreated textile effluent are due to disorders in the aquatic environment because of use of toxic chemicals. The aim of this study was to investigate the adsorption potential of as-produced activated carbon from grape wood residue (Vitis Vinifera) in order to remove Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) and Reactive Blue 21 (RB21) dyes from aqueous solution. Activated carbon is the most common adsorbent for the removal of many dyes.Activated carbons are made from various agricultural wastes by physical and chemical activation. The preparation of activated carbon from agricultural waste could increase economic return and also provides an excellent method for the solid waste disposal thereby reduce pollution. The adsorbates in this study included three reactive dyes, Reactive Red 23 (RR23), Reactive Blue 19 and Reactive Blue 21. All dyes were commercial grade and employed without further purification. The activated carbon was synthesized from grape wood biomass by activation of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) with impragnation ratios of 1:1 1:2,1:3, 1:4. The FTIR, BET, and SEM techniques were used to characterize the as-prepared carbon materials. In addition, dye adsorption experiments were carried out, which measurements are taken for all of the samples under in the same condition, at pH of 2, adsorbent dose of 0.01 g/l, initial dye concentration of 250 mg/l, sworking volume of 100 ml, and contact time of 120 min. The results showed that the carbon sample activated under imprenation ratio of 1:4 and temperature of 600oC, that obtained a special surface area of 1850 m2/g, and total pore volume of 2.40 cm3/g, and pore size distribution of mesoporous at 86%, had maximum adsorption capacity of 1932 and 908 mg/g for RB19 and RB21 dyes, respectively. The adsorption behaviors of three reactive dyes (Reactive Blue 19 23, Reactive Blue 21) onto this biomass activated carbon were investigated in batch systems. The experimental data were analysed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips models of adsorption. Equilibrium data of dyse fitted well with the Sips model. The rates of adsorption were found to conform to the pseudo-second-order kinetics with good correlation. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of the Activated carbon was determined with the Langmuir equation found to be 1914 mg/g for Reactive Blue 19 and 1195 mg/g for Reactive Blue 21. This study showed that activated carbon produced from annual pruning vineyards waste has a high potential in the treatment of textile wastewater. Also results indicate that Activated carbon from grape wood could be employed as low-cost alternative to commercial activated carbon in wastewater treatment for the removal of acid dyes. Keywords: Activated carbon, lignocellulose waste, Grape wood, Blue 19, Blue 21

Reactive dyes are the newest dyes in textile industry. They may cause environmental problems. The aim of this study was to remove Reactive Black 5 (RB5) in aqueous solutions with activated carbon that was made from grape wood.
The activated carbon was synthesized by potassium carbonate with impragnation ratios of 1:0.25 at different temperatures (600,650,700,750,800,850,900)°C. Experiments on dye adsorption were done under the same conditions including pH of 2, adsorbent dose of 0.025 g/L, initial dye concentration of 250 mg/L, volume of 100 mL, and contact time of 120 min. Then, the absorption RB5 in a bathc mode was done using the optimized activated carbon. The trends of pH, absorbent dose, initial concentration, temperature, retention time, parametrs were studied. The BET and SEM techniques were used to characterize the activated carboon. Finally, the equilibrium, synthetic and thermodynamic studies were done for RB5.
The results showed that the activated carbon sample that was synthesized under the imprenation ratio of 1:0.25 and temperature of 900 oC had a surface area 1670 m2/g. Moreover, the total pore volume was 1.134 cm3/g and 68% of the total pore size were within mesoporous zone. The highest adsorption capacity was observed at the optimum condition. The optimum condition with the maximum adsorption capacity for RB5 was pH of 2, adsorbent dose of 0.035 g/L and temperature 45 °C. According to the equilibrium test results RB5 followed the Freundlich model. of the kinetic adsorption results showed that RB5 showed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. According to the thermodynamic studies, it seems that RB5 absorption process was an endothermic, non-spontaneous and physical sorption process.
The study showed that the produced-activated carbon from grape wood had a great potentioal for removing RB5 from aqueous solutions.

Today, conversion of industrial wastes using methods with the least environmental detrimental effects and profitable application is supposed as a fundamental solution to manage huge quantity of waste material produced in different industries. In this regard, conversion and reuse of hugely and intensive extension of produced dairy factory waste are possible solutions in order to achieve sustainable development. However, the direct or applied application of industrial wastes for soil conservation has not been reported yet. Accordingly, the present study was planned to assess the feasibility of industrial wastes produced biochar in soil erosion control under laboratorial conditions.
In order to conduct the present study, some industrial wastes of the Kaleh Amol Dairy Factory were examined for chemical properties. It was then converted to biochar under temperature of 300 to 350 °C and applied for soil conservation in three levels of 400, 800 and 1200 g m-2 on small experimental plots filled by erosion prone soil of Marzanabad Region in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. The plots were subjected to rainfall simulation with intensities of 50 and 90 mm h-1 after a span time of 35 days on biochar application in the Rainfall and Erosion Laboratory of Tarbiat Modares University. Study rain were simulated based on intensity-duration-frequency relationships developed for the station at the vicinity of the soil origin. Ultimately, sediment concentrations were measured during simulation and just after commencement of runoff and the soil erosion was consequently calculated.
The results of the present experiments under laboratorial conditions showed that the maximum soil erosion occurred in control plots. So that, the sediment concentrations for treated plots with 400, 800 and 1200 g m-2 of biochar were 47, 52 and 49 % for rain intensity of 50 mm h-1, and 36, 51 and 54 % for rain intensity of 90 mm h-1 of those recorded for control plots at confidence level of 99 %, respectively. The soil erosion rates for the same treatments were also significantly (P The results of this study suggested a positive effect of application of biochar produced from industrial wastes of dairy factory on reduction of sediment concentration and soil erosion. The conversion of aforesaid industrial wastes to biochar is therefore recommended for soil conservation.

The effective utilization of wastes in different forms is an inevitable strategy for miscellaneous goals like runoff management leading to sustainable development. To this end, superficial application of biochar produced from industrial wastes as a mulch may be as a bio-economic approach to improve soil conditions and consequent increment in infiltration. Towards this attempt, the present study was formulated to produce biochar from Kaleh Factory wastes and to apply it as a much. The biochar was applied in three levels of 400, 800 and 1200 g m-2 on small experimental plots filled with a rangeland soil prone to erosion of Marzanabad Region, northern Iran, to improve soil permeability and runoff components. The rainfall was simulated with intensities of 50 and 90 mm h-1 after a span time of 35 days on biochar application in the Rainfall and Erosion Laboratory of Tarbiat Modares University. The infiltration and runoff rates were continuously monitored using volume balance method. According to the results, the water infiltration to the soil and runoff rates from treated plots with 400, 800 and 1200 g m-2 of biochar were 23, 31 and 32% for rain intensity of 50 mm h-1, and 21, 23 and 24% for rain intensity of 90 mm h-1, respectively more (p