فهرست مطالب حبیبه مسکینی

studies have indicated that metacognitive strategies control and direct cognitive strategies. Thus, application of metacognitive and cognitive strategies together is essential for successful learning to happen. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of metacognitive-oriented instruction on development of problem solving skills in students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.
this study was a quasi-experimental research with pretest/posttest and control group design. The study sample included the students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (n=4283) in the academic year of 2013-2014. A total number of 40 students were selected through convenient sampling method as the study sample. The samples were randomly placed in experimental and control groups. For experimental group, problem solving skills were taught based on metacognitive strategies in 8 sessions, each session for 1 and half hours. For the control group, however, problem solving skills were taught through conventional teaching method. The instrument for data collection was Heppner’s (1988) problem solving inventory, with acceptable validity and reliability confirmed previously. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation, and the hypotheses were tested through t-test.
the results of the posttest showed that the total mean of scores for problem solving skills in experimental group (99.75) was higher than that of control group (26.800) (p Given the positive effect of metacognitive strategies on the students’ performance and the necessity of teaching metacognition for the sake of academic achievement, these strategies are recommended to be taught to students.

Money as a common tool is exchanged between people all over the world. Thus, it can be a source of chemical and biological contaminations causing serious diseases. The purpose of this research was to determine bacterial contamination of the currency notes and coins collected in Kermanshah.
160 currency notes and 96 coins were randomly chosen from different jobs and parts of the city. Total count experiment was done and bacteria were identified and isolated through standard methods.
Average total count in 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, and 20000 Rials currency notes were 147.6, 147.8, 148.5, 96.3, and 87.9 and in 500, 1000, and 2000 Rials coins were 104.66, 77.66, and 96.56 CFU/cm2, respectively. The research showed that currency notes carries more bacterial load than coins (P In summary, the most important microorganisms isolated from currency notes and coins (E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus) were pathogenic, causing serious food poisoning and gastroenteritis infectious. Therefore, preventing food from cross contamination with money is necessary.

Flour is a primary product for the types of bread and other related food stuffs that has an especial role in most places of the world. It has a substantial role in food material in Iran, for providing human’s food resources. Therefore its hygienic conditions, is the most important factor for maintaining and as well as consumers health. This is a descriptive and cross–sectional study. A number of 144 backing flour samples were selected from all 12 flour factories of Kermanshah and Ilam. In this manner, from each factory 12 samples were selected within six months by simple-random sampling method to determine microbial quality, especially contamination with Salmone l la species, yeasts and moulds. All of the sampling experimentation was done based on Iranian grade standard number 1810 and 10899-2 Institute of standards and industrial research of Iran. The findings of this research showed that in the view point of Salmone l la contamination, 26 samples (18%) were positive, yeasts and moulds contamination, were 52 samples (36.1%), which were more than permissible maximum of Iran National Standard (5×103 cfu/gr). The average loads of yeasts and moulds in samples of Ilam and Kermanshah factories were 5. 1 × 103 and 4.5 × 103 cfu/gr, respectively. As the results revealed 26 samples were salmonella contaminated and 37.1 percent had not compatibility with yeast and molds Iran national standard, so microbial qualification of flour in Kermanshah and Ilam must be controlled and amelioration of improvement microbial qualification is necessary.

Vegetables is one of the most important expose sources of nitrite and nitrate in human''s diet. The aim of this study is evaluation of boiling and freezing process on nitrite and nitrate levels in commonly consumed vegetables. It was the descriptive – analyzed study. 180 vegetable samples were taken from Kermanshah markets، randomly. Nitrite and nitrate concentration was determined by Greece- Ilosoay method. Then، freezing and boiling process were carried out on samples and again، nitrite and nitrate levels were measurement. The mean differences were analyzed by using ANOVA and SPSS program. The amounts of nitrite and nitrate in many samples had significant differences (p<0. 05)، depending on type of process and product. Increase in time of freeze storage from 1 to 3 month resulted in increase in amounts of nitrate and nitrite in many samples while، 9 month freezing storage decreased nitrate and nitrite levels. Boiling process increased nitrate and nitrite levels in several vegetables، such as scallion and decreased it for instance، in garlic chives Long term freezing process is a suitable method to reduce nitrate and nitrite levels in vegetables. Regarding to daily consume of vegetables and its positive effects on public health، quality control of this product and studying the other food processing is very important.

One of the most important quality characteristics associated with wastewater reuse in agriculture, which takes into consideration, is the microbial quality. The aim of this study is determination of efficiency of wastewater treatment plants in removal of protozoan cysts and parasitic eggs of Ghasreshirin (constructed wetland), Islamabadgharb and Gilangharb (stabilization ponds). This study was accomplished during six months and sampling was done from inlet and outlet of wastewater Plants, as weekly. Totally, 144 samples were investigated for parasitic analysis with Bailenger method by Mac Master Slide (with a hole size 0.3 ml). The findings showed that mean of removal efficiency in constructed wetland for parasitic eggs and protozoan cysts are %99.7±0.23 and %100 respectively, but, any parasitic eggs and protozoan cysts in outlet effluent of both of wastewater stabilization ponds were not observed, so removal efficiency of these two parameters in these systems was %100 obtained. Ascaris lumbricoides eggs had most number of parasitic eggs in inlet wastewater and outlet effluent of all three wastewater treatment plants. According to the results, the efficiency of all three wastewater treatment plants in terms of removal of cysts and parasitic eggs are desirable and there was no significant difference between them (Pvalue>0.05). The outlet effluent quality of them in terms of nematode eggs rate is consistent with Engelberg index (number of nematode eggs: 1 ≥ number per liter).

Microbial quality, particularly parasitic characteristics in terms of effluent reuse in agriculture is one of themost important indices.The aimof this study is determination of removal efficiency of Kermanshah wastewater treatment (conventional activated sludge) and Gilangharb wastewater treatment plants (stabilization ponds) for cyst and parasitic eggs.

In this study research samples were taken once in five days from both inlet and outlet of wastewater Plants within a period of five months. The identification and counting of cyst and parasitic eggs were carried out by Mac master slide according to Bailenger method.

The findings shows that mean of parasitic eggs and protozoan cysts in effluent of Kermanshah wastewater treatment plant were 0.99±0.42 and 0.90±0.25 per liter respectively, indeed removal efficiency for parasitic eggs and cysts are %98.42±3 and %97.5±4.5 respectively, but, any parasitic eggs and protozoan cysts in Gilangharb wastewater treatment plant was not observed and removal efficiency of these tow parameters was %100. Ascaris lumbricoides eggs had most number in influent and effluent of both plants.

As results show, removal efficiency for cysts and parasitic eggs in both abovementioned are desirable, and the quality of effluent treatment plant of both the rate of nematode eggs Anglbrg index (number of nematode eggs: 1 " number per liter) is consistent.

Municipal wastewater is one of the most important pollution sources for water supply resources. Soil, vegetable, and food material are exposed as well. Identification and enumeration of pathogenic agents particularly pathogenic Vibrios are beneficial for control and prevention planning of the infectious diseases. This research carried out to identify the distribution of the recognized pathogenic Vibrios emphasizing on identification of Vibrio cholerain the wastewater of city of Kermanshah in 2001. Population of city of Kermanshah was estimated over 713000 and produced wastewater was approximately 150 l/cap/d. The method of study was cross-sectional descriptive. Sampling procedure was adopted from standard Methods for the Examination of water and wastewater, and the method for Vibrios identification was according to finegold 1990. There were 8 discharge outlet domestic wastewaters, which had been chosen as sampling sites. Samples were collected weekly in randomized manner in day time. Although 288 samples should be collected statistically, 339 samples were collected and analyzed. The results indicated that site 7 with 5 positives, sites 4 and 8 with 3 positives, site 5 with 2 postitives and sites 2, 3 and 6 with one positive suspected to vibrio pathogens. However, not any Vibrio detected in site 1. The most positive samples were seen in spring, late summer and early autumn. The positive results were detected in May, June, September, and October. Among samples which have been detected as a positive could be likely Vibrio Parahemolyticus accourding to the differentiation tests. Vibro chloral was not found. It looks like the presence off vibrio parahemolyticus was due to wastewater discharged from sea food markets areas. So it has been suggested that this relationship could be considered through analytical study using PCR for detection of Vibrios.